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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Economia de escala e substituição de fatores na produção de soja no Brasil / Economies of scale and factor substitution in the brazilian soybean production

Luciane Conte 06 October 2006 (has links)
Este estudo tem a finalidade de estimar uma função de custo transcendental logarítmica para a atividade de produção de soja, e através dela determinar o tamanho ótimo da atividade de produção de soja, a fim de inferir sobre a existência, ou não, de economias de escala no setor. Adicionalmente, objetiva-se a caracterização sócio-econômica dos produtores de soja pesquisados e a análise das possibilidades de substituição dos recursos no processo produtivo da atividade. O referencial teórico do estudo é a teoria da dualidade da função custo e da função de produção. Os dados utilizados para a análise são de corte transversal, obtidos a partir de uma pesquisa de campo, realizada de agosto a dezembro de 2005, em uma amostra de 218 (duzentos e dezoito) produtores de soja nos cinco principais estados produtores do país: Mato Grosso, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Goiás e Mato Grosso do Sul. A amostra representa as realidades regionais, com o predomínio de produtores com pequenas propriedades nos estados da região Sul do país e produtores com propriedades maiores no Centro-Oeste brasileiro. As elasticidades-preço cruzadas mostraram que há complementaridade entre os fatores mão-de-obra e capital. As elasticidades de substituição parcial de Allen indicaram substituição entre a maior parte dos fatores de produção. Houve uma forte relação de complementaridade entre os fatores capital e mão-de-obra e de substituição entre os fatores químicos e mão-de-obra. Na classificação de Morishima, capital e mão-de-obra são complementares quando o preço de capital varia, e substitutos quando varia o preço do fator mão-de-obra. As estimativas de economias de escala obtidas apontam uma escala ótima de produção de aproximadamente 11.880 toneladas de soja em grão, que pode ser obtida em propriedades com aproximadamente 4.000 hectares de área de produção de soja. Os resultados empíricos obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que as economias de escala estejam determinando uma nova configuração para o setor de produção de soja no Brasil. No entanto, algumas características da pequena produção podem minimizar a importância dessas economias e estão sendo determinantes para a manutenção da produção em pequena escala na região Sul do país, no curto prazo. / The main objective of this paper is to estimate a translog cost function for the soybean production activity in Brazil, to infer about the existence of scale economies in the sector. We use cross-section data obtained through a field research undertake during the period of September to December 2004, in a sample of 218 soybean-producing units in the main producer states in Brazil. The paper also addresses a socio-economic characterization of the surveyed units and analyses substitution possibilities between inputs. The sample reflects regional detail of production structure, with smaller producers concentrated in Southern Brazil and larger producers concentrate in the Center-West region. The elasticities of derived demand showed complementary relation between labor and capital. The Allen partial elasticities of substitution show substitution between most of the production inputs. Capital and labor are complements and chemical and labor are substitutes. In terms of Morishima elasticity of substitution capital and labor are complements when capital price varies and they are substitutes when labor price varies. The economies of scale estimates point to an optimal scale of production around 12 thousand ton that could be produced in an area with approximately 4,000 hectares. The results suggest that the presence of scale economies could be determining a new production structure for the sector in Brazil. And finally, the evidence found also suggests that some aspects of the small production system work to reduce the importance of these scale economies, and are determinant to keep the small-scale operations in the traditional regions in the short run.
42

Estimação de economias de escala no consumo familiar para o caso brasileiro / Estimation of economies of scale on the household consumption for the brazilian case

Thiago Pamplona Guimarães 30 June 2006 (has links)
Para comparar padrões de vida de famílias com diferentes características demográficas são construídos índices relativos denominados escalas de equivalência. Um dos principais componentes dessas medidas são as economias de escala, que levam em consideração o decréscimo do custo per capita quando um membro adicional é incluído em sua composição. Dentre os modelos que procuram medir economias de escala, o modelo de Barten, proposto por Deaton e Paxson (1998), parece ser o mais apropriado do ponto de vista teórico e prediz que a participação dos alimentos no gasto total da família, adotado como indicador de bem-estar, aumenta conforme o tamanho da família aumenta, mantendo constante o gasto total per capita. As evidências empíricas para o Brasil, no entanto, apontam para uma diminuição da participação dos alimentos no gasto total da família conforme o tamanho da família aumenta (confirmando a situação conhecida por Paradoxo de Deaton e Paxson). O modelo de Barten é validado somente quando é alterada a composição dos gastos na construção da participação relativa dos alimentos e considerando, ao invés do gasto total, o gasto com alimentos e um bem mais público. O paradoxo, porém, permanece. Evidências empíricas quanto a economias de escala na preparação de refeições dentro do domicílio ajudam a entender melhor o paradoxo. / In order to compare the standard of living of families with different demographic caracteristics it is necessary to construct an index called equivalence scales. One of the main parts of such index refer to the effect of economies of scale, which reflect the decrease in the per capta cost when an additional member is introduced. Among the models used to measure economies of scale, Deaton and Paxson\'s (1998) Barten Model seems to be the most appropriate from a theoretical point of view. According to this model, the share of food in total expenditure, used as an indicator of welfare, increases as the size of the family goes up but the total expenditure per capta is held fixed. However, empirical evidence for Brazil indicate a decrease in the food share as the family size increases, reinforcing the so called Deaton and Paxson Paradox. The Barten Model seems to be valid only when the food share is taken relative to the total expenditure with food and another good closer to a pure public good. Nonetheless the paradox remains. Finally, the results obtained indicate that the economies of scale in food preparation at home may be important to shed some light on the paradox.
43

TrÃs ensaios sobre o setor de saneamento bÃsico: TÃcnologia de produÃÃo e eficiÃncia, demanda e regulaÃÃo econÃmica / Three assays on the sector of basic sanitation: Technology of production and efficiency, demand and economic regulation

Josà Airton MendonÃa de Melo 28 January 2005 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / No primeiro ensaio deste estudo estima-se uma fronteira estocÃstica de custo translog para o setor de saneamento bÃsico do paÃs, com o objetivo de verificar as propriedades inerentes à tecnologia de produÃÃo e, ainda, estimar o grau de ineficiÃncia tÃcnica presente no setor. Constata-se que o setor nÃo opera com retornos crescentes de escalas, alÃm do mais, o baixo Ãndice de hidrometraÃÃo e a participaÃÃo excessiva das despesas de pessoal nos custos totais constituem os principais determinantes da ineficiÃncia do setor. No segundo ensaio, funÃÃes de demanda residencial de Ãgua sÃo estimadas considerando-se o esquema de tarifas em bloco praticado pelas companhias de Ãgua. A progressividade dessas tarifas, ainda que preserve a convexidade do conjunto orÃamentÃrio, torna as equaÃÃes da restriÃÃes orÃamentÃrias do consumidor nÃo lineares, o que viola o suposto clÃssico da exogeneidade das variÃveis explanatÃrias do mÃtodo dos mÃnimos quadrados ordinÃrios. Uma conclusÃo importante do estudo à que a elasticidade-preÃo do consumo de Ãgua à aproximadamente unitÃria. Finalmente, no terceiro ensaio, busca se determinar, atravÃs do modelo de regulaÃÃo Ramsey-Boiteux, o par preÃoquantidade que maximiza o bem-estar social no setor de saneamento bÃsico, preservando o equilÃbrio financeiro do setor. RestriÃÃes tÃcnicas na distribuiÃÃo de Ãgua e coleta de esgoto levam as companhias de saneamento a operarem sob regime de monopÃlio. A soluÃÃo para evitar o abuso de poder de mercado desse regime seria a regulaÃÃo de preÃo pelo custo marginal, mas esta soluÃÃo nÃo garante o equilÃbrio econÃmico-financeiro do setor. O resultado principal do estudo à que qualquer esquema de reajustamento tarifÃrio deve ser precedido por medidas de incentivo à reduÃÃo do grau de ineficiÃncia econÃmica observada no setor.
44

A Mathematical Modeling Approach Using Time Constraints: The Case of Economies of Scale and Sustainability in Intermodal Facilities

Unknown Date (has links)
Over the last thirty years, intermodal freight transportation has been a constantly expanding sector. The vast increase of freight volumes contributes to the increase of various issues in the freight corridors as well as the urban environment. The deterioration of congestion in the urban environment and the increase on freight movements on the highways have resulted in the increase of emissions. For this reason, new policies and regulations are put forth to address the environmental effects of freight transportation. This study deals with the intermodal freight network design problem from the shipping company's perspective, aiming to simultaneously minimize emission levels and cost of freight transportation. We propose a mathematical model for optimizing the design of an intermodal freight network and the location of intermodal hubs between the origins and the destinations, under delivery time constraints. The goal is to identify the mode choice patterns considering transport cost and emissions, and the effects of new emission regulations on network costs. We consider a network with marine terminals as the origins, inland intermodal terminals as the hubs, and fulfillment centers as the destinations. Numerical experiments highlight that the proposed model can provide useful insights to the shipper. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection
45

Transportation cost functions : a multiproduct approach

Jara Díaz, Sergio Rodolfo January 1981 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 194-197. / by Sergio Rodolfo Jara Diaz. / Ph.D.
46

Economies of scale and scope in multiproduct industries : a case study of the regulated U.S. trucking industry

Wang Chiang, Judy S January 1982 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING / Bibliography: leaves 180-184. / by Shaw-er Judy Wang Chiang. / Ph.D.
47

Integrated Land Use and Transport Modeling with Computable Urban Economic Model : A Case of Changzhou, China / 中国常州を対象とした応用都市経済モデルによる土地利用・交通統合モデリングに関する研究

Zhang, Runsen 24 September 2015 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19286号 / 工博第4083号 / 新制||工||1630(附属図書館) / 32288 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小林 潔司, 教授 谷口 栄一, 准教授 松島 格也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM
48

An Economic Study of the Indonesian Rice Sector: Toward Harmonization of Structural Adjustment and Food Security / インドネシア稲作部門における国際競争力―構造調整と食料安全保障の調和に向けて

Ernoiz, Antriyandarti 23 September 2016 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20004号 / 農博第2188号 / 新制||農||1044(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N5013(農学部図書室) / 33100 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 福井 清一, 教授 伊藤 順一, 教授 水野 広祐 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
49

Essays on the Rising Demand for Convenience in Meal Provisioning in the United States

Ohler, Tamara 01 May 2013 (has links)
Household food budgets offer a window on consumers' demand for convenience. During the 1980s and 1990s, three shifts likely promoted an increase in the share of the food budget devoted to convenient meal options, namely meals out and prepared foods: the growing number of hours that women spent in paid work, the growing opportunity cost of women's time spent doing housework, and the drop in the price of food relative to all other goods. I test whether the impact of these economic trends (on food budget allocation) was mediated by a change in the impact of children on household meal allocation. I find support for this hypothesis in a model of food away expenditures, which likely reflects two unmeasured shifts. First, (own) child care and household production of meals apparently became substitutes rather than complements. Second, a range of both prepared foods and family-friendly restaurants became available. The growing demand for time-saving meal options, including frozen food and meals out, has important implications for a core determinant of living standards: the ability to harness scale economies from home production of meals. I test whether greater reliance on convenient meals reduced household-level economies of scale. Other factors could mediate against, or even offset such a loss, including technological advances in the production and distribution of food. Using Engel curve analyses, I find that scale economies fell from 1980 to 2000, thereby reducing living standards; my lower- and upper-bound estimates of the drop are 44 percent and 110 percent respectively. Economies of scale are not simply a function of household size and composition, as standard equivalence scaling techniques suggest; they are affected by the ways that households trade non-market work and market substitutes. This dissertation contributes to the small literature that challenges the validity of fixed-parameter equivalence scales, such as the per capita scale, which ignore household production. I first attach plausible values to scale parameters and then compare equivalent-income trajectories of parents and non-parents across (standard) fixed parameter and (non-standard) time-varying equivalence scales. I present plausible lower- and upper-bound estimates of the rise in income inequality between parents and non-parents.
50

台灣專營期貨商規模與多樣化經濟之探討 / A Study of Scale and Scope Economies of Futures Commission Merchants in Taiwan

許春元, HSU , CHUN-YUAN Unknown Date (has links)
本研究採用Translog多產品成本函數與要素份額方程式,組成一個二要素投入(勞動與其他支出)與二產出(經紀業務與其他收益業務)之聯立估計模型,利用1999年至2003年共五年度108家資料齊全之專營期貨商混合橫斷面與時間序列資料,運用實證方法採用近似無關迴歸估模型,以反覆近似無關迴歸估計方式,估計台灣專營期貨商成本函數之參數估計值,並進一步計算出射線與產品別規模經濟指標與多樣化經濟指標,來探討台灣專營期貨商整體產業及個別業務之規模與多樣化經濟。 實證結果發現,在規模經濟方面,射線與產品別規模經濟指標之估計值均具有1%的統計顯著性,且皆小於1,表示台灣專營期貨商無論是整體產出或個別產出均具有規模經濟的特性,此隱含台灣專營期貨商享有規模經濟,亦即平均成本將隨產出之增加而有逐漸下降的趨勢。再進一步對台灣專營期貨商經營規模大小來作分析,其結果發現:無論是射線規模經濟值或各產品別規模經濟值均與台灣專營期貨商之規模大小無明顯的關聯。而在多樣化經濟方面,經紀業務與其他收益業務兩項業務具有弱成本互補性,因此,經紀業務與其他收益業務兩項業務間具有多樣化經濟之特性。 根據上述實證結果,針對主管機關、台灣期貨交易所及期貨業者,本研究分別提出相關建議如下: 一、主管機關:主管機關應在許可的範圍下,考量市場風險管理,逐步 放寬國內外法人進行期貨交易之相關限制(如僅能從事避險交易 等),並參考國外期貨市場交易與發展經驗,使台灣專營期貨商 之業務種類及範圍能夠進一步擴大,促使產出更為多元,進一步擴 大整體市場規模。 二、台灣期貨交易所:隨著金融國際化的腳步,如何使台灣期貨交易所 所推出之商品成為全球交易的標的,並藉以協助台灣專營期貨商開 拓全球化市場,擴大其經紀業務及其他收益之產出水準(如受託買 賣、交易顧問、財務操作收益等)及整體市場規模,乃為台灣期貨 交易所的一項重要課題。 三、期貨業者:由於台灣專營期貨商在經紀業務和其他收益業務間具有 多樣化經濟之特性,所以,期貨業者在經紀業務手續費不斷下降的 狀況下,應可藉由發展期貨顧問業務,提供高附加價值的期貨交易 服務,吸引期貨交易人至該期貨商從事期貨交易,並提升受託結算 客戶比重,藉以擴大產出水準,獲取最大的利潤。

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