This thesis focuses on the effects tax havens have on both developed and developing countries. The work is presented in four chapters. The first chapter builds a framework of the subject by focusing on tax havens and the issues they create. A brief history of tax havens is discussed and essential statistics are presented. The second chapter discusses the effects tax havens have on developing countries. The link between transfer pricing and tax havens is also analyzed. The third chapter identifies the effects tax havens have on developed countries and its role in the financial crisis. The last chapter explores the current fight against tax havens and their likely impact in the future.

The thesis focuses on theoretical and empirical analysis of economic growth and its implications for economic and social development of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). The thesis proceeds from the assumption that economic growth is the necessary (but not sufficient) condition for economic, social and human development of societies and nations. In context of the LDCs, this assumption can be modified: it is assumed that it has been the low average rate of growth in the long-run that is associated with the complex social and economic issues of LDCs. The primary objective of the thesis is to verify this association within the LDCs, then to investigate factors that have been the major determinants for economic growth in (African) LDCs. From the perspective of theory the thesis is grounded in theories and models of economic growth that are crucial for researching factors of growth and its implications for development. The thesis focuses also on in-depth analysis of the LDCs both from the classification and statistical perspectives. The latter one is based on comparisons with selected groups of states within the World economy.

This diploma thesis studies the influence of trade liberalization on the sources of the economic growth of Brazil. The theoretical part of this work presents some definitions of economic growth and characteristics from two basic economic growth models: the Solow model and the endogenous growth model. Regarding trade liberalization, some international trade theories are presented in this thesis, including the basis of protectionist measures, which are frequently implemented around the world. The practical part of this work analyzes the course of the Brazilian economy throughout different periods, where the GDP growth rate, sources of economic growth and the presence of protectionist policies are taking into account. Later on, the thesis reviews the trade liberalization process that Brazil experimented in the 1990s and how this process influenced the performance of the Brazilian GDP. For long time, the topics of positive effects of free international trade and the unavoidable globalization process have been on the table. Brazil enjoys conditions that are given for economic success. However, the question is whether Brazil will manage to make full use of these favorable conditions and handle the obstacles that come up along the way to its development, while enforcing free international trade and promoting its full liberalization aiming to positively influence economic growth.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze existing approaches to providing development assistance and participation of developing countries in international trade and assess both developing and commercial cooperation between the Czech Republic and Southeast Asia. The first chapter is the theoretical part of the thesis, which is focused on the theories of economic development and growth of underdeveloped countries. The second chapter deals with the openness of the markets of Southeast Asia. The main part consists of the analysis of international development cooperation and trade relations between the Czech Republic and this region.

This thesis evaluates the convergence within the European Union, focusing on the old Member States compared to the new ones. The theoretical part deals with the background of convergence and other theories explaining economic growth. The following section assesses the macroeconomic indicators work within the community and an important determinant of economic performance of individual countries, as measured by GDP per capita in purchasing power parity, and the HDI index. The analytical part of the thesis examines the conditional convergence or divergence of each block based on the method Barone Sala i Martin, using regression analysis. This work also examines the coefficient of variation, sigma and beta convergence of the various blocks. Finally, evaluate the level and rate of convergence of the Czech and Slovak Republic at NUTS level 3

This thesis examines the effect of the government expenditure structure on the economic growth. The objective is to determine which components of public expenditures are growth enhancing and which growth retarding. The theoretical model is set into the endogenous growth framework and describes the growth mechanism of productive and unproductive government expenditures. The growth impact of public spending composition is analysed for 18 European countries from 1996 to 2012. The empirical part is based on the panel data analysis. The empirical findings suggest that reallocating public resources towards education and health can promote growth. Whereas, higher expenditures on spending and defence are likely to be growth-retarding.

This study agrees that the creation of SEZs in Côte d'Ivoire is a good strategy to attract FDI, promote transfer of technology and develop the trade capacity of the country. It has the positive effect of contributing to improve the performance of the domestic industry. Besides, the new industries will create job opportunities and produce a sustainable economic growth. However, the fact that Côte d'Ivoire is party to RTAs in the sub-region like WAEMU and ECOWAS frameworks reduces the potential export market within the region for the SEZs based companies. In addition, the investors in SEZs could be faced with trade barriers induced by the divergent trade rules under RTAs. That could make the would-be investors reluctant to invest in Côte d'Ivoire, and induce them to choose another country to invest in. In the light of the need for investors to deal with clear and predictable rules, this investigation argues that the multiplicity of regional and divergent regulations governing goods from SEZs could be source of confusion and concerns, and eventually, it could impact negatively on SEZs programmes implementation in Côte d'Ivoire. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

Orientador: Alexandre Gori Maia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T18:40:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lazou_JamesChristopher_M.pdf: 1795597 bytes, checksum: 9a928c3c7084aabff56301d6476fe66c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta dissertação discute o problema de criação de emprego e sua relação com a sustentabilidade ambiental. A questão central do trabalho é: "como os limites ecológicos afetam a macroeconomia do emprego?" A dissertação parte da hipótese de que é possível definir limites ecológicos ao crescimento econômico sem reduzir o nível de emprego. No entanto, isso pode exigir a revisão dos modelos econômicos atuais ou mesmo a adoção de modelos alternativos. Inicialmente, a dissertação explora o conceito de emprego e desemprego. Considera questões como a qualidade e a quantidade de empregos, bem como outras importantes relações macroeconômicas que afetam a geração de empregos. Em particular, a dissertação destaca a relação entre emprego, produtividade, crescimento da população e do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB). Em seguida, a dissertação aborda as principais questões da economia ecológica. Examina a idéia de limites ambientais à economia e seus impactos sobre o crescimento do PIB e da população. Também considera propostas metodológicas para inclusão desses limites às estatísticas econômicas. A dissertação então avalia as relações estatísticas entre indicadores ambientais, econômicos e aqueles relacionados à quantidade e qualidade dos empregos. Além de revisão da literatura, essas análises baseiam-se em análises quantitativas definidas a partir de dados de corte transversal com informações de diferentes países do mundo. A dissertação finaliza explorando estratégias de geração de emprego verde (green employment, ou estratégias de emprego de baixo impacto ambiental) e políticas ambientais que afetam a geração e a qualidade dos empregos gerados. Isso inclui a consideração de políticas ambientais keynesianas, bem como as idéias teóricas de uma economia de estado estacionário e de decrescimento (degrowth). A necessidade de formular novos modelos econômicos, que englobam limites ambientais e a garantia de emprego decente para as gerações presentes e futuras, é identificada como um desafio permanente / Abstract: This thesis addresses the problem of employment creation and its relation to environmental sustainability. The central question of the analysis is: "how do ecological limits affect the macroeconomics of employment?" The thesis hypothesises that it should be possible to bring the economy back within global ecological limits without leading to reductions in employment. This may, however, require revised or alternative economic models. The thesis starts with an exploration of the concept of employment and unemployment. It considers issues of measuring employment, both in quantity and quality, as well as other important macroeconomic relationships that affect employment. In particular the thesis highlights the relationship that employment statistics have with GDP growth, population and productivity. The thesis next considers the main themes of ecological economics. It examines the idea of environmental limits to the economy and what this means for GDP and population growth. It also considers proposed methodologies for including these limits within economic statistics. The thesis continues by evaluating the statistical relationships between environmental, employment and related economic indices. It conducts a literature review and quantitative analyses of cross-sectional data from different countries across the world using a multivariate analysis of the correlation between ecological footprint data and various economic indices related to employment. The thesis concludes with an exploration of green employment strategies (low environmental impact employment strategies) and environmental policies that affect employment. This includes consideration of environmental Keynesian policies, as well as the theoretical ideas of a steady state economy and degrowth. The need to formulate new economic models, which encompass environmental limits and provide decent employment for present and future generations, is identified as a continuing challenge / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Background: Stunting prevalence in children less than 5 years has remained stagnated in Peru from 1992 to 2007, with a rapid reduction thereafter. We aimed to assess the role of different predictors on stunting reduction over time and across departments, from 2000 to 2012. Methods: We used various secondary data sources to describe time trends of stunting and of possible predictors that included distal to proximal determinants. We determined a ranking of departments by annual change of stunting and of different predictors. To account for variation over time and across departments, we used an ecological hierarchical approach based on a multilevel mixed-effects regression model, considering stunting as the outcome. Our unit of analysis was one department-year. Results: Stunting followed a decreasing trend in all departments, with differing slopes. The reduction pace was higher from 2007–2008 onwards. The departments with the highest annual stunting reduction were Cusco (−2.31%), Amazonas (−1.57%), Puno (−1.54%), Huanuco (−1.52%), and Ancash (−1.44). Those with the lowest reduction were Ica (−0.67%), Ucayali (−0.64%), Tumbes (−0.45%), Lima (−0.37%), and Tacna (−0.31%). Amazon and Andean departments, with the highest baseline poverty rates and concentrating the highest rural populations, showed the highest stunting reduction. In the multilevel analysis, when accounting for confounding, social determinants seemed to be the most important factors influencing annual stunting reduction, with significant variation between departments. Conclusions: Stunting reduction may be explained by the adoption of anti-poverty policies and sustained implementation of equitable crosscutting interventions, with focus on poorest areas. Inclusion of quality indicators for reproductive, maternal, neonatal and child health interventions may enable further analyses to show the influence of these factors. After a long stagnation period, Peru reduced dramatically its national and departmental stunting prevalence, thanks to a combination of social determinants and crosscutting factors. This experience offers useful lessons to other countries trying to improve their children’s nutrition. / Revisión por pares

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