Com o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, ocorrem grandes transformações nos campos comerciais, políticos e sociais. As nações ocidentais, em especial o continente europeu, passam a supervalorizar suas crianças e seus jovens, valor este que rapidamente se estende às Américas. Intensificam-se os estudos que visam a compreender a etapa adolescente na vida humana. O adolescente adquire um novo status social e, com isso, um novo significado na sociedade que é inclusive representado por escolhas de consumo. A pergunta central do presente trabalho é se a teoria do consumidor descreve as escolhas que os adolescentes realizam, ou seja, se os axiomas que a constituem respondem adequadamente aos comportamentos percebidos no consumo adolescente. Considerando-se a teoria do consumidor como uma teoria normativa em que o indivíduo apresenta uma racionalidade instrumental, questiona-se se essa estrutura de análise descreve o comportamento de consumo frente às mudanças biopsicossociais que estes adolescentes estão passando e se tal teoria respalda as escolhas deles. Este trabalho também apresenta um conceito de adolescência e novos subsídios para interpretar o comportamento de consumo aos olhos da Economia, porém sem esquecer o caráter multidisciplinar, pois os adolescentes estão em um período de transformações biológicas, psicológicas e sociais que impactam como eles realizam suas escolhas. / With the end of the Second World War occurred great transformations, in social, political and commercial fields. The western nations, especially those in continental Europe, placed a huge value on the children and their youth, this value spread rapidly to the Americas. Studies aimed at understanding the adolescent stage of human life intensified. The adolescent acquired a new social “status” and, with this a new representation in society that was more inclusive, representing the choices of consumption. The central question of this work that the Theory of Consumption describes, are the choices that the adolescents are carrying through. The axioms constitute that they answer adequately to the perceived behaviours in adolescent consumption. It is considered that the Theory of Consumption is a normative theory, in that the individual is presented as a rational instrument, if the structure of analysis describes the consumption behaviour ahead of bio-psychosocial changes that these adolescents are passing through and endorses their choices. This work also presents the concept of adolescence and the new subsidies by interpreting the behaviour of consumption looking at the economy, to put, without forgetting the multidisciplinary, therefore the adolescents are in a period of transformations, biological, psychological and social that impact on how they carry through their choices.

Text in Afrikaans / Social security is an important instrument of government to reduce the risks of economic insecurity to indivi~uals and the community. Social security usually consists of social insurance (for example pensions, unemployment insurance and workmen's compensation) and social assistance (for example social pensions, disability grants and maintenance grants). In view of South Africa's low economic growth, high and rising unemployment, widespread poverty, skew distribution of income and the disintegration of the family, social security requires urgent attention. This issue is even more pressing during the political transition since most policy measures and institutions are reconsidered, while pressure on government expenditure increases. This study commences with a discussion of basic aspects of social security, such as its definition, the rationale for social security in a market economy, the possible influence on economic behaviour, targeting, the financing of social security through a payroll tax and general taxation and the financing of a national pension fund. One of the sources of information of social security is the experience of other countries in this regard. The second part, which constitutes the core of the study, involves a comparative study of social security. After a general discussion on comparative studies, the origin and development of social security in welfare states (the USA, Britain and the Netherlands) and developing countries (Chile, Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba and Sri Lanka) are studied. African countries and the "miracle" countries of the East also receive brief attention. The main emphasis is on equity and efficiency, and aspects such as affordability, financing, targeting, the extension of coverage, a negative income tax, traditional social security and specific programmes that could be of importance to South Africa. In the last section the origin and development of and the fiscal scope for social security are discussed. Besides social insurance and assistance, programmes such as in-kind transfers, public works programmes and tax expenditure receive attention. Aspects of social security such as poverty alleviation, means testing, take-up rates, administration and corruption are discussed, while recommendations are made on topics such as a "voluntarily" national pension scheme, employment creation programmes and food stamps. / Bestaansbeveiliging is 'n belangrike instrument in die hande van die owerheid om die risiko' s van ekonomiese onsekerheid vir individue en die gemeenskap te verminder. Bestaansbeveiliging bestaan gewoonlik uit maatskaplike versekering (waaronder pensioene, werkloosheidsversekering en ongevalleversekering) en maatskaplike bystand (byvoorbeeld maatskaplike pensioene, ongeskiktheidstoelaes en onderhoudstoelaes). In die lig van Suid-Afrika se lae ekonomiese groei, hoe en stygende werkloosheid, wydverspreide armoede, skewe verdeling van inkome en gesinsverbrokkeling, verg bestaansbeveiliging dringende aandag. Die aangeleentheid is des te dringender gedurende die politieke oorgangsperiode waartydens die meeste beleidsmaatreels en instellings in heroorweging geneem word en daar voortdurend druk op die owerheid is om meer van die land se skaars bronne te gebruik. Ter inleiding word enkele kemaspekte van bestaansbeveiliging bespreek, waaronder die definisie daarvan, die rasionaal vir bestaansbeveiliging in 'n markekonomie, die moontlike invloed van bestaansbeveiliging op ekonomiese gedrag, die rol van teikenstelling, die finansiering van bestaansbeveiliging deur middel van 'n loonstaatbelasting en algemene belastings en die finansiering van 'n nasionale pensioenfonds. Een bron van inligting oar bestaansbeveiliging is die ervaring van ander lande op hierdie terrein. Die tweede gedeelte, wat die kern van die studie is, behels 'n vergelykende studie van bestaansbeveiliging. Na 'n inleidende bespreking oar vergelykende studies in die algemeen, word die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van bestaansbeveiliging in welvaartstate (die VSA, Brittanje en Nederland) en in ontwikkelende lande (Chili, Mexiko, Guatemala, Kuba en Sri Lanka) bestudeer. Afrikalande en die "mirakel-lande" van die Coste kry oorsigtelik aandag. Die nadruk in die gedeelte val veral op billikheid en doeltreffendheid en aspekte soos bekostigbaarheid, finansiering, teikenstelling, uitbreiding van dekking, negatiewe inkomstebelasting, tradisionele bestaansbeveiliging en programme wat vir Suid-Afrika van betekenis kan wees. In die laaste gedeelte word die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van en die fiskale ruimte vir bestaansbeveiliging in Suid-Afrika bespreek. Benewens maatskaplike versekering en bystand, kry programme soos in natura oordragte, openbare werke-programme (werkskeppingsprogramme) en belastinguitgawes aandag. Aspekte van bestaansbeveiliging soos armoedeverligting, die middeletoets, opneemkoerse, administrasie en korrupsie word bespreek en aanbevelings word onder me er gemaak ten opsigte van 'n "vrywillige" nasionale pensioenskema, werkskeppingsprogramme en voedselkoepons. / Sociology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Ekonomie)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Rita de Mello Ferreira.pdf: 1305531 bytes, checksum: e0eda02d980a9828958a84072155a449 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main goal of this thesis is to offer data useful for the constitution and consolidation of Economic Psychology in Brazil. The underlying hypothesis is that information about this area may stimulate interest in it and create favourable conditions to build a network of researchers, based on interdisciplinary cooperation. A historical perspective has been adopted, employing the analytical-descriptive method. Introduc tion to this area, that belongs to the interface Psychology-Economics, comprehends an overview of its situation in countries where it has already been established, historical roots and origins, and the main models formulated by relevant contemporary authors within it. Historical perspectives, definitions of the discipline and three essential concepts rationality, economic behaviour and decision- making are discussed throughout this research. The last two chapters offer two models: the first one aims to contribute to the issue of decisionmaking and is based on psychoanalytical theories and observations, focusing the polarity illusion vs. thinking, supported by the conception of emotions prevailing over reason; the second one discusses potential insertions for Economic Psychology in Brazil, emphasizing the importance of informing the population on their economic behaviour and how decisions are made, which would include both knowledge about Economics and its mechanisms, and psychological operations as well, in order to help people to take over their own decision- making processes in the economic realm. It is suggested that data gathered in this research may expand the premises over which economic policies are routinely elaborated so as to bring them closer to a more realistic level, both externally and psychologically / Esta tese tem como objetivo fornecer subsídios para a construção e instalação da Psicologia Econômica no Brasil, partindo-se da hipótese de que o conhecimento deste campo possa despertar o in teresse por ele e facilitar a constituição de uma rede de pesquisadores com colaboração interdisciplinar. Desenvolvida a partir de uma perspectiva histórica, adota o método analítico-descritivo. A apresentação da área, situada na interface Psicologia-Economia, tem início com uma visão panorâmica da situação atual nos países em que se encontra constituída. A seguir, percorre-se suas origens e principais modelos, elaborados por autores contemporâneos, a partir de obras que se destacam dentro dela. A perspectiva histórica, definições da disciplina e três conceitos básicos racionalidade, comportamento econômico e tomada de decisões estão presentes em todo o trabalho. Os dois últimos capítulos oferecem propostas: a primeira é um modelo que se pretende que contribua para a investigação das decisões econômicas, fundamentado em teorias e observações psicanalíticas, com foco sobre a polaridade ilusão e pensar, que repousa na concepção do mundo emocional que sobrepõe-se à razão; a segunda proposta discute possíveis modos de inserção da Psicologia Econômica no Brasil, com ênfase sobre a importância de proporcionar-se condições para informar a população acerca de seu comportamento econômico e maneiras como decisões são tomadas neste âmbito, que contemplaria tanto dados sobre a Economia, como conhecimentos sobre nosso funcionamento psíquico, com o objetivo de favorecer a apropriação, por parte de todos os segmentos, das escolhas que fazem. Ainda dentro esta perspectiva, sugere-se que a reunião destes dados possa expandir as premissas que sustentam inúmeras políticas econômicas, de modo a torná-las mais condizentes com nossa realidade externa e psíquica

Text in Afrikaans / Social security is an important instrument of government to reduce the risks of economic insecurity to indivi~uals and the community. Social security usually consists of social insurance (for example pensions, unemployment insurance and workmen's compensation) and social assistance (for example social pensions, disability grants and maintenance grants). In view of South Africa's low economic growth, high and rising unemployment, widespread poverty, skew distribution of income and the disintegration of the family, social security requires urgent attention. This issue is even more pressing during the political transition since most policy measures and institutions are reconsidered, while pressure on government expenditure increases. This study commences with a discussion of basic aspects of social security, such as its definition, the rationale for social security in a market economy, the possible influence on economic behaviour, targeting, the financing of social security through a payroll tax and general taxation and the financing of a national pension fund. One of the sources of information of social security is the experience of other countries in this regard. The second part, which constitutes the core of the study, involves a comparative study of social security. After a general discussion on comparative studies, the origin and development of social security in welfare states (the USA, Britain and the Netherlands) and developing countries (Chile, Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba and Sri Lanka) are studied. African countries and the "miracle" countries of the East also receive brief attention. The main emphasis is on equity and efficiency, and aspects such as affordability, financing, targeting, the extension of coverage, a negative income tax, traditional social security and specific programmes that could be of importance to South Africa. In the last section the origin and development of and the fiscal scope for social security are discussed. Besides social insurance and assistance, programmes such as in-kind transfers, public works programmes and tax expenditure receive attention. Aspects of social security such as poverty alleviation, means testing, take-up rates, administration and corruption are discussed, while recommendations are made on topics such as a "voluntarily" national pension scheme, employment creation programmes and food stamps. / Bestaansbeveiliging is 'n belangrike instrument in die hande van die owerheid om die risiko' s van ekonomiese onsekerheid vir individue en die gemeenskap te verminder. Bestaansbeveiliging bestaan gewoonlik uit maatskaplike versekering (waaronder pensioene, werkloosheidsversekering en ongevalleversekering) en maatskaplike bystand (byvoorbeeld maatskaplike pensioene, ongeskiktheidstoelaes en onderhoudstoelaes). In die lig van Suid-Afrika se lae ekonomiese groei, hoe en stygende werkloosheid, wydverspreide armoede, skewe verdeling van inkome en gesinsverbrokkeling, verg bestaansbeveiliging dringende aandag. Die aangeleentheid is des te dringender gedurende die politieke oorgangsperiode waartydens die meeste beleidsmaatreels en instellings in heroorweging geneem word en daar voortdurend druk op die owerheid is om meer van die land se skaars bronne te gebruik. Ter inleiding word enkele kemaspekte van bestaansbeveiliging bespreek, waaronder die definisie daarvan, die rasionaal vir bestaansbeveiliging in 'n markekonomie, die moontlike invloed van bestaansbeveiliging op ekonomiese gedrag, die rol van teikenstelling, die finansiering van bestaansbeveiliging deur middel van 'n loonstaatbelasting en algemene belastings en die finansiering van 'n nasionale pensioenfonds. Een bron van inligting oar bestaansbeveiliging is die ervaring van ander lande op hierdie terrein. Die tweede gedeelte, wat die kern van die studie is, behels 'n vergelykende studie van bestaansbeveiliging. Na 'n inleidende bespreking oar vergelykende studies in die algemeen, word die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van bestaansbeveiliging in welvaartstate (die VSA, Brittanje en Nederland) en in ontwikkelende lande (Chili, Mexiko, Guatemala, Kuba en Sri Lanka) bestudeer. Afrikalande en die "mirakel-lande" van die Coste kry oorsigtelik aandag. Die nadruk in die gedeelte val veral op billikheid en doeltreffendheid en aspekte soos bekostigbaarheid, finansiering, teikenstelling, uitbreiding van dekking, negatiewe inkomstebelasting, tradisionele bestaansbeveiliging en programme wat vir Suid-Afrika van betekenis kan wees. In die laaste gedeelte word die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van en die fiskale ruimte vir bestaansbeveiliging in Suid-Afrika bespreek. Benewens maatskaplike versekering en bystand, kry programme soos in natura oordragte, openbare werke-programme (werkskeppingsprogramme) en belastinguitgawes aandag. Aspekte van bestaansbeveiliging soos armoedeverligting, die middeletoets, opneemkoerse, administrasie en korrupsie word bespreek en aanbevelings word onder me er gemaak ten opsigte van 'n "vrywillige" nasionale pensioenskema, werkskeppingsprogramme en voedselkoepons. / Sociology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Ekonomie)

This thesis examines the proposition that the local population at a tourist destination copy the economic behaviour of tourists and learn to give economic value to the same objects and activities that are demonstrated by tourists. Levuka, the old capital of Fiji, served as the case study. It was found that decisions are based on the experiences and the cultural template of which those decisions are a part. There are many acculturating factors involved in the learning process as a subsistance-based economy becomes more monetised. The purchasing habits of tourists have little obvious effect. However, there is evidence that what is of value to tourists and what encourages them to visit the destination are not fully appreciated by many of the host population. Examples of these culturally dissimilar values are externalities such as the physical structures of the built environment and unquantifiable factors such as the ambience of the destination. It is argued that an understanding of the factors that have created cultural rules is necessary if a complete analysis of the effects of tourism is to be undertaken. This can be achieved by considering change as a process and tracing that process by examining the cultural history of the host community. Tourism should be seen as another aspect of change. The response to tourism will then be seen as a new challenge that will be met using the lessons previously learnt and incorporated into the cultural template.

L’objectif central de cette thèse est d’appréhender « le maillon faible » du système français de régulation et de contrôle des dépenses de santé, entendu comme un élément résiduel, « caché », qui empêche le système de parvenir aux objectifs ciblés. Nous mettons en œuvre les outils économiques et économétriques pour tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle les comportements dépensiers et inattendus des médecins sont liés aux politiques publiques. Pour appréhender le phénomène recherché nous menons quatre études micro–économétriques (qui sont économiques, quantitatives et sociologiques) de l’évolution du comportement du médecin omnipraticien libéral français. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux choix volontaires des praticiens portant sur les pratiques tarifaires et sur l’organisation du travail. Dans le cadre de l’approche économétrique, nous utilisons les données d’un panel non-cylindré de 8131 médecins libéraux différents observés durant la période 1979-2000 et représentatifs de la population concernée, ainsi que les méthodes économétriques appropriées à chaque cas étudié selon sa nature. Outre la validité de l’hypothèse, les résultats obtenus apportent des éléments de compréhension du type de rationalité du médecin, de ses motivations, des facteurs qui guident ses choix et des pistes d’explication de l’inefficacité des dispositifs politiques mis en œuvre. Ils fournissent également des réflexions sur les recommandations à faire en matière de mesures politiques et suggèrent de nouvelles pistes de recherche. / The main aim of that doctoral dissertation is to comprehend "the weak link" in the French system of regulation and control of health expenditure, understood us a residual, "hidden" element, which prevents the system from reaching the targets. We use the economic and econometric methods to prove the hypothesis that unexpected and wasteful medical behaviour can be caused by the public policy. There are four micro-econometric studies (which are economic, sociological and quantitative) of the French general self-employed practitioner’s behavioural evolution. We focus on the practitioner’s voluntary choices of the pricing practices and on the medical practice organisation. In the econometric studies, we use an unbalanced panel data comprising 8131 self-employed physicians who were observed over the 1979-2000 period and who are representative of the medical population, and different econometric methods depending on the analysis. Our results offer an empirical understanding of an unexpected medical behaviour phenomenon; they offer information about the practitioner’s rationality kind, the practitioner’s motivations, the factors exerting influence on their choices; and they offer clarification of the public policy’s inefficiency. Also, our results propose observations about a recommendation for policy measures and new approaches for the future research.