Over the past several decades, local governments have provided public services through a dynamic process including direct public delivery and market contracts. These public service delivery modes have been influenced by the dominant paradigms in contemporary public administration such as New Public Management (NPM) and Public Value Management (PVM). This study aims to examine factors influential in choosing public service delivery modes in local governments. Influential factors are divided into three main categories. The first category is public values as perceived by public managers. The second category is related to organizational environments. The third category is associated with characteristics of public services. This study focuses on public service delivery in County and City governments in Virginia. In order to test hypotheses, I use two sets of data: a survey and the U.S. Census. First, the survey measures public values, organizational environments, and public service characteristics. The survey population consists of 95 Counties and 39 Independent Cities in Virginia. The total number of County Administrators and City Managers who responded to the survey was 70. Second, the U.S. Census provides demographic information. In analyzing data to address research questions, I use descriptive analysis and a binary logistical regression model. Findings indicate that the more County Administrators and City Managers perceive the importance of efficiency and customer orientation values from New Public Management in determining public service delivery modes, the more local governments choose contracting out. In contrast, the more County Administrators and City Managers perceive the importance of fairness, political accountability, and employee safety values from Public Value Management in determining public service delivery modes, the more local governments choose delivery by public. / Ph. D.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Currently, due to the existing potential regarding technology in the provision of services, the Peruvian government has developed solutions for its inhabitants. A survey conducted by the United Nations in 2016 endorses this fact, showing a high rate of technological development with respect to e-government. However, the same publication showed the low rate of citizen participation about it. These results show how, although there are many government technological services, these do not focus on the citizen or in their active participation, but mainly on technological development. In the present study, an adoption model is proposed, extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) incorporating public value, specifically environmental sustainability, as an external variable. The validation of the proposal was made through a validated survey with experts in the environmental field and applied to citizens of the Peruvian capital. Our results show that environmental sustainability is a factor that positively affects the adoption of e-government in Peru and that should be considered by the authorities as an enhancer of citizen participation about it.

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of New Public Management on Välfärd Gävle through its reforms. Method: This qualitative study has been conducted through eight semi-structured interviews, three of the respondents worked in management whereas the other five was coworkers. Result & Conclusions: Although NPM has a clear impact on the organisation it is considered to have flaws because of its failure to make the management more effective. The conclusion is that management tools such as PVM should have a complementary impact on the organisation based on the flaws of NPM. Suggestions for future research: For future research in NPM, a normalized framework that describes the attributes of NPM is needed. This would make future studies more comparable and will hence improve the understanding of NPM. Contribution: This study contributes to the opportunity of further understand how NPM can be used optimally in the public sector, through a comparison with PVM. / Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka NPMs påverkan på Välfärd Gävles förvaltning genom dess reformer. Metod och genomförande: Denna kvalitativa studie har utförts genom åttasemistrukturerade intervjuer, varav tre respondenter på chefsnivå och fem respondenter var medarbetare. Resultat och Slutsats: Trots att NPM har en tydlig påverkan på organisationen så upplevs vissa aspekter av NPM bristfälliga då det misslyckas effektivisera styrningen. Slutsatsen är att ideologier och tankesätt likt PVM bör finnas i styrningen av offentliga myndigheter som komplement till bristerna från NPM. Förslag till vidare forskning: Genom vidare forskning inom NPM krävs det ett normaliserat ramverk för vad som NPM kännetecknar. Detta skulle göra framtida studier mer jämförbara vilket kan komma att utveckla förståelsen av NPM. Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna studie bidrar till en möjlighet att ytterligare förstå hur NPM kan utnyttjas optimalt inom en offentlig myndighet utifrån en jämförelse med PVM.

Abstract  This essay is interested in the changes that have taken place in the view of competence among the civil servant. As a state employee, you are indeed employed on behalf of the authority, but by extension you are also appointed on behalf of the citizens. As the work is a socially useful mission, special requirements are placed on the work being done with special regard to democratic values such as legal certainty, the equal value of people and providing citizens with efficient and good service, a so-called special public ethos.  Due to the sweeping social changes that society has undergone in the last twenty years, including increased globalization and digitization, different and increased demands are placed on working life today than before. These changed conditions have meant that the requirements for what an employee is expected to be able to do are more complex in today's working life, and the concept of competence has become an accepted term to describe the special requirements that are set in today's working life. Competence as a concept can be briefly described as that you as a person must be able to act appropriately based on a given situation, which places demands on something more than formal qualifications such as requirements for education and previous experience. By quantitatively analyzing the content of job advertisements for administrators at the Tax Agency, I have investigated changes in which qualifications and competences are in demand at two different times. I have then done a comparative analysis where I have identified similarities and differences based on three different themes, formal competence, informal competence and the civil servant role. The result shows that the requirements for competences linked to above all efficiency have increased, while descriptions of competences based on a common societal mission have decreased. The conclusion is that modern requirements for the competence of government officials have followed the general social development and have crowded out traditional public values based on democratic values such as legal certainty and equality, a so-called public ethos. / Sammanfattning   Den här uppsatsen intresserar sig för vilka förändringar som har skett i synen på kompetens hos den statliga tjänstemannen. Som statsanställd är man visserligen anställd på uppdrag av myndigheten men i en förlängning är man också tillsatt på uppdrag av medborgarna. Eftersom arbetet utgörs av ett samhällsnyttigt uppdrag ställs särskilda krav på att arbetet sker med särskild hänsyn till demokratiska värden såsom, rättssäkerhet, människors lika värde och att ge medborgarna effektiv och god service, ett så kallat offentligt etos.  Med anledning av de genomgripande samhällsförändringar som samhället genomgått de senaste tjugo åren med bland annat ökad globalisering och digitalisering så ställs det andra och nya krav i arbetslivet idag än tidigare. Dessa ändrade förutsättningar har inneburit att kraven på vad anställda förväntas kunna är mer komplexa i dagens arbetsliv och begreppet kompetens har blivit ett vedertaget begrepp för att beskriva dessa särskilda krav. Kompetens som begrepp kan kort beskrivas som att en person ska kunna agera ändamålsenligt utifrån en given situation vilket ställer krav på något mer än formella kvalifikationer såsom utbildning och tidigare erfarenhet.  Genom att kvantitativt analysera innehållet i platsannonser för handläggare på Skatteverket undersöks i denna uppsats förändringar i vilka kvalifikationer och kompetenser som efterfrågas vid två olika tidpunkter. En jämförande analys har genomförts för att identifiera likheter och skillnader utifrån tre olika teman: formell kompetens, informell kompetens och statstjänstemannarollen.   Resultatet visar att kraven på kompetenser kopplat till framför allt effektivitet har ökat samtidigt som beskrivningar på kompetenser utifrån ett gemensamt samhällsuppdrag har minskat. Slutsatsen är att moderna krav på kompetens hos statliga tjänstemän har följt den allmänna samhällsutvecklingen och har trängt undan traditionella offentliga värden såsom demokrati, rättssäkerhet och jämlikhet, ett så kallat offentligt etos.

This dissertation aims to contribute to a better theoretical understanding of common good orientation in an organizational context, its measurability, and effects on an individual, organizational and social level. Specifically, this dissertation theoretically discusses and empirically tests what common good orientation encompasses in an organizational context, why it is valuable for individuals, organizations and societies alike, as well how it could be implemented in organizational leadership practices. While building on the findings of Meynhardt's (2009, 2015) Public Value research, this dissertation mainly seeks to lay the empirical and theoretical foundations surrounding the hitherto poorly researched concept of Organizational Purpose. Despite the popularity of organizational purpose, no agreement has yet been reached on the definition of the construct, which has hampered further theoretical development and empirical testing. This cumulative dissertation consists of three empirical papers and an introductory conceptual paper.

While the increase of IT solutions within the public sector is well established, the actual value of IT is still a question of debate. This thesis consists of an interpretive case study focused on how IT is perceived to influence public value creation in a local government. The study was conducted in a strategic IT project department at a local government in Sweden. Our findings show that the IT solution is ignored when assessing the created public value. The created values importance is instead based on subjective opinion and the targeted citizen group despite the acknowledgement that IT resources directly used by the citizen created higher public value. In addition the prioritisation of public value was perceived as more difficult than determining the IT value in itself. Our research show the need of understanding how IT values compare to each other in order to use public resources more efficiently.

Over the last two decades, public sector organisations in the UK have invested heavily on electronic government (E-Government) projects to transform the services offered to citizens. E-government is seen as an enabler that helps public services to become more efficient, transparent, cost effective and accountable. In this respect the implementation of e-government projects have been influenced by private sector thinking borrowed from New Public Management (NPM) principles. However, the evaluation of e-government under the influence of NPM has been primarily focused on economic and technical outputs whereas its value to citizens has been largely ignored. Furthermore, research shows that many e-government projects have failed to deliver the desired outcomes when influenced by NPM principles. Recent studies have emerged that highlights the significance of public value to understand the broader outcomes of e-government services. The aim of this study is to explore the concept of public value and identify the antecedents that affect value and the consequences of value on e-government. To do so, this study develops a conceptual model grounded on Public Value Theory, DeLone and McLean IS Success Model and Means End Chain Theory combining the disciplines of Public Administration, Information Systems and Marketing. The conceptual model was validated through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) based on online surveys of 705 users of egovernment services in the UK. The findings have highlighted significant theoretical and practical implications for researchers and policy makers. This research highlights that the key dimensions (services, outcome and trust) of public value theory cannot be validated on their own as they are far too abstract in current literature. Therefore, this study verifies that public value can only be validated by drawing from the multiple fields of Public Administration, Information System and Marketing. From a practical perspective, the study offers policy makers a frame of reference to understand the influence of value on the adoption and re-use of e-government services.

Este trabalho busca compreender como elementos das diferentes abordagens de administração pública (Administração Pública Burocrática, Nova Administração Pública e Novo Serviço Público) encontrados no Departamento Estadual de Trânsito do Rio Grande do Sul – Detran/RS interferem no relacionamento da Autarquia com o cidadão. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, a base teórica da pesquisa constitui-se, além do estudo das supracitadas teorias da administração pública, do conceito de valor público e de um panorama sobre o relacionamento com o cidadão por parte das instituições públicas. Uma análise documental foi realizada, seguida de entrevistas semiestruturadas com o corpo diretivo da instituição, com servidores que atuam no atendimento ao público e com os cidadãos. Os dados coletados foram estudados a partir da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Buscou-se identificar elementos que evidenciem o papel do Detran/RS na sociedade na visão das unidades de análise, o modelo de gestão predominante, a percepção sobre valor público e as dificuldades e perspectivas sobre o relacionamento da instituição com os cidadãos por ela atendidos. Os resultados indicaram a predominância dos modelos da Administração Pública Burocrática e da Nova Administração Pública, que coexistem com vários dos seus elementos na instituição analisada. A identificação de uma escassa visão sobre um modelo de administração participativo, como o proposto pelo Novo Serviço Público, somada a elementos burocráticos, como a necessidade de extensa documentação, e a elementos gerenciais, como a terceirização de serviços essenciais, permitem a conclusão de que contribuem para um ambiente hostil para o cidadão que, além de ter de enfrentar dificuldades para o cumprimento de serviços solicitados, mantém-se distante da esfera pública. / This thesis seeks to understand how elements of the different approaches of public administration (Bureaucratic Public Administration, New Public Management and New Public Service) found in the Department of Transit of Rio Grande do Sul - Detran/RS interferes in its relationship with the citizen. In order to reach the proposed objectives, the theoretical basis of the research constitutes, besides the study of the above-mentioned theories of the public administration, the concept of public value and a panorama on the relationship with the citizen by the public institutions. A documental analysis was carried out, followed by semi-structured interviews with the institution's governing body, with public servants whose work is respond to the citizens and with the citizens themselves. The data collected were studied using the content analysis technique. It sought to identify elements that demonstrate the role of Detran/RS in society in the view of the units of analysis, the predominant management model, the perception about public value and the difficulties and perspectives on the relationship of the institution with the citizens it serves. The results indicated the predominance of the models of the Bureaucratic Public Administration and New Public Administration, which coexist with several of its elements in the analyzed institution. The identification of a scarce vision of a participative management model, such as that proposed by the New Public Service, added to bureaucratic elements, such as the need for extensive documentation, and management elements, such as the outsourcing of essential services, allow the conclusion that they contribute to a hostile environment for the citizen who, in addition to facing difficulties in fulfilling the requested services, remains far from the public sphere.

Abstract Nowadays civic participation is a significant activity in the commonwealth. According to civic participation, it can be realized the development of the democracy in a country. Although Kaohsiung city is the second biggest status of special municipality directly administered by the central government, Taiwanese Central Government has been disconsidering the growth of South Taiwan. As a result, it cause that Kaohsiung city has become the center of the industry and Taipei city has become the center of the policy and economics. Due to this reason, people in the south Taiwan are not concern with the public affairs which need to be considered. Almond is the first precursor to research civic society. Almond refers that people highly participate with political culture can be called Civic Culture. Inglehart is the second researcher to research in this subject. Inglehart discovers technical upgrade, economic development, the standard of education improvement, information technology and mass communication spread could effect the social value. People may focus on post-materialism which are the standard of living, and self-fulfilling instead of the materialism value that are included the creature comfort and personal security. Mass communication not only offers the useful information to the mass but also effects the mass behavior, in particular newspaper. Newspaper spread presents the news and multi-information to everyone and it also can fulfill each one¡¦s inner life as well. Besides this, it is also a very leaven to people because of its content such as the edit and so on. This research is divided two sections. The first section refers to the integration of the public affairs management (PAM). It discusses the condition of the aspect of socioeconomic in Kaohsiung city. The second section V.C.S dimensional in-depth interview¡Aanalyze the power of the local newspaper, the limit of the local newspaper and the public value of the local newspaper in Kaohsiung. According to the development of the socioeconomic, it can be discussed weather Kaohsiung city is qualified for public society or not. And also , in the process of time whether the media exerts generate a discussion and provoke issues or not. According to the research, it discovers that the current and past employment market and social organization do not change a lot. But the phenomenon of generation effect ¡Awith disposition and potentiality to post modernized civil society. Due to several elements such as economic depression, open media market and new competitors appearance, local medium in Koahsiung are forced to adjust the management strategy and constitution in order to breakthrough difficulty. However, in order to achieve the goal and promote the public value it often become dilemma because of searching market support and lifting organizational capacity on the current limited resources and condition. As a result, it can define that the function of the forth right to medium is consistently challenged. In the sum, local newspaper and medium can make the public value become valuable. It also can say that mass medium is like a light that can let each one see the value of public society clearly and easily. However, the life cycle of the news events are very short. Therefore, the elements of economic development, guidable assistance instead of critique and control and the third section may achieve the goal of the public society quickly.

Nonprofit organization (NPO) management has recently been a popular study field, to which the concept of strategic management has been also broadly applied. Notwithstanding it is nearly impossible for NPOs to calculate their outcomes accurately by evaluating the operational performance in monetary terms. The business world utilizes SWOT, the strategic analysis tool, to emphasize the external and internal environments and competitive advantages. That is however different form the nonprofit world which focuses on achieving public value. In order to effectively evaluate NPOs¡¦ operating performance, this study adopted the points of view of Mark H. Moore¡¦s (2003) V.C.S. Strategic Triangle and Ming-Shen Wang¡¦s (2005) Integrated Frame of Public Affair Management to manifest that public value could be the strategic management object for NPOs. By discussing the introduction of V.C.S Strategic Triangle to the NPOs in Taiwan, this research intended to discover the possible measures to improve operational performance. This study takes the Kaohsiung Jen-Ai¡As Home (KHJA) as a case example. The board members, consultants, committee members, and executives of the KHJA, officials of pubic sector, and clients were vis-a-vis interviewed based on a structured questionnaire. The goal of conducting the interviews was to discover whether the interviewees expected to improve the future performance when they put in labor power, finance, and facilities due to the organizational culture, value, and capacity. In other words, whether they responded to the social value and the support from both internal and external environments; shaped future organizational culture and capacity based on today¡¦s working experience; and remained the vision for public value in organizational short-term, midterm, and long-term plans and strategic management. . Research results: 1. social capacity could create people¡¦s well-being¡Xinstitutional design protects the people in need and ceases the plight; deprived situation would not be permanent. Bringing fortunate people and unfortunates, suppliers and dependents, as well as the young and the old people together would establish a stable social foundation for cohesive social welfare. 2. Re-positioning social welfare organizations as multi-service NPOs which are not only for traditional service of help but also the expression of the value of living quality and creation of public value. 3. Social welfare organizations could increase the supply efficiency, service flexibility and living quality with the model of mixed welfare economy, and avoid the financial crisis of welfare states. 4. The roles and functions of social welfare organizations have to be planned in a view of strategy including three key components¡X¡§value¡¨, ¡§capacity¡¦, and ¡§support¡¨ to guide the NPOs¡¦ future position and direction. Keywords: nonprofit organization, V.C.S. Strategic Triangle, Integrated Frame of public affair Management, public value