Orientador: João Fernando Marques / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T16:37:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_FlavioLuizSilvaJorgeda_D.pdf: 2237333 bytes, checksum: dc053a7f7e28160941411e0d61ca0e51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva apresentar e discutir a valoração de serviços ecossistêmicos, a partir do conceito de funções e serviços ecossistêmicos e da aplicação dos métodos de valoração econômica em uma bacia hidrográfica devido a ocupação pela agricultura. Mostra que a valoração é um dentre outros importantes instrumentos a serem mobilizados para a preservação ambiental e para o reconhecimento e aceitação social da necessidade da gestão dos ambientes naturais, tendo como orientação a utilização sustentável dos recursos. Assim, o trabalho pautou-se por apresentar as possibilidades teóricas a partir das visões tradicionais e da economia ecológica, apresentou-se um ambiente antropizado e suas características sempre procurando destacar as questões da ocupação e dos impactos ambientais. Além da caracterização da ocupação do espaço e das determinantes sócio-econômicas foi realizado um estudo na bacia hidrográfica dos rios Mogi-Guaçu, Pardo e Baixo Grande, doravante denominada bacia do Mogi - Pardo, no Estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de determinar a Disposição a Pagar por água limpa junto à população dos municípios que fazem parte da bacia. A partir das recomendações do Relatório da National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA), o estudo mostra que mesmo com suas limitações, o método de valoração contingente (MVC) pode contribuir com uma medida de valor para auxiliar no processo de tomada de decisão. / Abstract: This study aims to present and discuss the valuation of ecosystem services, from the concept of ecosystem functions and services and the application of methods of economic valuation in a watershed because the occupation by agriculture. To show that the valuation is one among other important tools being mobilized for environmental preservation and recognition and social acceptance of the need for management of natural environments, with a guide to sustainable resource use. Thus, the work is guided by presenting the theoretical possibilities from the visions of traditional and ecological economy, proved to be an anthropic environment and its features always looking to highlight the issues of occupation and environmental impacts. In addition to the characterization of the occupation of space and determinants of socio-economic study was conducted in the watershed of rivers Mogi-Guaçu, Pardo and Grande, in the state of Sao Paulo, aiming to determine Willingness to pay for the clean water from the population of municipalities that are part of the basin. Based on the recommendations of the Report of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA), the study shows that even with its limitations, the contingent valuation method (MVC) can provide a measure of value to assist in the decision-making process. / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

There is an abundance of ready-made tools for assessing the economic value of green infrastructure. Each with more or less unique design components and method approaches concerning quantifying and monetizing green infrastructure. Use of a single ready-made tool to support decisions and justify funding of inclusion of multifunctional green infrastructure in urban development may, due to different tools’ various designs and method approaches, risk excluding acknowledgement of relevant ecosystem services. This literature study embodies the logic of comparison by using content analysis method to explore possibilities of producing more comprehensive economic assessments of green infrastructure. This through contrasting content and design features of two such tools: Benefits Estimation Tool, and Green Infrastructure Valuation Toolkit. In addition, it analyses and discusses potential problems and opportunities that may arise when complementing tool A with methods or design features from tool B, and vice versa. Findings suggest that some few methods are similar enough not to constitute a complementary foundation between the tools, but that a combined use of some specific quantification and valuation methods may increase an assessments’ comprehensiveness. Findings also suggest that in combining the tools’ methods inaccuracy and uncertainty of an assessment are likely to increase. The study discusses tool-related problems regarding uncertainty, assessment of social benefits, and perception of value. It concludes that even though mutual complementarity is possible to achieve and in doing so more aspects of GI will be addressed, combining valuation tools in the pursuit of increased assessment comprehensiveness will likely generate problems in terms of assessment inaccuracy. The study may provide aid for developers of green infrastructure valuation tools and for practitioners conducting economic green infrastructure assessments or cost-benefit analyses. / Det finns en uppsjö färdigdesignade verktyg syftade till att bedöma det ekonomiska värdet av grön infrastruktur. Varje med mer eller mindre unika designkomponenter och metodsammansättningar gällande kvantifiering och värdeuppskattning av grön infrastruktur. Användandet av enbart ett sådant verktyg för att skapa beslutsgrund och rättfärdiga investering för multifunktionell grön infrastruktur i en stadsmiljö kan, på grund av olika verktygs varierande design och metodsammansättningar, riskera utesluta relevanta ekosystemtjänster. Den här litteraturstudien tar avstamp i en så kallad jämförande logik genom att använda den vetenskapliga metoden innehållsanalys för att undersöka möjligheterna att skapa mer omfattande ekonomisk bedömning av grön infrastruktur. Detta genom att kontrastera innehåll och design av två sådana verktyg: Benefits Esitmation Tool och Green Infrastructure Valuation Toolkit. Dessutom analyserar och diskuterar studien potentiella problem och möjligheter som kan uppstå när verktyg A kompletteras med metoder eller designkomponenter från verktyg B, eller vice versa. Undersökningsresultaten antyder att mellan de två verktygen är vissa metoder så lika att ingen komplimenterande grund kan utrönas, men att ett kombinerat användande av några specifika kvantifierings- och värdeuppskattningsmetoder kan öka omfattningen av en ekonomisk bedömning av grön infrastrukturs värde. Resultaten antyder också att genom att öka omfattningen av den sådan bedömning brister bedömningens precision och rimligen ökar även dess osäkerhet gällande uttryck av ekonomiskt värde. Studien diskuterar verktygsrelaterade problem gällande osäkerhet, bedömning av sociala fördelar, och förnimmelse av värde. Den drar slutsatsen att ömsesidig komplettering av verktygen och flertalet nya aspekter av grön infrastruktur till trots är det sannolikt att ett kompletterande av verktyg skapar problem gällande bedömningens precision. Studien kan bistå med hjälp till utvecklare av bedömningsverktyg för grön infrastruktur och för tjänstemän som genomför en ekonomisk bedömning eller lönsamhetsanalys av gröninfrastruktur.

Globally, there are significant quantities of natural gas reserves that lie economically or physically stranded from markets. Options to monetize such reserves include Gas to Liquids (GTL) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) technologies. GTL is a unique monetization option that brings natural gas products to crude oil markets. This technology is commercially immature, appears to have attractive market potential, requires substantial capital investments, and has uncertain operating costs and revenue generation. LNG is a more established monetization option. Project economics for the two technologies are reviewed, as well as literature evaluating such for either or both. Discounted cash flow models are studied for two project scenarios, and results are discussed and compared. The modeling effort seeks to inform the decision to invest in GTL or LNG for the monetization of a stranded gas reserve. / text

Duas questões da sociedade do século XXI podem ser destacadas: a grande geração de resíduos; a carência por sistemas de tratamento adequado desses resíduos; e a crescente demanda por energia. A busca por alternativas para lidar com essas questões vem mobilizando os setores público e privado no sentido de explorar soluções ainda não praticadas na maior parte do mundo em desenvolvimento. A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), instituída pela Lei nº 12.305/2010, estabeleceu um novo paradigma na gestão de resíduos sólidos no Brasil. Entre as mudanças apresentadas, uma das mais relevantes é a exclusividade de destinação de apenas rejeitos aos aterros sanitários, sendo os rejeitos entendidos como os resíduos que não mais apresentam possibilidade de tratamento. O cumprimento dessa lei irá requerer o estudo de alternativas de tratamento de resíduos gerados na fase anterior à sua disposição final. Entre as soluções possíveis está o seu aproveitamento energético, também previsto na PNRS. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação busca analisar duas tecnologias de tratamento de resíduos digestão anaeróbia e incineração e verificar suas respectivas viabilidades econômicas, tendo como objeto o cenário brasileiro, com foco especial no estado de São Paulo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, respeitando-se as diretrizes da PNRS, entre os métodos de tratamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos analisadas, a digestão anaeróbia se mostrou mais viável do que a incineração para as regiões estudadas. Tais resultados tomaram como pressuposto que a PNRS é uma lei que deverá ser cumprida e exigida tal como se apresenta, e seu cumprimento implicará numa mudança significativa do modo como é feita a gestão de resíduos sólidos no país. Adicionalmente, as análises realizadas apontaram que, além dos aspectos econômicos, aspectos ambientais, sociais e culturais também são de fundamental importância na tomada de decisão por uma opção tecnológica adequada dos RSU. / Three issues of the XXI century society can be pointed out: The increasing volume of waste generation, the lack of adequate waste treatment systems and the increasing demand of energy. The search for alternatives to deal with these issues is calling the attention of both public and private agents who are engaged in exploring solutions not yet in place in most part of developing countries. The National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS), established by the Law # 12,305/2010, set a new paradigm for the solid waste management in Brazil. Amongst the proposed changes, one of the most relevance is the destination of the so-called \"rejects\" to landfill, in which \"rejects\" stands for the residues that can no longer be processed. To abide by this law will require the analysis of alternatives for treating the residues prior to their final disposal. Amongst the possible solutions, there is the utilization of residues to generate electric energy. In this context, this master\'s thesis examines the two of the most used technologies in the developed world anaerobic digestion and incineration and evaluation their economic feasibility in the Brazilian scenario, particularly in the State of São Paulo. The analysis took as an assumption that the PNRS is a law that shall be enforced as it was stated, and that its compliance will require in a significant change in the way the solid waste management is done within the country. For the regions analyzed, our results showed that, under the PNRS requirements, the anaerobic digestion appeared to be more feasible than the incineration technology. Additionally, our work also indicates that, beyond the economic aspects, other issues such as environmental, social and cultural ones are fundamental for the decision making regarding the best technology applied in urban solid waste process.

En quarante ans, la Bretagne a subi en moyenne un naufrage de pétrolier tous les cinq ans. A chaque marée noire, le dommage écologique génère des mobilisations massives, des controverses sur la scène publique et la remise en cause des dispositifs de régulation. Malgré son évidence sensible, ni le régime international d'indemnisation (FIPOL) ni le Droit national n'intègrent l'atteinte environnementale comme motif supplémentaire de responsabilité financière pour les opérateurs. Les dommages de la pollution sont pris en compte à travers, d'un côté, les préjudices économiques et matériels et, de l'autre, les dommages purs à la biodiversité, sous la forme d'actions de restauration des milieux naturels. Les critiques pointent la faiblesse de la dissuasion : les coûts d'une marée noire pour les acteurs du transport maritime pétrolier sont considérés dérisoires au vu des profits et donc peu incitatifs à des comportements plus prudents. Elles réclament également la reconnaissance des dommages écologiques par le Droit, qui ouvrirait la possibilité de conséquences juridiques et économiques concrètes aux faits de pollutions et l'indemnisation des atteintes à l'environnement.Cette recherche s'intéresse aux processus de changement vers la reconnaissance des dommages écologiques des marées noires. Il ne s'agit pas de questionner l'efficacité de la prise en compte des dégradations environnementales par le dispositif de gestion ou les voies juridiques susceptibles de soutenir son intégration dans le Droit - déjà largement explorées - mais d'étudier les réalités du dommage écologique et d'analyser les actions de changement mises en oeuvre par des acteurs pour susciter leur reconnaissance. Cette analyse est conduite à partir de deux cas d'étude, la marée noire de l'Amoco Cadiz (1978) et celle de l'Erika (1999).Nous explorons une voie alternative et élargie de compréhension des atteintes de la marée noire, en considérant que la marée noire endommage aussi des relations plurielles entre hommes et environnement. Grâce à la sociologie pragmatique développée par Thévenot dans L'action au pluriel (2006) nous montrons les réalités plurielles du dommage écologique en termes d'attachements d’hommes à des non humains, que ni la description des écologues, ni celle des attachements de type marchand ne parviennent à saisir. Par ailleurs, à partir d'une analyse stratégique de la gestion de l'environnement (Mermet et al., 2005), nous étudions la manière dont les acteurs élaborent l'action de changement et comment celle-ci porte le dommage écologique. Nous nous intéressons tout particulièrement à la manière dont les enjeux de l'action induisent certains choix de qualification du dommage au tribunal.La recherche propose ainsi de nouvelles connaissances sur le dommage écologique, qui pourraient en renouveler la définition (intérêt théorique). Questionner les atteintes aux attachements pourrait également ouvrir une voie intéressante pour soutenir de nouvelles formes de justification sur la scène publique et favoriser la reconnaissance juridique des dommages écologiques (intérêt opérationnel). Enfin, elle articule deux cadres de pensée jusque-là disjoints en sciences humaines et qui se révèlent complémentaires. En donnant à voir les réalités plurielles, individuelles et collectives, des dynamiques environnementales, cette recherche propose d'enrichir la compréhension de la mise en oeuvre d'une action de changement au-delà des analyses de l'action collective (Cefaï, 2007). / Over the last forty years, an oil tanker has sunk off the Brittany coast of France every five years on average. Each time, the ecological damage from the oil slick has mobilised huge numbers of people to volunteer and demonstrate, and generated public controversy and criticism of regulatory procedures. Although oil spills provoke evident impacts, neither the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds) nor French Law recognise environmental detriment as a motif for financial compensation by the operators. The damages and pollution are taken into account firstly as economic and material losses, and secondly in terms of damage to biodiversity requiring habitat restoration actions. Critics highlight the feeble deterrent and the lack of incentive for maritime oil transporters to reduce risks: in relation to their profits the costs of an oil slick to them is regarded as derisory. These critics also call for recognition of ecological damages by the law. This would allow environmental pollution to incur economic and juridical responsibilities, and for environmental harm to require compensation.This research project looks at change processes leading to the recognition of ecological damage from oil slicks. We do not add to the existing substantial debate over the efficiency or interest of integrating environmental concerns into conduct rules and the legal system, nor evaluate different methods for doing do. Instead we study the realities of ecological damage, and analyse actions for change implemented by different actors to provoke their recognition. This analysis is based on two case studies: the oil slicks from the Amoco Cadiz (1978) and the Erika (1999).We explore an alternative and wider approach to understanding the harm caused by an oil slick, by considering that it damages multiple relationships between man and the environment. Using the concept of pragmatic sociology (Thévenot, “L’action au pluriel”, 2006) we reveal the multiple realities of ecological damage in terms of the relations between humans and nonhumans. These relations cannot be described in purely commercial nor ecological terms. Using a strategic analysis of environmental management (Mermet et al., 2005), we study how actors elaborate an action for change and how the action represents environmental damage. We look particularly at how the challenge of the action leads to certain choices when qualifying the damage to the courts.Thus, the study proposes new information on ecological damage, allowing the definition to be renewed (theoretical interest). By examining ecological damage in terms of harm to human – nonhuman relations, it provides an interesting support for new forms of justification in the public arena, and promotes legal recognition of ecological damage (operational interest). Finally, the study brings together, and shows to be complementary, two conceptual frameworks hereto unarticulated in human sciences. The study reveals the multiple individual and collective realities of environmental dynamics, and thus allows a richer understanding of the implementation of an action for change than a standard analysis of collective action (Cefai, 2007).

The approach of conceptualizing biodiversity and ecosystems as goods and services to be represented by monetary values in policy is being championed not just by economists, but also by ecologists and conservation biologists. This new environmental pragmatism is now being pushed forward internationally under the guise of hardwiring biodiversity and ecosystems services into finance. This conflicts with the realisation that biodiversity and ecosystems have multiple incommensurable values. The current trend is to narrowly define a set of instrumental aspects of ecosystems and biodiversity to be associated with ad hoc money numbers. We argue that ecosystem science has more to offer the policy debate than pseudo-economic numbers based on assumptions that do not reflect ecological or social complexity. Re-establishing the ecological discourse in biodiversity policy implies a crucial role for biophysical indicators as policy targets e.g., the Nature Index for Norway. Yet there is a recognisable need to go beyond the traditional ecological approach to create a social ecological economic discourse. This requires reviving and relating to a range of alternative ecologically informed discourses (e.g. intrinsic values, deep ecology, ecofeminism) in order to transform the increasingly dominant and destructive relationship of humans separated from and domineering over Nature. (author's abstract) / Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

L'objectif de cet article est d'introduire la prise en compte des Services Écosystémiques (SE), c'est-à-dire les bénéfices que la société retire du fonctionnement des écosystèmes, dans le cadre des procédures d'évaluation des projets d'infrastructures de transport terrestres. La prise en compte des SE dans les outils d'évaluation de projet, l'étude d'impact environnemental et le bilan socio-économique, peut sensiblement améliorer les décisions publiques. Pour montrer cela, nous commençons par mettre en lumière les différents défis associés à l'intégration des SE dans les décisions en matière d'implantation d'infrastructures de transport. L'intégration ne peut être faite que si l'estimation des SE, en termes de changements d'offre, de demande et de valeurs associées à ces changements, est faite de manière spatialement explicite. Nous illustrons ce point, dans un premier temps, à travers l'étude de la perte d'un service : la régulation du climat global engendrée par la construction d'une ligne grande vitesse dans l'ouest de la France. Puis, nous approfondissons la question de la combinaison de la perte directe et de la perte indirecte de services due aux impacts de l'infrastructure sur la connectivité des entités spatiales. Pour les deux types d'impacts nous intégrons des seuils potentiels sur la fourniture de services en proposant une méthode de prise en compte des effets sur des écosystèmes particulièrement sensibles.Nous appliquons cette méthode au même cas de projet d'infrastructure et comparons différentes options de tracé afin de donner un exemple de la manière dont les choix pourraient être améliorées en cartographiant les pertes directe et indirecte de SE. Enfin, nous tentons de montrer l'intérêt de la prise en compte des SE dans l'étude d'impact et le bilan socio-économique de manière à mesurer l'information supplémentaire donnée par une telle intégration. Une attention particulière est portée au caractère applicable de l'analyse aux cadres réglementaires actuels entourant ces deux outils. Nous montrons que ce type d'analyse peut éclairer et orienter différentes étapes d'un projet d'infrastructure: des études préliminaires, à l'étude du tracé final. Dans le cas des études d'impact, l'intégration de ces considérations peut permettre de mesurer la perte de services engendrée par chaque tracé d'infrastructure et d'intégrer ces pertes en tant que nouveau critère de choix de tracé. Concernant le bilan socio-économique, la perte de services exprimée en termes monétaires peut permettre de donner une indication quant à la perte sociale engendrée par le tracé final en matière de capital naturel. Plus spécifiquement ce type d'étude peut permettre une meilleure identification des mesures d'insertions les plus appropriées, en élargissant le types d'impacts pris en compte et en donnant des indications quantitatives des coûts engendrées par les différentes options d'implémentation. Ceci peut permettre aux parties prenantes du projet de mieux appréhender les différents effets engendrés par le projet, à une plus grande échelle, leur permettant de sortir des strictes frontières du projet et des contrôles règlementaires. / The purpose of this thesis is to broaden the assessment process of terrestrial transport infrastructure into the field of Ecosystem Services (ES), i.e., the benefits people derive from ecosystems. Taking into account ES in an ex-ante assessment of public infrastructure projects can be of critical importance for the improvement of transportation decision-making tools, such as environmental impact assessment and cost-benefit analysis. To achieve this, we first review the major challenges to integrate the ES approach into transport infrastructure decisions. This inclusion is only possible if changes in ES, involved by the project, are explained in a spatially explicit way. We illustrate this point, in a first step, by assessing the loss of a global climate regulation service due to the soil sealing caused by a infrastructure construction, using the example of a high-speed rail in Western France.We further deepen the issue of combining direct loss of ES with indirect loss due to impacts of the infrastructure on landscape connectivity. For both direct and indirect effects we also integrate potential threshold effects on ES loss. We compare implementation options, for the same case of infrastructure project, to provide an example of how choices can be improved by mapping ES loss associated with a combination of direct and indirect impacts. Finally, we provide a test of the usefulness of the ES consideration into environmental impact assessment and cost benefit analysis in order to assess the additional information it may bring. Attention is paid to the applicable character of methods to the real legal framework within which they must be conduced. We show that this type of analysis can enlighten and provide guidance at different stages of transport project: from preliminary studies to the study of the final implementation option. For environmental impact assessment, the integration of an ES based approach opens the possibility of measuring a loss in ES supply (and its economic value) providing a means of selecting among different route option for the infrastructure. For cost-benefit analysis, since the ES loss induced by the selected route option is expressed in monetary terms, it can be integrated as a standard social cost in the analysis, permitting a more efficient control of natural capital loss. More specifically, this type of analysis can help designing appropriate environmental measures by expanding the types of impacts assessed, and provide a quantitative assessment of the cost related to the final chosen option. Then, it may help project stakeholders to apprehend the effects on a broader (ecosystem) scale instead of staying confined into project boundaries and regulatory check-lists.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-19T19:29:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01 - capa_abstract.pdf: 104110 bytes, checksum: 9a26d488fd09651766208a527c72bc65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Maquine Cavern is an important natural resource system located at Cordisburgo, in the state of Minas Gerais. It was built by nature in the last few thousand years and it is a significant source of knowledge to researchers and income to local people. Therefore, it is very important to preserve it. Visitors characteristics and econometric estimation of demand systems are key information which may be important to resource management decisions at local, state and federal levels. This study objective was to find the economic value of the Maquine Cavern. Specifically, the objectives were: a) To profile the Maquine Cavern visitor; b) To analyze the consumer surplus and the visitors response to variations in the admission fee by county; b) To analyze the consumer surplus and the visitors response to variations in the admission fee by consumer. The theory behind this study was the demand theory and public goods theory which support economic valuation methodologies to estimate natural resource prices . The analytical procedure was the Travel Cost method. Data were obtained by interviews (298) made with visitors in July 2007. Results showed that most visitors have high educational levels and generally do not travel alone and visit Maquine Cavern for the first time. Visitors which travel using their own cars show a high demand for visits and most visitors have monthly income between 2 and 5 minimum wages. The estimated Maquine Cavern average value with county data, i.e., the average willingness to pay for visits to the Maquine Cavern, revealed by visitors decisions in each county, was R$ 80.654,81. The average willingness to pay for visits to the Maquine Cavern, revealed by visitors when using individual data, was even smaller, R$ 12.688,32. The main conclusion was that estimated values do not show the real willingness to pay by individual for Maquine Cavern visits since the travel cost method did allow only the estimation of use values which represents a small part of total economic value of this natural resource. / A Gruta do Maquiné é um importante ativo ambiental do Município de Cordisburgo, no Estado de Minas Gerais. Formada ao longo de milhares de anos pela própria natureza, suas especificidades a colocam como fonte enriquecedora de conhecimento e também como fonte geradora de renda, fazendo-se, portanto, essencial a sua proteção. O conhecimento do perfil do visitante da Gruta do Maquiné e a estimativa da demanda de visitantes são informações que podem contribuir para melhor tomada de decisão dos gestores municipais, estaduais e nacional desse ativo. Dessa forma, o objetivo geral deste trabalho consistiu em determinar o valor econômico do ativo ambiental Gruta do Maquiné - MG. Especificamente pretendeu-se: a) traçar o perfil do turista da Gruta do Maquiné; b) analisar a resposta dos consumidores às variações na taxa de admissão da Gruta do Maquiné e o excedente do consumidor por município; c) analisar a resposta dos consumidores às variações na taxa de admissão da Gruta do Maquiné e o excedente do consumidor por indivíduo. A teoria que deu sustentação a este estudo foi a de demanda e a de bens públicos, que fornece o suporte necessário às metodologias de valoração econômica para a estimação dos preços dos ativos ambientais. O procedimento analítico usado foi o método do custo de viagem. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionários (298) aplicados aos visitantes da gruta no mês de julho de 2007. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a maioria dos visitantes possui alto nível de escolaridade; em geral viajam acompanhados e visitam a gruta pela primeira vez. Observou-se ainda que os turistas que viajam em carro próprio apresentam demanda maior por visitas à Gruta do Maquiné e que a maior parcela de visitantes detém renda entre 2 e 5 salários mínimos. O valor médio estimado para a Gruta do Maquiné MG com dados agrupados por município, ou seja, a disposição total média a pagar por visitas à Gruta de Maquiné, revelada pelos visitantes de cada região, foi R$ 80.654,81. A disposição total média a pagar por visitas à Gruta, revelada pelos visitantes, quando avaliada por indivíduos foi ainda menor, R$ 12.688,32, comparativamente àquele valor obtido por município. Conclui- se, portanto, que os valores estimados não traduzem a real disposição dos indivíduos a pagarem por visitas à Gruta do Maquiné, visto que o método aplicado permitiu estimar somente o valor de uso direto do ativo, que representa apenas uma pequena parcela do valor econômico total deste ativo ambiental.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objetivo principal da presente dissertação foi realizar a valoração econômico-ambiental dos serviços recreativos e ecoturísticos de um dos setores do Parque Nacional da Tijuca, a Floresta da Tijuca, localizada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Para tanto, foram aplicados dois métodos: o método de valoração contingente, para estimar as disposições do visitante a pagar para visitar o recurso natural Floresta da Tijuca, e a doar uma quantia anual para um fundo de conservação e preservação da referida unidade; e o método do custo de viagem, para calcular o custo de viagem do visitante, ou seja, os gastos com deslocamento, alimentação, compras etc, para poder visitar a área natural. O levantamento dos dados primários foi efetuado no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2006, através de 228 entrevistas aplicadas em dois locais: Largo do Bom Retiro e Meu Recanto. O valor da disposição a pagar média foi estimado em R$ 6,16 por visita. Considerando que a Floresta da Tijuca recebe um contingente de 340 mil visitantes/ano, e que 58,77% dos visitantes entrevistados estavam dispostos a pagar uma taxa de ingresso para visitá-la, o Valor de Uso Recreativo e Ecoturístico estimado foi de R$ 1.230.878,80/ano. O valor da disposição a doar média foi de R$ 48,31/ano, e considerando que 31,14% dos visitantes entrevistados estavam dispostos a doar essa quantia anual, o Valor de Existência da Floresta da Tijuca foi estimado em R$ 5.114.869,50/ano. Somando-se os dois valores chegamos ao Valor Econômico Parcial da Floresta da Tijuca (VEp) estimado em R$ 6.345.748,30/ano. O custo de viagem médio foi de R$ 47,14 por visita, o que representa um Valor de Uso Recreativo e Ecoturístico de R$ 16.028.594,36/ano, obtido pela abordagem individual do método. Pela abordagem por zona, o Valor de Uso Recreativo e Ecoturístico da Floresta da Tijuca foi estimado em R$ 16.340.485,81/ano. Tais valores demonstram a importância sócio-ambiental da Floresta da Tijuca para a população da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Através dos resultados obtidos foi possível: espacializar em mapas a atratividade que o Parque Nacional da Tijuca exerce sobre os locais de origem dos visitantes moradores da cidade do Rio de Janeiro; caracterizar o perfil da visita e dos visitantes da Floresta da Tijuca, através de suas percepções e reações sobre o ambiente visitado; e propor medidas e recomendações para a gestão do uso público no Parque Nacional da Tijuca. / The main objective of this dissertation was to perform the environmental and economic evaluation of the ecotour and recreational services of the one sector of the Tijuca National Park, the Tijuca Forest, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. For which, two methods were applied: the contingent valuation method to estimate the willingness to pay to visit the natural resource "Tijuca Forest" by visitors and to donate a sum yearly for a conservation and preservation fund; and travel cost method, the travel cost from the visitor, spending displacement, food, purchases, etc., to be able to visit the natural area. The survey of primary data was conducted from January to December 2006, through 228 interviews applied in two places: Largo do Bom Retiro and Meu Recanto. The average value of the willingness to pay was estimated to be R$ 6,16 per visit. Whereas the Tijuca Forest receives a quota of 340 thousand visitors per year, and that 58,77% of interviewed visitors were willing to pay a fee for admission to visit it, the value of ecotour and recreational use was estimated to be R$ 1.230.878,80/year. The average value of the willingness to donate was estimated to be R$ 48,31/year, and considering that 31,14% of interviewed visitors were willing to donate that amount annually, the value of the Tijuca Forest existence was estimated to be R$ 5.114.869,50/year. Adding up the two values to get a partial economic value of the Tijuca Forest estimated at R$ 6.345.748,30/year. The average travel cost was R$ 47,14 per visit, which represents a value of ecotour and recreational use was estimated at R$ 16.028.594,36/year, obtained by the individual approach of the method. For the approach by area, the value of ecotour and recreational use of the Tijuca Forest was estimated at R$ 16.340.485,81/year. Such values demonstrate the environmental and social importance of the Tijuca Forest to the Rio de Janeiros population. Through the results was possible: map the "attractiveness" that the Tijuca National Park exercises on the place of origin of visitors residents of the city of Rio de Janeiro; characterize the profile of the visit and visitors of the Tijuca Forest, through of their perceptions and reactions on the environment visited; and propose measures and recommendations for the public use management in Tijuca National Park.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1026635 bytes, checksum: 9f73fc99ed670817798dac77b35bfb11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The economic valuation of environmental assets has gained relevance as instruments to assist the decision making of managers both public and legislators, as investors and entrepreneurs. Assign an economic value to environmental resources is not yet a widespread practice. The environmental management has been focused mainly on assessment of the impacts generated by the unbalanced exploitation of these resources. Therefore, this work has as overall goal performing economic valuation of Dunes State Park of Natal in Natal/RN, analyzing the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for students and employees of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN) through Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), considering its natural attractions, and specific objectives, we analyze the socioeconomic profile of students and employees and their concerns about environmental issues, as well we estimate the function WTP for the use of environmental attractions of the park. Finally, we relate the value of the WTP Park socioeconomic characteristics of the students and IFRN servers. As methodology, we used a bibliographic review of the existing literature and a field research, executed at Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Natal-campus center, where we applied a questionnaire in the open form of elicitation, during September of 2012, among students aged 18 years and servers (administrative staff and teachers) of this educational institution, gathering also socioeconomic information of the individuals. The results demonstrated that through the regression model, analyzed in general, we have evidence for a significance level of 6,8% there is a significant difference between the amount willing to pay for the maintenance of the park with family income and net income, in other words, as the individual has a higher net income and family, value willing to pay for the maintenance of the Dunes state Park tends to be higher. Furthermore, it was detected that there is also significant effect with respect to schooling, where as you increase the educational level of the individual, the average willing to pay for the maintenance of the Dunes state Park also increases. A fact relevant as adjustments in the general model, it is found not to have significant effect on the amount willing to pay for the maintenance of the Dunes state Park with respect to students and servers. / A valoração econômica de ativos ambientais tem ganhado relevância como instrumentos para auxiliar a tomada de decisão tanto de gestores públicos e legisladores, como de investidores e empresários. Atribuir um valor econômico aos recursos ambientais não é, ainda, uma prática difundida. A gestão ambiental tem se preocupado principalmente na avaliação dos impactos gerados pela exploração desequilibrada desses recursos. Logo, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral realizar a valoração econômica do Parque Estadual Dunas de Natal, em Natal/RN, analisando a Disposição a Pagar (DAP) de alunos e servidores do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN) por meio do Método de Valoração Contingente (MVC), considerando seus atrativos naturais; e como objetivos específicos, analisamos o perfil socioeconômico de alunos e servidores e de seus interesses sobre as questões ambientais, bem como estimamos a função DAP pelo uso dos atrativos ambientais do parque. E, por fim, relacionamos o valor da DAP do parque às características socioeconômicos dos discentes e servidores do IFRN. Como metodologia, utilizamos uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura existente e uma pesquisa de campo, realizada no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Câmpus Natal-Central, onde aplicamos um questionário na forma aberta de eliciação, durante o mês de setembro de 2012, entre os alunos maiores de 18 anos e servidores (técnicos administrativos e professores) desta instituição de ensino, reunindo também informações socioeconômicas dos indivíduos amostrados. Os resultados demonstraram que, através do modelo de regressão, analisado de forma geral, temos evidências para um nível de significância de 6,8% que existe diferença significativa entre o valor disposto a pagar pela manutenção do parque com renda familiar e renda líquida, ou seja, a medida que o indivíduo possui maior renda líquida e familiar, o valor disposto a pagar pela manutenção do Parque das Dunas tende a ser maior. Além disso, foi detectado que existe efeito significativo também com relação ao grau de escolaridade, onde a medida que aumenta o grau de escolaridade do indívíduo, o valor médio disposto a pagar pela manutenção do Parque das Dunas também aumenta. Um fato relevante visto nos ajustes do modelo geral, trata-se de não ter encontrado efeito significativo no valor disposto a pagar pela manutenção do Parque das Dunas com relação aos estudantes e servidores.