This research is based on the frame of main body of An Integrated Reference Framework for Public Management written by Wang, Ming-Shan including the relationship with four spheres-economy, society, politics and government as well as the management level of V.C.S. (value, capacity, support) by Moore. In the public affairs realm, policing social order is one of the important fields. Good social order is a basic cornerstone in a democratic society as well as a vital supportive power for economic development. The police are not only the ones who enforce the policies but are also public managers. With the modernization, diversity and democratization of the society, the police transfer its role from authoritarian to egalitarian, from safeguarding the people to serving the public, from condescension to quality. Through this transferability, it produces enormous impacts on the effectiveness of official enforcement. Economy, society, politics, government are four variables which influence each other as well as effect social order. Under high economic development, contrasting behavior or transaction behavior gradually increase; in society, with people's interaction, partnership conflict and media's support, it produces multi-society learning; in politics, legislators who are elected by the voters in a democracy era have the rights to make laws related to social order as well as effective policing enforcement by examining the budget. In the government, the police department is on of the government organizations and each measure taken by the government will have an effect on the social order. There are still arguments on the role for the police department related to serve the people or control crime. In this research, enforcing the law is the born-duty for the police and serving people is also the common responsibility for all official divisions. Therefore, the public values of the police should combine the two. Promoting the intelligence of the police, emphasizing on-job training, enhancing professionalism; politicians give up the myth of resultant numbers, eliminate the culture of hiding reported cases, the government really invest the police, the most important thing is to give them lawful support. In this way, the public will experience the police are our police.

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In light of growing criticism towards New Public Management and its effects, interest has been directed at alternative management control concepts in the public sector. Whether Public Value Management is an alternative, possibly even a new paradigm, is being discussed on the research front. New Public Management and Public Value Management have evolved in parallel during the past decades. However, New Public Management has had greater impact, not least in governments’ control of state agencies. The aim of the thesis is to gain an understanding of how ideas about the creation of public value diverge between New Public Management and Public Value Management. Beyond the research question of whether management control meets the demands of efficiency and customer-orientation as addressed in previous studies on reforms influenced by New Public Management, this thesis deals with the issue of creating value for the benefit of society. In a qualitative approach, the research is based on interpretations of documents, observations and interviews with examples from state agencies in the museum sector. The result of the study shows that differences between New Public Management and Public Value Management are expressed in notions of accountability, results and proficiency. The time perspective differs, as do the means of financing and involvement of stakeholders. Reforms in line with Public Value Management call for the involvement or consideration of a larger circle of stakeholders, including future generations. The findings of the thesis suggest that the diverging perceptions of value creation does not rule out that elements from both concepts can be combined and complement each other. The main issue is to take into account the contribution made to public value, considering whether the mandate is a long-term government assignment in line with Public Value Management or if it involves activities well suited to New Public Management with prerequisites for market orientation. The dissertation contributes to research in the field of management control in the public sector and the issue of public value.

Since the economic cooperation and relaxation in politic between the Two Coasts, their relationships were getting closer. That included more active in marriage, corporate investment, education, academic discussion and tourism. Especially after the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) being signed in 2010, the relationships had been developed from politically mutual understanding to legal relationship in administration contract binding. Such model was different from Hong Kong or Macao. Since the relationship had changed from opposing to cooperation for mutual benefits, the economy was receiving more advantages and the political environment was more stable of which the development of economic was highly relying on this. As a result of the active economic cooperation of the Two Coasts, the marriage and residency between the Two Coasts were also increased. The acceptance of students from mainland to study in Taiwan caused mainland student population increased rapidly. The frequent and complex exchanges between the Two Coasts attracted certain parties trying to take illegal benefit by improper acts. They tried to make use on the differences in security and legal policies to avoid from investigation. Typical examples are the crime involved serious injury, fraud and economic offenses that affected the social orders of the Two Coasts. Policing System covered a wide scope from government organization, establishment of police force, residency, transport, communication, port services¡K etc to the investigation of criminal cases. No matter which point of view was taking from, the ¡§Community Policing¡¨ was always the foundation of Police Administration. It represented the ¡§peripheral organization¡¨ and ¡§integrated individual execution unit¡¨ under the huge police structure. The community residents¡¦ impressions on the Police Organisation were mostly coming from the ¡§Community Policing¡¨. Hence, citizen¡¦s understanding on Policing would be started from ¡§Community Policing¡¨. Nowadays the society was built with the city. The society¡¦s security was highly replying on the city¡¦s security. At the same time, the city¡¦s security was dependent on the non-existence of criminal acts from the ¡§Community¡¨. It showed that ¡§Community Policing¡¨ was of high importance to the National Security and the peaceful of the Society. The above statements formed the basic in this research. This research started from literature review in history, definition and the content of Community Policing. That focused in the worldwide Community Policing Policy, in particularly Japan and US, in terms of policy design and administration. In Chapter 3 Research Design Section, a review was conducted which was based on Professor Wang Ming Seng¡¦s Public Affair Management (PAM) and supported by the theory under SDM. This review analyzed the demand and its strength on Community Policing at different stages in history under different conditions. Such conclusion formed the comparison and cooperation basis between the Two Coasts in terms of social economy, legal framework, government policy and organization management. Then the public value of Community Policing was reviewed using public value V.C.S. theory. If the development and exchange between the Two Coasts generate public value, Governments of the Two Coasts can then make decision in cooperation accordingly. When the Governments promoting the cooperation between the Two Coasts in Community Policing, due to a wide consideration range and involved several areas of concern, it was necessary to unify the analysis by cross boundary analysis theory. The root problem could then be identified and decision proposal could be made according to the decision and judgment theory. On the other hand, such decision could be affected by the special non-rational ideology and political election strategy of Southern Taiwan. It tried to lead group behavior of Southern Taiwan so as to achieve personal political benefits. During the cross boundary analysis, the success rating of analysis and suggested proposals could be determined in ten steps with study behind the ideology. After strict theory analysis, the Community Policing practices of Kaohsiung City and Shanghai City were reviewed. Finally, the author summarized the findings from cooperation topics between the Two Coasts and offered suggestions to some queries under the findings. That formed references to interested parties in the production, government and academic organizations.

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The study aimed to verify, empirically, if there are differences in the importance of strategic performance indicators assigned by managers at different hierarchical levels of an organization. A case study was carried out at a national teaching hospital, located in the South Region of Brazil, using a strategic performance evaluation system based on the Public Value Scorecard model, and, in turn, used for cascading and weight values assigned by 31 managers working in this organization. Based on descriptive statistics, this research showed the difference in weightage of performance indicators, and distribution patterns according to the hierarchical level and the perspective of the Public Value Scorecard model. / El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar empíricamente si los gerentes de diferentes niveles jerárquicos de una organización le otorgan a los indicadores estratégicos de desempeño distintos niveles de importancia. El estudio se realizó en un hospital universitario estatal ubicado en la región sur de Brasil; ahí se elaboró un modelo de evaluación del desempeño basado en el Public Value Scorecard, y este a su vez se utilizó para el efecto en cascada y para que 31 directivos de la organización investigada asignen valores a estos indicadores. Según estadísticas descriptivas, la investigación muestra las diferencias en los valores asignados a los indicadores de desempeño, tanto en el comportamiento de distribución de ponderación, como en el nivel jerárquico, según la perspectiva de cada modelo Public Value Scorecard. / A investigação buscou verificar empiricamente se ocorrem diferenças na importância atribuída a indicadores estratégicos de avaliação de desempenho por gestores de diferentes níveis hierárquicos de uma organização. Procedeu-se um estudo de caso em um hospital universitário federal localizado na região Sul do Brasil, no qual foi realizada uma modelagem de um sistema estratégico de avaliação de desempenho com base no modelo Public Value Scorecard, por sua vez utilizado para cascateamento e atribuição de pesos aos indicadores elaborados e destinados a 31 gestores da organização investigada. Com base em técnicas de estatística descritiva, a pesquisa apresentou indicações a respeito das diferenças entre os pesos atribuídos aos indicadores de desempenho, bem como sobre os comportamentos de dispersão na atribuição de pesos, tanto de acordo com o nível hierárquico quanto para cada perspectiva do modelo Public Value Scorecard.

Utbildning är en central del av samhället. På senare år har offentlig sektor genomgått en rad förändringar vad gäller styrreformer samt förändrade huvudmannaskap, främst inom skolverksamheter. Genom det fria skolvalet har den kommunala verksamheten mött nya utmaningar. Den kommunala skolan drivs då av förändring och av att genom positionering utnyttja sina gränser samt även anpassa sitt förhållningssätt gentemot samhället.   I denna studie undersöks hur en kommunal grundskola genererar positivt värde för elever och personal med syftet att urskilja faktorer som är betydelsefulla för en skolas värdeskapande. Metoden för studien har varit att intervjua chefer samt lärare om deras syn på vad i skolans verksamhet som är värdeskapande samt hur en skola kan utveckla sitt handlingsutrymme. Studien har genomförts på den kommunala grundskolan Odenskolan, belägen i Odensbacken, Örebro Kommun.   I den teoretiska referensramen behandlas kännetecken för offentliga organisationer samt koncepten New Public Management samt Public Value Management. Vidare behandlas även en modell som synliggör en skolas möjligheter till handlingsutrymme.   Empirin presenterar den studerade organisationen Odenskolan samt de övergripande mål som reglerar skolans verksamhet. Sedan följer resultatet av de genomförda intervjuerna.   Vår analys visar på att det finns ett flertal faktorer som är centrala för att en skola skall generera värde mellan eleven, brukaren, personalen och organisationen. Främst är det aspekter av legitimitet och förhållningssätt mot det övergripande samhället som är centralt för värdeskapande arbetssätt. Det framkommer att skolans arbete genererar värde men att flertalet faktorer kan utvecklas hos organisationen. Vidare synliggörs att dessa faktorer är beroende av givna förutsättningar för att kunna utnyttja och tänja organisationens gränser.   Vår studie visar att det finns ett flertal faktorer som kan urskiljas när det gäller värdeskapande aktiviteter mellan elever, personal och organisationen. De främsta faktorerna är samarbete, samhällsperspektiv samt värdesättande av individen som resulterar i en pedagogisk och organisatorisk modell som är betrodd och förankrad både inom organisationen och i det lokala samhället. / Education is a central part of society. For a long time the operating actor has been the local government. In recent years the public sector has undergone a series of changes and reforms in terms of governance and power structure. Moreover, the local school units have been facing challenges with the introduction of the free school choice. Public schools are therefore challenged to manage their new position, expand their capacity and adapt to society.   The present study examines how a local school unit generates positive value for students and staff in order to identify factors that are important to a schools value creation. The methodology for this study has been to interview the managers and teachers, and elicit their views regarding which schools activities create value and how a school can develop its capacity and acting space. The study has been carried out at the local elementary school Odenskolan, located in Odensbacken,Örebro  Municipality.   In the theoretical framework we are discussing characteristics of public organizations, and the concepts New Public Management and Public Value Management. We are also looking at a model which depicts a school's ability to capacity and acting space development. The empirical study presents the studied organization Odenskolan and the overall objectives of the school. The results of our interviews are following thereafter. Our analysis shows that there are several factors which are central to a school in order to generate value for the student, the staff and the organization. These are mainly issues of legitimacy and society-oriented approaches. It turns out that the schools work generates value, but most factors can be developed in the organization. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that these factors are dependent on given conditions in order for the organization to exploit and stretch its boundaries.   Our study shows that there are several distinctive factors in terms of value creation activities between students, staff and organization. The main factors are collaboration, social-oriented mindset and appreciation of the individual, which together result in a trusted and deeply rooted educational and organizational model both within the organization and in the local community.

Traditional villages and vestiges have become important tourist resources in every country. Kinmen has been delayed its development due to the wartime establishment restriction. Since the Kinmen National Park is established, the small islet, being famous for its battlefield remnants, has planned enthusiastically to reserve these cultural assets-- Traditional vestiges. Thus, this would be an interesting issue. According to the National Park Law, the national park is set to protect those specified natural and cultural assets of the country, and to provide citizens entertainment and research. These 5 national parks established are focused on environmental protection. However, Kinmen National Park, being the first one to focus on ancient--monuments and culture preservation, makes the establishment of national park more complete. The research method includes data survey and review. By the strategic planning of public affairs management and VCS system, we discussed the issues as follows: 1. The public value of traditional vestiges preservation from the strategic planning view in Kinmen National Park. 2. The strategic management and application of the resource in Kinmen National Park. 3. The management and related issues of enhancing Kinmen tourism by traditional vestiges and resources preservation. 4. The value, energy and supporting dimension of Kinmen tourism created by traditional vestiges preservation. The research schedule: The research focuses on the traced-back case study between 1995 to 2005. We take partial depth interviews by the¡¨ public affairs management integrated structure¡¨, and the questionnaire system is composed of hardware, social and natural terms. The government takes advantage of the tax revenue as the subsidy to carry out the traditional vestiges preservation policy. The policy has implemented effectively for a decade and thus achieve positive performance. The traditional vestiges preservation and tourism development are the final result of the government¡¦s strategic arrangement and management. The policy validity depends on whether the public value fits people¡¦s needs or not. Since the working experiences molds the organizational culture and capability, the government should keep the public-value vision in the process of policy planning and management strategy.

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This dissertation offers an integrative perspective on the interrelation of individual purpose, public value, and organizations in society. The cumulative dissertation comprises six independently published papers that differ in terms of methodology, research context, objectives, and contribution. The first study is based on the notion that an organization’s value depends on its contributions to the common good, as perceived by the public. The purpose of this study is to provide a corporate reporting approach that incorporates societal perspectives and, thus, advances (non-)financial reporting. The second study takes an explorative approach to investigate the individual-level characteristics of people who participate in the sharing economy as users and as providers. Study 3 examines the role of age as a determinant of individuals’ entrepreneurial behavior. Building on lifespan psychology and institutional theory, it argues for a U-shaped relationship between entrepreneurs’ age and their choice to create social value for their communities and societies. Study 4 enlarges the debate on the multifaceted consequences of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by discussing the relationship between organizational CSR engagement and employee work addiction, shedding light on the potential risks associated with CSR. Study 5 is a case study and deals with the German family-equity company Haniel and depicts the process of implementing a Corporate Responsibility strategy throughout a holding company and its divisions. Study 6 provides an overview of public value research conducted by Moore, Bozeman, and Meynhardt and shows how public managers can make use of two management tools, the Public Value Scorecard and the Public Value Atlas. This dissertation contributes to a deeper understanding of the drivers and outcomes of public value perceptions and helps to close some knowledge gaps while stimulating further thought and action pertaining to the multiple aspects of public value.:CHAPTER 1: FRAMEWORK PAPER CHAPTER 2: PUBLIC VALUE REPORTING: ADDING VALUE TO (NON-) FINANCIAL REPORTING CHAPTER 3: DRIVERS OF SHARING ECONOMY SUPPLY AND DEMAND: THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS CHAPTER 4: ENTREPRENEURS’ AGE, INSTITUTIONS, AND SOCIAL VALUE CREATION: A MULTI-COUNTRY STUDY CHAPTER 5: TOO MUCH OF A GOOD THING? ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CSR AND EMPLOYEE WORK ADDICTION CHAPTER 6: HANIEL: IMPLEMENTING THE CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY STRATEGY CHAPTER 7: PUBLIC VALUE PERFORMANCE: WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO CREATE VALUE IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR?