Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

This thesis is an assessment of socio-economic development of Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey after GAP Project. The aim of this study is to analyze and discuss impacts of the GAP Project and to evaluate achievements of the most important sustainable development project of Turkey. Several social and economic indicators, like demographic structure, education, health, financial figures, industry, agriculture and energy, have been analyzed and evaluated in order to obtain reliable and realistic conclusions. The main conclusion of this thesis states that Southeastern Anatolia Region has developed both socially and economically with the impacts of GAP Project. Rapid economic growth, increased agricultural and industrial activities are the evidences of this development. However, another conclusion of the study indicates that the achievements of GAP cannot ensure the expected socio-economic development of the Region. This conclusion shows the necessity of questioning the success of the governance and execution of the GAP Project.

Main aim of this diploma thesis was to apply a standard methodology for calculating economic impacts of the value added of tourism in this region, based on an analysis of tourism performance in the district of Český Krumlov. Partial aim was to identify regional barriers caused by problematic data and suggest possible measures that need to be taken inevitably.

Tendo em vista a importância da cadeia produtiva do milho para a economia de diversas regiões do Brasil e a liberalização do cultivo de milho geneticamente modificado (GM) no país, em 2007, esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os impactos econômicos de longo prazo da adoção do milho Bt11 nos setores inter-relacionados na cadeia produtiva do milho. Além disso, pretende-se analisar as conseqüências da proibição deste cultivo apenas no estado do Paraná, caso a lei estadual nº14162/03 entrasse em vigor. Para tal, utiliza-se um modelo computável de equilíbrio geral inter-regional estático, do tipo bottom-up, denominado TERM-BR. O modelo abrange os 27 estados e o Distrito Federal, conseguindo analisar os impactos sobre a economia do país, sem perder os detalhes regionais e setoriais. Os efeitos da adoção do milho Bt11 são transmitidos ao longo da sua cadeia produtiva, gerando aumento do PIB, das exportações e do consumo das famílias. Todavia, os resultados são mais expressivos nos setores e regiões diretamente relacionados com a cadeia de comercialização do milho, tais como os setores de criação animal e carnes, localizados em sua maioria no Sul do país. Ao analisar a adoção ou não no estado do Paraná as principais diferenças encontram-se na origem e no destino dos fluxos de capital e mão-de-obra entre as regiões brasileiras. Na primeira simulação, ao admitir que o estado do Paraná adote milho Bt11, observa-se um deslocamento de estoque de capital e mão-de-obra para a região Sul, apesar do PIB do Centro-Oeste e Sudeste também aumentar. Considerando que o Paraná não adote milho Bt11, observa-se que tanto a mão-de-obra, quanto o estoque de capital se deslocam para o Centro-Oeste, contudo é possível observar um pequeno aumento no PIB e no consumo das famílias da região Sul. Os resultados mais expressivos ocorrem no próprio estado do Paraná, onde não apenas o setor de milho, como também os setores a jusante perdem competitividade, reduzindo o nível de atividade, emprego e consumo das famílias. Como esses setores possuem grande representatividade no PIB do estado, este também apresenta redução. / Due to the importance of the productive chain of corn to the economy of different regions of Brazil and the liberalization of genetically modified (GM) corn cultivation in the country in 2007, this study aims to analyze the long-run economic impacts of the adoption of Bt11 corn in the inter-related sectors of the productive corn chain. Moreover, it is intended to analyze the consequences of banning Bt11 corn cultivation only in Paraná State, if the state law nº14162/03 was legalized. For this purpose, an interregional static general equilibrium computable model, kind of bottom-up, called TERM-BR was used. This model embraces 27 states plus the Federal District and can analyze the impacts on the economy without losing the regional and sectorial details. The adoption effects of the Bt11 corn are transmitted along its supply chain generating the increase of GDP, exports and household consumption. However, the results are more expressive in sectors and regions directly related to the supply chain of corn, sectors such as animal breeding and meat, mostly located in the south of the country. By analazing the adoption or not in Paraná State, the main results of the study are found on the origin and destination of the flows of capital and labor among the brasilian regions. In the first simulation, it was admitted that the Paraná State adopts Bt11 corn. A displacement in stock of capital and labor for the southern region was observed, despite the GDP increase of the West-Center and Southeastern regions. In the second simulation, it was admitted that Paraná State doesnt adopt the Bt11 corn. It was observed that both the labor force as well as the stock of capital move to the West-Center, and even so it is possible to see an increase in GDP and consumption of households in the Southern region. The most serious consequences happen in Paraná State, where not only the industry of corn, but also corn downstream industries lose competitiveness, reducing the level of activity, employment and household consumption. As these sectors have a considerable weight in GDP of the state, they also present reduction.

Este trabalho analisa quais os efeitos que o cumprimento do antigo e do novo Código Florestal trariam à economia do país e de seus estados. A partir da base de dados do projeto AgLue (Agricultural Land Use and Expansion Model) são obtidos os déficits de APP (Área de Preservação Permanente) e RL (Reserva Legal) na agricultura e na pecuária para cada microrregião do país. Essas informações são agregadas e compatibilizadas com os dados do Censo Agropecuário de 2006, resultando numa matriz que contém o percentual que cada cultura agropecuária teria que reduzir de sua área colhida (ou de pastagem) para se adequar a legislação. Para calcular os impactos econômicos utilizou-se o modelo de equilíbrio geral computável TERM-BR, a partir do qual se podem obter os resultados regionais e nacionais e os efeitos econômicos das restrições impostas pelo cumprimento da APP e da RL isoladamente. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as recentes mudanças alteram, mesmo que em pequena escala, os impactos econômicos do Código Florestal. Em sua versão anterior, o efetivo cumprimento da lei implicaria redução de 0,37% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) do país, enquanto que no novo Código esta retração seria de 0,19%. Para ambos os casos, o instrumento da APP é o maior responsável pelas variações. Ademais, verificaram-se impactos distintos entre os setores econômicos e as unidades da federação, sendo os segmentos agropecuários os mais afetados pelas restrições legais e os estados da região Norte os mais beneficiados economicamente pelas mudanças na legislação. / This research analyses the effects of the implementation of the Forest Law, both in its new and its previous version, on economy of Brazil and its states. The deficits of APP (Permanent Preservation Area) and RL (Legal Reserve) on agriculture and livestock, by region, are obtained from AgLue (Agricultural Land Use and Expansion Model) database. This information is aggregated and matched with Agricultural Census of 2006 database, resulting in a matrix that indicates for each agricultural sector what percent of harvested or pasture area has to be reduced due to legislation. An applied general equilibrium model TERM-BR was used to measure the economic impacts. This model allows the analysis of regional and national results and economic effects of APP and RL restrictions individually. The results indicated that recent changes on legislation modify, although in a small scale, the economic impacts of the Forest Law. In its previous version, the compliance of the law would imply a reduction of 0,37% of Brazilian GDP while in its new version this impact is a reduction of 0,19%. In both cases, the APP is the major responsible for GDP variations. Furthermore, different impacts between the economic sectors and the states were observed. The agricultural sectors were the most negatively affected by legal restrictions while states in the North region benefited the most, in economic terms, from changes in the legislation.

O objetivo desta tese é avaliar os impactos regionais de longo prazo da política tarifária do setor elétrico brasileiro. As reformas estruturais neste setor determinaram o surgimento de duas diferentes tendências de distribuição espacial das tarifas de energia elétrica entre os estados brasileiros: uma de convergência e outra de dispersão espacial. A disparidade regional das tarifas no período recente vem sendo influenciada pelas características espaciais da economia brasileira, dentre as quais a elevada concentração espacial e distribuição hierárquica de grandes mercados no espaço. Nesse sentido, os diferenciais de preços de energia elétrica tendem a ser causados pelos diferenciais de tamanho de mercado, os quais fornecem diferentes condições para a obtenção de economias de escala pelas companhias de distribuição de energia elétrica. Com base nesses elementos e na evidência de que o produto energia elétrica é um insumo importante no processo produtivo, foi construído um modelo Interregional de Equilíbrio Geral Computável para análise de política energética. As simulações mostraram evidências de que as ligações de insumo-produto, a heterogeneidade espacial da intensidade de energia elétrica e os diferenciais regionais de substituição energética estão entre os principais determinantes dos impactos espaciais da variação no preço da energia elétrica. Por outro lado, a recente tendência de dispersão espacial nas tarifas de energia elétrica pode estar contribuindo para reduzir o PIB real nacional e aumentar as desigualdades regionais no Brasil. / The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the long-run regional impacts of tariff policy of the Brazilian electric power sector. The structural reforms carried on this sector determined the emergence of two different spatial distribution trends of the electric power tariffs among the Brazilian states: one of convergence and another of spatial divergence. The regional dispersion of tariffs is being influenced by the spatial features of the Brazilian economy, which is marked by the high degree of spatial concentration and the hierarchical distribution of large markets on the space. In spite of this, the electric power price differentials in Brazil tend to be determined by the market size differentials, which provide different conditions for gains from economies of scale by the electric power distribution companies. Based on these elements and in the fact that electric power is an important input for the production process, an Interregional Computable General Equilibrium model for energy policy analysis was built. The simulations showed that the input-output linkages, the spatial heterogeneity of the electric power intensity and the regional energy substitution differentials are the main determinants of spatial impacts of electric power price changes in Brazil. On the other hand, the recent trend of spatial divergence of the electric power prices may be contributing to reduce the national real GDP and to increase the regional inequalities in Brazil.

This thesis focuses on film incentives in the Czech republic and conditions of their implementation. The main task is to analyze the effect of state film incentives on volume of film production and to analyze economic effects of film incentives on state economy. The first part describes basic terms connected with film incentives, the way they work and reasons and results of their expansion. In the next part the regulatory impact assessment (RIA) of film incentives made by company EEIP for the Ministry of Culture of the Czech republic is analized. Then empirical analysis conducted with econometric model and linear regression is made to determine the effect of film incentives on volume of film production in the Czech republic. In the next part a critical analysis is used to revise results of the RIA. Along with the revizion of the results, own estimations are calculated. In the final part those estimations and the results of the RIA are both compared with real data.

At present, an important task for Chinese governments at all levels is to save energy and reduce pollutant emissions. The task of buildings energy efficiency accounts for 21% in the 12th Five Year Plan which from 2011 to 2015. With the development of social economy，the energy shortage is serious day by day．The energy-conservation of buildings is a high relevant issue in China．There are a large capacity and a wide range of existing buildings in Qingdao among which the overwhelming majority is the non-energy-efficient buildings and the operate energy consumption are enormous．At Present, according to the related statistic，the energy efficient building area only accounts for 3% to 5% of the total building area newly increased in our country every year, while in such existing buildings in Qingdao ，most of them are highly energy-consuming, the energy consumption in buildings is about 100-350 kWh for each floor area of the whole year，which is 2 to 3 times of the energy consumption of the same area of energy efficient buildings．So we can say that whether could we promote the effective use of resources and energy in buildings is very important，which will finally determine whether could we and take the road to sustainable development． In respect of the application of the complicated systematic scientific conclusions，the thesis carries out the analysis of geographic and climate characteristics in Qingdao area and the research of current energy consumption． Based on the quantitative model analysis of environmental and economic benefits of implementation of energy efficient buildings in Qingdao in scenario k, promotion and implementation of energy efficient buildings can substantially reduce the current high environmental cost associated with energy consumption for heating and cooling in buildings in Qingdao. Emission including carbon dioxides, sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxides and ash can be reduced, it means that under the scenario k energy efficient buildings has an idea performance on reducing pollutant gas. At the same time, companied by the great environmental benefits, there are also substantial economic benefits. Barriers to energy efficiency in buildings in Qingdao, including political, economic, social and technological barriers are discussed in this thesis. According to the investigation and analysis about the present situation and factors affecting the implementation of energy efficient buildings in Qingdao, this thesis put forward recommendations from the aspects of environment, politics, economy, society and technology to improving energy efficient buildings in Qingdao.

In the US, the roaded landscape has had serious ecological effects. We studied wildlife-vehicle collisions occurring on the 248 state routes in Utah from 1992 to 2002. We tracked trends and patterns in deer-vehicle collisions, evaluated all routes for frequency of deer kills, and identified "hotspots" ( segments of road with high concentrations of collisions per mile). We found pronounced patterns: e.g., 61.15% of all collisions occurred on only 10 routes. We studied the effects of posted speed limit and annual average daily traffic flow and found that no relationship existed between traffic volume and/or posted speed limit and the number of wildlife-vehicle collisions that occurred. We put the economic costs associated with wildlife vehicle collisions into a public safety perspective and confirmed that associated costs, damage, injuries, and loss of resources are significant aspects ofDVCs that require attention and justify mitigation.

The dissertation thesis focuses on the economic view of interventions in the extensive brownfields, ie uninhabited parts of cities, abandoned halls, buildings, industrial zones. It monitors the factors influencing their regeneration, deals with ecological and related financial issues. It examines the possibilities and ways of financing the recovery of these abandoned and unused areas. The work demonstrates the suitability of using the CBA method to determine the economic efficiency of brownfields regeneration projects. Whether the regeneration of brownfields is economically efficient, establishes a new indicator cef as the difference between the financial and economic profitability of the project. The work verifies the suitability of using the indicator on a research sample of 28 implemented brownfield regeneration projects. At the end of the thesis, the expected value of the social benefit of Monte Carlo is determined with the support of the Crystal Ball simulation software.