Реальные условия функционирования предприятия определяют необходимость проведения анализа уровня экономического потенциала предприятия и его оценки. Результаты анализа уровня экономического потенциала предприятия позволяют выявить уязвимые места, требующие разработки мероприятий по их ликвидации. Использование различных составляющих, входящих в понятие экономического потенциала, позволяет оценить уровень комплексного развития объекта исследования. Проведение анализа экономического потенциала мероприятия позволяет выявить сильные и слабые стороны объекта исследования, а также пути достижения целей, направленных на увеличение степени клиентоориентированности. Цель диссертационного исследования заключается в развитии методических положений по анализу прогнозирования и управления экономическим потенциалом промышленного предприятия, способствующих принятию эффективных управленческих решений и направленных на повышение конкурентоспособности. В ходе написания магистерской диссертации была разработана и апробирована методика оценки уровня экономического потенциала предприятия, в основу которой положено деление на субпотенциалы, что позволит обосновать уровень каждого субпотенциала и оценить, какие показатели оказывают наибольшее влияние на тот или иной субпотенциал, для обеспечения оперативного принятия управленческих решений по корректировке бизнес-процессов промышленного предприятия и его экономического развития. / The real conditions of the enterprise functioning determine the necessity of analyzing the level of the economic potential of the enterprise and its assessment. The results of the analysis of the level of economic potential of the enterprise allow to identify vulnerabilities that require the development of measures to eliminate them. The use of various components included in the concept of economic potential allows us to estimate the level of integrated development of the object of study. An analysis of the economic potential of the event reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the object of study, as well as ways to achieve goals aimed at increasing the degree of customer focus. The purpose of the dissertation research is the development of methodological guidelines for analyzing the forecasting and management of the economic potential of an industrial enterprise, facilitating the adoption of effective management decisions and aimed at improving competitiveness. In the course of writing the master's thesis, a methodology for assessing the level of economic potential of an enterprise was developed and tested, based on dividing into subpotentials, which will justify the level of each subpotential and assess which indicators have the greatest impact on a particular subpotential to ensure rapid management decisions on adjusting the business processes of an industrial enterprise and its economic development.

It is vital that a culture of entrepreneurship is developed in order to unleash the economic potential of all people in South Africa. However, because of the South African woman’s inherited gender role and historical imbalances, women entrepreneurs are faced with unique challenges and barriers when attempting to establish and grow their own businesses. Thus, this study investigated the unique challenges and barriers faced by women when conducting entrepreneurial activities. The literature study provided background information on entrepreneurship in general as well as information on the importance of entrepreneurship to the economy and constraints of entrepreneurship. The woman entrepreneur was explored in terms of her characteristics, motivation to become an entrepreneur and the unique challenges she had to face. The empirical study consisted of a questionnaire developed by the North– West University, specifically the Potchefstroom Business School situated on the Potchefstroom Campus. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed and 87 were fully completed and collected, which resulted in a response rate of 72.5%. The data collected was statistically analysed using Statistica 10 (Statsoft, 2011). The data from questionnaires was coded and investigated and then transformed to useful outputs such as frequency tables. The frequency tables were used to draw conclusions and to make recommendations regarding the development of women entrepreneurs in South Africa. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

It is vital that a culture of entrepreneurship is developed in order to unleash the economic potential of all people in South Africa. However, because of the South African woman’s inherited gender role and historical imbalances, women entrepreneurs are faced with unique challenges and barriers when attempting to establish and grow their own businesses. Thus, this study investigated the unique challenges and barriers faced by women when conducting entrepreneurial activities. The literature study provided background information on entrepreneurship in general as well as information on the importance of entrepreneurship to the economy and constraints of entrepreneurship. The woman entrepreneur was explored in terms of her characteristics, motivation to become an entrepreneur and the unique challenges she had to face. The empirical study consisted of a questionnaire developed by the North– West University, specifically the Potchefstroom Business School situated on the Potchefstroom Campus. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed and 87 were fully completed and collected, which resulted in a response rate of 72.5%. The data collected was statistically analysed using Statistica 10 (Statsoft, 2011). The data from questionnaires was coded and investigated and then transformed to useful outputs such as frequency tables. The frequency tables were used to draw conclusions and to make recommendations regarding the development of women entrepreneurs in South Africa. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

O objetivo desta dissertação foi elaborar um diagnóstico da agricultura orgânica no Município de Boa Vista e no Município de Pacaraima, procurando avaliar as suas potencialidades do contexto regional e sustentável, as dificuldades e as perspectivas de seu crescimento no Estado de Roraima. Para a obtenção dos dados, foram aplicados questionários a todos os agricultores pertencentes à Associação dos Hortifrutigranjeiros Orgânicos de Boa Vista AHOBVHortivida, e a Tri Genros que é pioneira em orgânicos em Boa Vista, e que todos possuem o Cadastro de Produtor Vinculado a AOCS, no Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento; um total de 07 agricultores devidamente cadastrados, todos responderam aos questionários, representando 100% da amostra. Procurou-se levantar dados de forma simplificada, mas que retratassem a real situação do setor. Além desses dados, se obteve outros de fontes secundárias e de estudos empíricos anteriores sobre o setor, além daqueles fornecidos por instituições como o MAPA e SEBRAE. A revisão da literatura focou a teoria da base da exportação e base econômica, a teoria dos pólos de crescimento, as funções da agricultura no desenvolvimento econômico, e um contexto geral da agricultura orgânica no mundo, no Brasil e em Roraima, e o papel da agricultura orgânica no desenvolvimento sustentável. Ao visitar as propriedades dos agricultores, procurou-se observar, entender todo funcionamento de como é produzir os orgânicos, suas deficiências e potencialidades. Com o diagnóstico da situação atual do setor, se identificou os fatores de seu sucesso e os que vêm dificultando o seu avanço, e os principais motivos que os levam a continuar produzindo e investindo nessa atividade. Constatou-se que para realizar a produção de orgânicos é necessário conhecimento, criatividade para cada vez mais poder otimizar os recursos naturais a seu favor, com isso eles preservam e respeitam o meio-ambiente para cada vez mais produzirem mais, para seu sustento e comercializam o excedente para os consumidores locais. Concluiu-se que o setor da agricultura orgânica no município de Boa Vista e de Pacaraima necessita de muitas melhorias, dentre elas, recursos para investimento, insumos orgânicos, sementes orgânicas, cursos profissionalizantes, mão-de-obra qualificada, obtenção de tecnologia apropriada, e também conhecimentos gerenciais, principalmente para os produtores de Boa Vista, por que o produtor de Pacaraima é estruturado e necessita principalmente de recursos para aumentar cada vez mais a sua produção em grande escala e também de mão-deobra qualificada. Nesse sentido, o setor necessita de mais apoio de órgãos oficiais de assistência e de crédito, a fim de promover o desenvolvimento do setor, independentemente do porte dos agricultores. / The aim of this thesis was to elaborate a diagnosis of organic farming in the city of Boa Vista and the City of Pacaraima, checking to evaluate the possible potential of the regional and sustainable, the difficulties and the prospects for growth of organic agriculture in the state of Roraima. To obtain the data, questionnaires were applied to all farmers belonging to the Association of Organic horticultural AHOBV-Hortivida Boa Vista, and Trigenros that pioneered organic in Boa Vista, and that all have the Producer Registration Linked to AOCS, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, a total of 07 farmers properly registered, all responded to the questionnaires, representing 100% of the sample. We tried to collect data in a simplified manner, but which reflect the real situation of the sector. In addition to these data, we obtained other secondary sources and previous empirical studies on the sector, beyond those provided by institutions such as the MAPA and SEBRAE. The literature review focused on the theory of the export base and economic base, the theory of growth poles, the roles of agriculture in economic development, and a general context of organic agriculture in the world, and Roraima in Brazil, and the role of agriculture organic sustainable development. While visiting the properties of the farmers, we tried to observe, understand how the whole operation of organic produce, their weaknesses and strengths. With the diagnosis of the current situation of the sector, identified the factors of success and those that have hindered its progress, and the main reasons that lead them to continue producing and investing in this activity. It was found that to achieve organic production of knowledge is required, more creativity to be able to optimize natural resources in their favor, thus they preserve and respect the environment to produce increasingly more for their livelihood and market the surplus to local consumers. It was concluded that the sector of organic agriculture in the city of Boa Vista and Pacaraima needs many improvements, among them, resources for investment, organic inputs, organic seeds, apprenticeships, skilled labor, acquisition of appropriate technology, and also knowledge management, especially for producers of Boa Vista, why does the producer need Pacaraima is structured and mainly resources to increase their increasingly large-scale production as well as skilled labor. In this sense, the industry needs more support from official agencies and credit assistance in order to promote the development of the sector, regardless of the size of the farmers.

O objetivo desta dissertação foi elaborar um diagnóstico da agricultura orgânica no Município de Boa Vista e no Município de Pacaraima, procurando avaliar as suas potencialidades do contexto regional e sustentável, as dificuldades e as perspectivas de seu crescimento no Estado de Roraima. Para a obtenção dos dados, foram aplicados questionários a todos os agricultores pertencentes à Associação dos Hortifrutigranjeiros Orgânicos de Boa Vista AHOBVHortivida, e a Tri Genros que é pioneira em orgânicos em Boa Vista, e que todos possuem o Cadastro de Produtor Vinculado a AOCS, no Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento; um total de 07 agricultores devidamente cadastrados, todos responderam aos questionários, representando 100% da amostra. Procurou-se levantar dados de forma simplificada, mas que retratassem a real situação do setor. Além desses dados, se obteve outros de fontes secundárias e de estudos empíricos anteriores sobre o setor, além daqueles fornecidos por instituições como o MAPA e SEBRAE. A revisão da literatura focou a teoria da base da exportação e base econômica, a teoria dos pólos de crescimento, as funções da agricultura no desenvolvimento econômico, e um contexto geral da agricultura orgânica no mundo, no Brasil e em Roraima, e o papel da agricultura orgânica no desenvolvimento sustentável. Ao visitar as propriedades dos agricultores, procurou-se observar, entender todo funcionamento de como é produzir os orgânicos, suas deficiências e potencialidades. Com o diagnóstico da situação atual do setor, se identificou os fatores de seu sucesso e os que vêm dificultando o seu avanço, e os principais motivos que os levam a continuar produzindo e investindo nessa atividade. Constatou-se que para realizar a produção de orgânicos é necessário conhecimento, criatividade para cada vez mais poder otimizar os recursos naturais a seu favor, com isso eles preservam e respeitam o meio-ambiente para cada vez mais produzirem mais, para seu sustento e comercializam o excedente para os consumidores locais. Concluiu-se que o setor da agricultura orgânica no município de Boa Vista e de Pacaraima necessita de muitas melhorias, dentre elas, recursos para investimento, insumos orgânicos, sementes orgânicas, cursos profissionalizantes, mão-de-obra qualificada, obtenção de tecnologia apropriada, e também conhecimentos gerenciais, principalmente para os produtores de Boa Vista, por que o produtor de Pacaraima é estruturado e necessita principalmente de recursos para aumentar cada vez mais a sua produção em grande escala e também de mão-deobra qualificada. Nesse sentido, o setor necessita de mais apoio de órgãos oficiais de assistência e de crédito, a fim de promover o desenvolvimento do setor, independentemente do porte dos agricultores. / The aim of this thesis was to elaborate a diagnosis of organic farming in the city of Boa Vista and the City of Pacaraima, checking to evaluate the possible potential of the regional and sustainable, the difficulties and the prospects for growth of organic agriculture in the state of Roraima. To obtain the data, questionnaires were applied to all farmers belonging to the Association of Organic horticultural AHOBV-Hortivida Boa Vista, and Trigenros that pioneered organic in Boa Vista, and that all have the Producer Registration Linked to AOCS, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, a total of 07 farmers properly registered, all responded to the questionnaires, representing 100% of the sample. We tried to collect data in a simplified manner, but which reflect the real situation of the sector. In addition to these data, we obtained other secondary sources and previous empirical studies on the sector, beyond those provided by institutions such as the MAPA and SEBRAE. The literature review focused on the theory of the export base and economic base, the theory of growth poles, the roles of agriculture in economic development, and a general context of organic agriculture in the world, and Roraima in Brazil, and the role of agriculture organic sustainable development. While visiting the properties of the farmers, we tried to observe, understand how the whole operation of organic produce, their weaknesses and strengths. With the diagnosis of the current situation of the sector, identified the factors of success and those that have hindered its progress, and the main reasons that lead them to continue producing and investing in this activity. It was found that to achieve organic production of knowledge is required, more creativity to be able to optimize natural resources in their favor, thus they preserve and respect the environment to produce increasingly more for their livelihood and market the surplus to local consumers. It was concluded that the sector of organic agriculture in the city of Boa Vista and Pacaraima needs many improvements, among them, resources for investment, organic inputs, organic seeds, apprenticeships, skilled labor, acquisition of appropriate technology, and also knowledge management, especially for producers of Boa Vista, why does the producer need Pacaraima is structured and mainly resources to increase their increasingly large-scale production as well as skilled labor. In this sense, the industry needs more support from official agencies and credit assistance in order to promote the development of the sector, regardless of the size of the farmers.

O objetivo desta dissertação foi elaborar um diagnóstico da agricultura orgânica no Município de Boa Vista e no Município de Pacaraima, procurando avaliar as suas potencialidades do contexto regional e sustentável, as dificuldades e as perspectivas de seu crescimento no Estado de Roraima. Para a obtenção dos dados, foram aplicados questionários a todos os agricultores pertencentes à Associação dos Hortifrutigranjeiros Orgânicos de Boa Vista AHOBVHortivida, e a Tri Genros que é pioneira em orgânicos em Boa Vista, e que todos possuem o Cadastro de Produtor Vinculado a AOCS, no Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento; um total de 07 agricultores devidamente cadastrados, todos responderam aos questionários, representando 100% da amostra. Procurou-se levantar dados de forma simplificada, mas que retratassem a real situação do setor. Além desses dados, se obteve outros de fontes secundárias e de estudos empíricos anteriores sobre o setor, além daqueles fornecidos por instituições como o MAPA e SEBRAE. A revisão da literatura focou a teoria da base da exportação e base econômica, a teoria dos pólos de crescimento, as funções da agricultura no desenvolvimento econômico, e um contexto geral da agricultura orgânica no mundo, no Brasil e em Roraima, e o papel da agricultura orgânica no desenvolvimento sustentável. Ao visitar as propriedades dos agricultores, procurou-se observar, entender todo funcionamento de como é produzir os orgânicos, suas deficiências e potencialidades. Com o diagnóstico da situação atual do setor, se identificou os fatores de seu sucesso e os que vêm dificultando o seu avanço, e os principais motivos que os levam a continuar produzindo e investindo nessa atividade. Constatou-se que para realizar a produção de orgânicos é necessário conhecimento, criatividade para cada vez mais poder otimizar os recursos naturais a seu favor, com isso eles preservam e respeitam o meio-ambiente para cada vez mais produzirem mais, para seu sustento e comercializam o excedente para os consumidores locais. Concluiu-se que o setor da agricultura orgânica no município de Boa Vista e de Pacaraima necessita de muitas melhorias, dentre elas, recursos para investimento, insumos orgânicos, sementes orgânicas, cursos profissionalizantes, mão-de-obra qualificada, obtenção de tecnologia apropriada, e também conhecimentos gerenciais, principalmente para os produtores de Boa Vista, por que o produtor de Pacaraima é estruturado e necessita principalmente de recursos para aumentar cada vez mais a sua produção em grande escala e também de mão-deobra qualificada. Nesse sentido, o setor necessita de mais apoio de órgãos oficiais de assistência e de crédito, a fim de promover o desenvolvimento do setor, independentemente do porte dos agricultores. / The aim of this thesis was to elaborate a diagnosis of organic farming in the city of Boa Vista and the City of Pacaraima, checking to evaluate the possible potential of the regional and sustainable, the difficulties and the prospects for growth of organic agriculture in the state of Roraima. To obtain the data, questionnaires were applied to all farmers belonging to the Association of Organic horticultural AHOBV-Hortivida Boa Vista, and Trigenros that pioneered organic in Boa Vista, and that all have the Producer Registration Linked to AOCS, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, a total of 07 farmers properly registered, all responded to the questionnaires, representing 100% of the sample. We tried to collect data in a simplified manner, but which reflect the real situation of the sector. In addition to these data, we obtained other secondary sources and previous empirical studies on the sector, beyond those provided by institutions such as the MAPA and SEBRAE. The literature review focused on the theory of the export base and economic base, the theory of growth poles, the roles of agriculture in economic development, and a general context of organic agriculture in the world, and Roraima in Brazil, and the role of agriculture organic sustainable development. While visiting the properties of the farmers, we tried to observe, understand how the whole operation of organic produce, their weaknesses and strengths. With the diagnosis of the current situation of the sector, identified the factors of success and those that have hindered its progress, and the main reasons that lead them to continue producing and investing in this activity. It was found that to achieve organic production of knowledge is required, more creativity to be able to optimize natural resources in their favor, thus they preserve and respect the environment to produce increasingly more for their livelihood and market the surplus to local consumers. It was concluded that the sector of organic agriculture in the city of Boa Vista and Pacaraima needs many improvements, among them, resources for investment, organic inputs, organic seeds, apprenticeships, skilled labor, acquisition of appropriate technology, and also knowledge management, especially for producers of Boa Vista, why does the producer need Pacaraima is structured and mainly resources to increase their increasingly large-scale production as well as skilled labor. In this sense, the industry needs more support from official agencies and credit assistance in order to promote the development of the sector, regardless of the size of the farmers.

The purpose of the thesis is to look into the Arctic region and the relationship that the economic potential of the region has with the growing tension. The research question of the thesis is ‘what impact can the economic potential of the Arctic region have on avoiding conflict?’. The thesis uses the theoretical framework of Complex Interdependence as the base for Arctic state behavior and dependency. The used methods are content analysis for all eight Arctic state regions policy papers and after that case study of a smaller group of states. The thesis highlights, firstly, that Arctic states are deeply interdependent, which make the possibility of conflict unlikely. Secondly, the analysis showed that only two states prioritize the economic potential of the region in their policy papers. Therefore, while conflict is not inevitable, the priority interest areas of each Arctic region state show that cooperation is more beneficial for all involved sides and the economic potential is not the catalyst for military conflict in the region.

Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) is a low-carbon fuel source that is derived from the anaerobic digestion (AD) or thermal gasification (TG) of biomass, or produced using renewable electricity through the methanation of carbon dioxide. This thesis uses a thermodynamic balance to determine the total technical potential of RNG in the United States, as well as the future technical potential of methanation-derived RNG based on growth curves for renewable electricity. Furthermore, this work establishes an analytic decision-making framework for determining on a rolling basis, from an economic standpoint, whether to sell electricity directly to the grid, or produce and sell methanation-derived RNG. This framework is used to establish the economic potential of RNG, based on Texas wind resources. This work details the formulation of a model that determines which production option generates more marginal profit, based on fluctuating electricity and gas prices. The model also aggregates the total amount of electricity and RNG sold, assuming that the main objective is to maximize the marginal profit of integrated wind- and methanation facilities. This work concludes that the annual technical potential of methanation-derived RNG nationally was 1.03 Quads in 2011. The technical potential of biomass-derived RNG was 9.5 Quads. Thus, the total 2011 technical potential of RNG in the United States was 10.5 Quads, or equal to roughly 43% of the total US consumption of natural gas that year. Assuming a constant, 80% electrolyser efficiency, the technical potential of methanation-derived RNG is expected to rise at an average rate of 1.4% per year, following growth curves for renewable power, until the year 2040, when it will be 1.54 Quads. The 2011 economic potential of methanation-derived RNG in Texas was between 2.06×10⁷ MMBTU and 3.19×10⁷ MMBTU, or between 19.4% and 30.1% of the corresponding annual technical potential. Furthermore, the total marginal profit increase from introducing the option of producing and selling methanation-derived RNG was around $366 million, given a ‘best case scenario’ for the state of Texas. / text

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El sector de la edificación representa el 20% y el 40% de la energía primaria mundial, contribuyendo al 30% de las emisiones de CO2, un desafío amplificado por el crecimiento de la población. Sin embargo, el creciente interés en las fuentes de energía renovables ya maduras, como la energía solar fotovoltaica (PV), ofrece oportunidades para mitigar los anteriores impactos, así como potenciales beneficios económicos, ambientales y sociales. El presente trabajo investiga las posibilidades y limitaciones en el despliegue masivo de sistemas de autoconsumo fotovoltaico (PVSC) en áreas urbanas desde una perspectiva de planificación urbana, considerando las limitaciones técnicas y económicas actuales. Con este fin, esta tesis emplea estrategias basadas en datos para desarrollar modelos físicos y modelos ágiles basados en regresiones como herramientas de evaluación del potencial técnico y económico de los sistemas PVSC en contextos urbanos. En primer lugar, se ha desarrollado y validado un submodelo empírico de producción fotovoltaica con mediciones climáticas y de producción recopiladas de una planta fotovoltaica de 50MW en funcionamiento. Además, se han investigado varias mejoras en el modelado del performance ratio (PR) en entornos de baja irradiancia. En la segunda etapa de esta investigación, el submodelo anterior se ha integrado en un modelo tecnoeconómico 3D basado en sistemas de información geográfica (GIS) capaz de evaluar el PVSC económico para una muestra de edificios residenciales. Además, el modelo incorpora modelos de sombras y estimaciones de demanda eléctrica horaria para evaluar una muestra de edificios residenciales. Una base de datos de simulación, derivada de los resultados anteriores, ha permitido el desarrollo de una metodología para entrenar un modelo basado en regresión y con ello estimar la producción y el periodo de retorno económico (PB) a escala de edificio con una precisión asumible para fines de planificación energética. Como último paso, se mejoró el submodelo de demanda empleando datos reales agregados de series temporales para múltiples patrones de consumo y proporcionando estimaciones realistas para otras tipologías de edificios. Además de las restricciones espaciales, el modelo optimiza el tamaño de las instalaciones según su demanda y limitaciones económicas, maximizando la relación entre autosuficiencia (SS) y el PB. Además, la metodología basada en regresión se ha ampliado para estimar, además del retorno de la inversión, múltiples indicadores clave de desempeño (KPIs) como la tasa interna de retorno (IRR), la tasa de autoconsumo (SC) y SS. A través de una adecuada identificación de predictores y una metodología de entrenamiento y validación, estas correlaciones permitieron estimaciones de rendimiento con una desviación aceptable respecto al modelo físico. La disponibilidad de datos relacionados con la construcción está aumentando progresivamente en la mayoría de los países, lo que permite una amplia aplicación y generalización de las metodologías propuestas y reduce el costo de simulación de estos estudios para cubrir áreas urbanas más extensas. Como aplicación de las metodologías anteriores, se analizaron los resultados del potencial económico fotovoltaico del parque inmobiliario completo de un municipio mediterráneo bajo diferentes escenarios económicos y de demanda a escala de edificio y municipal. Para el escenario que cumple con la regulación actual en España, la SS municipal oscila entre el 22%-43% para los escenarios más optimista y pesimista, respectivamente. El dimensionamiento óptimo de las instalaciones según las curvas de carga en la modalidad de Net Billing (NB) es crucial para obtener resultados económicos competitivos. En consecuencia, la generación fotovoltaica anual representó el 68% del consumo eléctrico total anual. / [CA] El sector de l'edificació representa el 20% i el 40% de l'energia primària mundial, contribuint al 30% de les emissions de CO2, un desafiament amplificat pel creixement de la població. No obstant això, el creixent interés en les fonts d'energia renovables ja madures, com l'energia solar fotovoltaica (PV), ofereix oportunitats per a mitigar els anteriors impactes, així com potencials beneficis econòmics, ambientals i socials. El present treball investiga les possibilitats i limitacions en el desplegament massiu de sistemes PVSC en àrees urbanes des d'una perspectiva de planificació urbana, considerant les limitacions tècniques i econòmiques actuals. A aquest efecte, aquesta tesi empra estratègies basades en dades per a desenvolupar models físics i models àgils basats en regressions com a eines d'avaluació del potencial tècnic i econòmic dels sistemes PVSC en contextos urbans. En primer lloc, s'ha desenvolupat i validat un submodel empíric de producció fotovoltaica amb mesuraments climàtics i de producció recopilats d'una planta fotovoltaica de 50MW en funcionament. A més, s'han investigat diverses millores en el modelatge del performance ràtio (PR) en entorns de baixa irradiància. En la segona etapa d'aquesta investigació, el submodel anterior s'ha integrat en un model tecnoeconòmic 3D basat en sistemes d'informació geográfica (GIS) capaç d'avaluar el PVSC econòmic per a una mostra d'edificis residencials. A més, el model incorpora models d'ombres i estimacions de demanda elèctrica horària per a avaluar una mostra d'edificis residencials. Una base de dades de simulació, derivada dels resultats anteriors, ha permés el desenvolupament d'una metodologia per a entrenar un model basat en regressió i amb això estimar la producció i la període de retorn econòmic (PB) a escala d'edifici amb una precisió assumible per a fins de planificació energètica. Com a últim pas, es va millorar el submodel de demanda emprant dades reals agregats de sèries temporals per a múltiples patrons de consum i proporcionant estimacions realistes per a altres tipologies d'edificis. A més de les restriccions espacials, el model optimitza la grandària de les instal·lacions segons la seua demanda i limitacions econòmiques, maximitzant la relació entre la taxa d'autosuficiència (SS) i PB. A més, la metodologia basada en regressió s'ha ampliat per a estimar, a més del retorn de la inversió, múltiples indicadors clau d'acompliment (KPIs) com la taxa interna de retorn (IRR), la taxa d'autoconsum (SC) i la SS. A través d'una adequada identificació de predictors i una metodologia d'entrenament i validació, aquestes correlacions van permetre estimacions de rendiment amb una desviació acceptable respecte al model físic. La disponibilitat de dades relacionades amb la construcció està augmentant progressivament en la majoria dels països, la qual cosa permet una àmplia aplicació i generalització de les metodologies proposades i redueix el cost de simulació d'aquests estudis per a cobrir àrees urbanes més extenses. Com a aplicació de les metodologies anteriors, es van analitzar els resultats del potencial econòmic fotovoltaic del parc immobiliari complet d'un municipi mediterrani baix diferents escenaris econòmics i de demanda a escala d'edifici i municipal. Per a l'escenari que compleix amb la regulació actual a Espanya, la taxa d'autosuficiència municipal oscil·la entre el 22%-43% per als escenaris més optimista i pessimista, respectivament. El dimensionament òptim de les instal·lacions segons les corbes de càrrega en la modalitat de Net Billing (NB) és crucial per a obtindre resultats econòmics competitius. En conseqüència, la generació fotovoltaica anual va representar el 68% del consum elèctric total anual. / [EN] The building sector in developed countries consumes 20% to 40% of global primary energy, contributing to 30% of the CO2 emissions, a challenge amplified by urban population growth. However, the rising interest in mature renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV), offers opportunities to mitigate these impacts and potential economic, environmental, and social benefits. The present research investigates the possibilities and constraints in the massive deployment of photovoltaic self-consumption (PVSC) systems in urban areas from an urban planning perspective, considering the current technical and economic limitations. To this end, this thesis employs data-driven strategies to develop both bottom-up physical and agile regression-based models as assessment tools for the technical and economic potential of PVSC systems in urban contexts. First, an empirical PV production submodel has been developed and validated with climate and production measurements collected from a 50MW utility-scale in operation. Additionally, several improvements in modeling the performance ratio (PR) in low-irradiance environments have been investigated. In the second stage of this research, the previous submodel has been integrated into a physical 3D GIS-based techno-economic model capable of assessing the economic PVSC for a sample of residential buildings. Additionally, the model incorporates shadow modeling and hourly electric demand estimations to assess sample residential buildings. A simulation database, derived from the previous results, has allowed the development of a methodology to train a regression-based model to estimate the production and the economic payback (PB) at a building scale with an assumable accuracy for energy planning purposes. As the last step, the demand submodel was improved by employing real aggregated time series data for multiple consumer patterns and providing realistic estimations for other building typologies. In addition to spatial restrictions, the model optimizes the sizing of the facilities according to their demand and economic constraints, maximizing the relationship between self-sufficiency (SS) and PB. Furthermore, the regression-based methodology has been extended to estimate, besides the payback, multiple key performance indicators such as internal rate of return (IRR), self-consumption rate (SC), and SS. Through an appropriate predictor identification and a training and validation methodology, these correlations allowed performance estimations with an acceptable deviation compared with the physical model. The availability of building-related data is progressively increasing in most countries, enabling widespread application and generalization of the proposed methodologies and reducing the simulation cost of these studies to cover larger urban areas. As an application of the previous methodologies, a complete-census economic PV potential results of a Mediterranean municipality's building stock was performed under different demand and economic scenarios at a building and municipality scale. For the scenario that meets the current regulation in Spain, the municipality SS ranged between 22%-43% for the most optimistic and pessimistic scenarios, respectively. The optimal sizing of the facilities according to the load curves in the Net Billing (NB) modality is crucial to obtaining competitive economic results. Consequently, the annual PV generation represented 68% of the annual total electricity consumption of the municipality for a net billing scenario, while a net metering scenario represented 103%. Owing to economies of scale and high demand intensity, a higher profitability was found in rooftops of apartment blocks and industrial buildings, which also achieve the highest savings in emissions. / Fuster Palop, E. (2023). Modeling and Optimization of Photovoltaic Installations at Urban Scale [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202061 / Compendio

L'intégration massive des énergies renouvelables variables (EnRV) provoque d'importants changements dans le système électrique. Auparavant développé de manière vertical et centralisé, le système était robuste et fiable. Cependant, la production des EnRV est intermittente et peu prévisible. Ainsi, le système doit être plus flexible grâce à de nouvelles options telles que la maîtrise de la demande, le stockage ou l'effacement de la production EnRV. Cependant, le potentiel des EnRV est réparti inégalement en Europe et avec d'importants taux de pénétration d'EnRV, les échanges d'électricité entre les régions vont augmenter provoquant des congestions dans le réseau. Ainsi, les options de flexibilité ne pourront peut-être pas réduire ces congestions. Pour analyser ces effets, le travail mené dans cette thèse utilise le modèle de prospective long terme POLES (Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems) couplé avec le nouveau module du secteur électrique EUTGRID (EUropean – Transmission Grid Investment and Dispatch). Ce module inclut une représentation détaillée du réseau de transport européen d'électricité avec un calcul des flux plus réaliste. De plus, les renforcements sont déterminés suivant les coûts de congestion de chaque ligne. Ce nouveau couplage permet d'avoir une évolution dynamique du réseau de transport. Le rôle du réseau de transport est ensuite analysé et comparé avec les autres options de flexibilité. Les investissements dans le réseau augmentent ainsi fortement avec d'importants taux de pénétration des EnRV alors que les options de flexibilité ne peuvent pas intégralement remplacer le réseau. Finalement, un travail exploratoire est mené avec l'introduction de réseaux de distribution génériques (urbain, semi-urbain and rural) dans EUTGRID. Les résultats montrent que les renforcements sont légèrement décalés avec une augmentation de l'utilisation des technologies de back-up (i.e. centrales à gaz) ce qui augmente les émissions totales. / The power system is facing a major shift with the large-scale development of variable renewable energy sources (VRES). This vertical and centralized architecture helped the system to be robust and reliable. However, VRES production is intermittent and less predictable. As a result, the system needs to add more flexibility with new options such as Demand Side Management, storage technologies and VREs curtailment. But renewable energies potentials are unevenly distributed in Europe and, with high shares of VREs, power flows exchanges will increase between specific regions. As a result, the existing transmission grid would face congestions and these flexibility options might not be sufficient to alleviate these bottlenecks. To analyse these impacts, the work carried in this thesis uses the long-term energy model POLES (Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems) coupled with the new European power sector module EUTGRID (EUropean – Transmission Grid Investment and Dispatch). It includes a detailed transmission grid and more realistic power flows with a DC-OPF. A grid investment mechanism is also incorporated to determine the grid investments based on nodal prices. This new coupling permits to get a dynamic evolution of the transmission grid. The role of the transmission grid is being assessed and compared with other flexibility options. The grid investments increase largely with important development of VRES while other flexibility options cannot completely replace them. Finally, an exploratory work is being carried with the introduction of generic distribution grids (urban, semi-urban and urban) in EUTGRID. The results show that the reinforcements are slightly delayed with a greater use of back-up technologies which increases the total emissions.