In 2015, the United Nations adopted 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) and 169 dub-goals, for all United Nations member countries. The goals are referred to as Agenda 2030 which aims to be guidelines for the countries as well as deepen the commitments of implementation.This paper aims to identify opportunities for how the palm oil industry can, through a more sustainable way, help to achieve objectives of UN ́s goals number eight and thirteen, by examining how the government in Indonesia works. Goal number eight: Decent work and economic growth, and goal number thirteen: Climate action.The analysis has been conducted through a qualitative case study based on scientific articles and various documents.The method used is A political economic approach together with an stakeholders analysis, where all stakeholders seek to be identified. The Government of Indonesia is working towards more sustainable production of palm oil and is undertaken by several stakeholders on the way, for example, the implementation of Indonesian Sustainable Palm oil (ISPO), which the government of Indonesia has installed to make the palm oil industry somehow contribute to meeting the SDGs.

Etudier la relation entre la consommation d'énergie, la croissance économique et l'environnement est crucial dans le processus de proposition des politiques. Sauf, que la question qui se pose, ça sert à quoi de proposer des actions, des stratégies et des politiques qui ne sont pas pratiquées par le consommateur. Pour cela, notre réflexion s'est articulée en trois axes au sein de cette thèse en commençant par étudier la relation entre la consommation d'énergie et la croissance économique en prenant en compte le prix de pétrole, en premier axe. Ensuite, nous avons étudier cette relation mais cette fois en intégrant le côté environnemental via les émissions de CO2 pour prendre en considération les effets environnementaux dus à la consommation d'énergie qui suivait le rythme imposé par l'accélération de la croissance économique. D’où, l’intérêt des politiques énergétiques et environnementales visant à réduire la demande d’énergie et à protéger l’environnement. Le citoyen comme un acteur de RSA doit avoir une prise de conscience du DD via plusieurs actions telles que l’éducation et la formation d’une part et la mise en disposition de l’information au public des enfants aux jeunes aux adultes. Or, la non prise de conscience entraînait une mal compréhension des programmes d’actions et donc un mal pratique. Autrement, la réussite de ces actions en Tunisie nécessite une prise de conscience conjuguée d’une participation d’autres acteurs. Pour ces raisons, la dernière partie a été consacrée à l’étude de la conscience chez les étudiants et les enseignants. D’après les résultats, les étudiants et les enseignants sont un peu (voir pas de tout parfois) informés des conseils de maîtrise et de protection de l’environnement. Donc, la mise en place des programmes de formation et de sensibilisation est vu nécessaire au sein des établissements universitaires et tous les établissements d’éducation, et les acteurs de RSA en général. Néanmoins, ces acteurs ne doivent pas agir par obligation mais plutôt ils doivent être convaincus de l’intérêt stratégique des politiques énergétiques et environnementales du pays. / To study the relation between the energy consumption, the economic growth and the environment is crucial in the process of proposal of the policies. Except, that the question that arises, that is of use to what to propose actions, strategies and policies which are not practised by the consumer. For that purpose, our reflection articulated in three axes within this thesis by beginning by studying the relation between the energy consumption and the economic growth by taking into account the oil price, in first axis. Then, we have to study this relation but this time by integrating the environmental side via CO2 emissions to consider the environmental effects due to the energy consumption which followed the rhythm been imperative by the acceleration of the economic growth. Where from, the interest of the energy and environmental policies to reduce the demand of energy and to protect the environment. The citizen as the actor of RSA(ACTIVE SOLIDARITY REVENUE) has to have an awareness of the DD via several actions such as the education and the formation on one hand and the putting in measure of the information to the public of the children to the young people to the adults. Yet, the not awareness entailed one evil understanding of action plans and thus the evil practises. Otherwise, the success of these actions in Tunisia requires a combined awareness of a participation of the other actors. For these reasons, the last part was dedicated to the study of the consciousness at the students and the teachers. According to the results, the students and the teachers are little (see not of quite sometimes) informed about the councils of control and about environmental protection. Thus, the implementation of the programs of formation and raising sensitization is seen necessary within the university establishments and all the educational establishments, and the actors of RSA generally. Nevertheless, these actors do not have to act by obligation but rather they must be convinced of the strategic interest of the energy and environmental policies of the country.

Diploma thesis "Remittances and their impact on Eastern Europe" examines the phenomenon of remittances as part of global migration and its having been largely economically motivated and having a positive impact on poverty alleviation. The chosen approach is empirical-analytical methodology. The paper suggests several motivations leading to migration and remittances as well as some positive impacts and risks affecting the senders, receivers as well as the beneficiary economies of remittances. This thesis offers an overview of both all principal source countries and the main corridors of remittance flow. The paper analyses three countries from the former eastern block - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Moldova - and the reasons which have lead to migration and remitting in these states in relation to their economic transformation from centrally planned to market economies. The analysis considers many factors such as the regional financial crisis in 1998 as well as the ethnically based military conflict which occurred due to the disintegration process in the former Yugoslavia. These issues influence not only the scale of remittances flow but also expand the variety of the senders which commonly include both refugees and Diasporas. Lastly, this thesis presents some possible scenarios related to the...

The present thesis discusses the topic of public-private collaboration in research and development in Czech regions. A bibliometric keyword analysis was used in this elaboration, based on which a theoretical framework of the thesis was compiled, presenting the most important theoretical concepts related to the interaction of private companies with universities and research institutes. The thesis has two main objectives, based on which it aims to reveal the nature of the size of partial subsystems of regional innovation systems in Czech NUTS 3 regions in relation to economic and innovation performance and to confront the thesis on the link between the innovation performance of regions and the degree of interconnectedness of subsystems on data of collaborative projects in Czechia. The conducted analyses showed a negative dependence of the size of the private R&D segment and innovation performance. It turned out that in the conditions of Czechia the statement that developed regions with a developed innovation system show a larger relative representation of the private segment is not valid. The second finding supports the thesis of a correlation between the intensity of collaboration between research institutions and firms and their innovation performance. Keywords: regional innovation systems,...

Employing Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), this dissertation aims to explore the principal influential factors of economic growth from external and internal perspectives. After extensive analysis and previous research, trade openness is the external factor considered, while financial markets and institutions are the internal ones. Based on the dataset of four typical fast-growing emerging economies-- China, India, South Africa and Russian Federation, this study found that there is a significant long-term equilibrium among GDP growth, trade openness, financial markets and institutions in China, and bidirectional causality can be observed between trade openness and GDP growth. Regarding the remaining economies, there are two sets of long-term relationships among these variables, where internal factors concerning financial development are more crucial in these countries, which also significantly affect the trade volumes in the long run. Results from this research indicate that the dominant growth-enhancing factors are closely related with a country's policy, history, and the most importantly, the focus of its development strategy.

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Det finns stora skillnader i nivån av BNP per capita mellan länder som inte går att förklara med nuvarande teorier om konvergens, det vill säga att fattiga länder kommer att komma ifatt rika länder på lång sikt. I stället verkar skillnaderna i länders inkomstnivå bestå. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka om, och i så fall i vilken utsträckning, en del av skillnaden mellan BNP per capita i olika länder kan förklaras genom demokrati. Studien utgår huvudsakligen från två teorier, endogen tillväxtteori och moderniseringsteori. Som metod kommer multipel regressionsanalys av paneldata att användas med samtliga världens länder mellan 2010 och 2019. Sambandet söks för hela populationen men också uppdelat på världsdel, inkomstnivå och typ av regim. Studien visar att det finns ett positivt samband mellan demokrati och BNP per capita sett till hela populationen men i olika hög grad i urval baserat på världsdel, inkomstnivå och demokratiindex. Endast för gruppen höginkomstländer var sambandet negativt, men när auktoritära höginkomstländer uteslöts fanns ett positivt samband även för den gruppen. / There are big differences in the level of GDP per capita between countries, that cannot be explained by differences in the current capital stock levels or workforce according to theories on convergence. This study aims to examine if, and to what extent, a part of the difference in GDP can be explained by democracy. The study takes its theoretical frame of reference from endogenous growth theory and modernization theory. The method used is multiple regression analysis of panel data with all countries between 2010 and 2019. The regressions analysis is performed on the whole population as well as divided based on continents, income groups and type of regime. The study shows that there is a positive correlation between democracy and GDP per capita, but to different extents in the different samples. Only for high income countries where there a negative correlation, but that turned positive when authoritarian high-income countries were excluded from the sample.

This thesis aims to investigate how the City of Lund, and Lund University will provide accommodation for researchers associated with the construction of the research facilities ESS and MAX IV. Furthermore, this paper will study what synergies that exist between housing for researchers, the City of Lund, and its university to attract international researchers.  There is a shortage of housing for students and researchers, especially in municipalities with higher education institutions. To solve this, the Swedish government issued a regulation that enabled universities to offer accommodation to further groups of researchers to strengthen Sweden as a research nation. With the ESS and MAX IV as catalysts for growth, the municipality of Lund will function as an important research hub on an international level. The research conducted a study of strategic documents, such as the City of Lund’s comprehensive plans and in-depth comprehensive plan. As well as a qualitative method that implemented interviews, whereby some of the questions were based on the analyzes of the document study. The interviews were constructed from three groups and will be the perspectives this thesis will discuss its results and analysis by.  The results showed the need for strategic documents to include socio-cultural values and place-based innovations to attract knowledge-intense professionals and further highlight the need for cooperation between Lund municipality and Lund University to maintain its guest researchers.

In this thesis I capture the effect of oil prices on the economic growth of net oil exporters and net oil importers of the world. The existing literature on this topic only covers some parts of the world, major oil exporters and oil importers and some covers only a single country. So, in this work I take a larger set of countries and enlarge the time period. This work covers the time period 1972-2021. The effect is examined by using the pooled OLS and two way fixed effect. I get significant results for both the net oil exporters and net oil importers. The results of both net oil exporters and net oil importers are significantly different from zero. But these results are opposite from the existing literature. I found that an increase in oil price has a negative impact on the economic growth of net oil exporters, but it has a positive effect on the economic growth of net oil importers. So, these results also do not support the theoretical and empirical literature.

Bakgrund: Prognoser för den framtida konjunkturutvecklingen är av värde för såväl allmänheten som beslutsfattare i många led. De förlitar sig på olika former av ekonomiska prognoser för att justera sina förväntningar på efterfrågan och prissättning därefter.Forskningen kring transportsektorn som en konjunkturindikator har visat olika resultat beroende på flera faktorer men Tyskland som har en liknande transportsektor som Sverige introducerade nyligen ett nytt konjunktursmått som var baserat på tunga transporter. Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att med statistiska metoder undersöka om det finns eventuella samband mellan efterfrågan på transport genom tunga fordon och hela eller delar av den ekonomiska utvecklingen i Sverige som är av sådant slag att olika variabler kopplat till godstransport kan användas för att prognostisera ekonomisk upp- och nedgång. Genomförande: För att uppfylla studiens syfte har sekundärdata samlats in från OECD samt SCB & Trafa. Variablerna som hämtats är BNP, IPI, transportarbete & nyregistreringar. För att klargöra huruvida variablerna samspelar på kort & lång sikt så testar vi för kointegration och Granger-Kausalitet. Slutsats: Vi finner inga bevis på att transportarbete eller nyregistreringar innehåller värdefull information för att prognosticera framtida konjunkturvärden. Vi finner samband mellan BNP & IPI och nyregistreringar både på kort och lång sikt men tvärtom från vad studien syftade till visar vi att BNP och IPI föregår nyregistreringar i testet för Granger-kausalitet. / Background: Predicting economic growth is valuable for both the general public and decision makers in different parts of society. They rely on different kinds of econometric predictions to adjust their expectations related to price and demand. Studies based around the ability of transportation to predict future values of economic growth has shown differing results depending on various factors but Germany, who has a relatively similar transportation sector as Sweden, has recently implemented a new economic growth measure based on road freight. Aim: Through econometrical methods we aimed to study the relationship between the transportation sector, more specifically the road freight part, and economic growth and study road freights ability to predict future economic growth in Sweden. Completion: To fulfill the aim of the study we collected secondary data from SCB and OECD & Trafa. Our data collection consisted of four variables which was GDP and IPI as economic growth proxies and new registrations for road freight vehicles and road freight per kilometer were chosen as variables for the road freight sector. To understand how road freight could predict future economic growth for both short- and long term we tested for Granger-causality and cointegration. Conclusion: Our study shows no evidence for road freight being a valuable indicator for predicting future economic growth. Relationships were found between GDP & IPI and new registrations on short- and long term but in contradiction to our studies purpose the relationship was found to be from GDP & IPI to new registrations and not the other way around.