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台灣電腦晶片組設計業經營問題與競爭優勢分析李志村 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣隨著聯電與台積電陸續成立晶圓製造廠以來,帶動了整個半導體高科技產業的蓬勃發展,也因而創造了台灣的經濟奇蹟。以電子資訊業為首的高科技產業,無論在營收成長、獲利力或個人產值等方面均有傑出的表現。雖然過去,台灣高科技產業能持續在市場上生存並佔有一席之地,乃在於擁有完善的製造能力與完整的產業供應鏈。但今日,高科技產業長期的經營與運作模式已面臨嚴重挑戰。企業間過度擠壓所造成的削價競爭、產業外移,供應鏈失調等問題,正是高科技產業停滯不前瀕臨生存威脅的最大因素。因此,台灣企業該如何提升其自身的競爭優勢與經營管理能力,並且妥善運用有限的資源進而轉化成對外的競爭策略,將是企業是否能安然渡過該波擠壓洪流,而得以永續經營的關鍵成功因素。
因此,本研究將探討『台灣電腦晶片組設計業經營問題與競爭優勢分析』,藉由分析探討國內兩大電腦系統晶片組設計廠商-矽統科技與威盛電子公司的實際經營狀況,來了解台灣電腦系統晶片組設計業現今所面臨的經營問題。
針對上述探討研究方向,除了參閱多方理論文獻與次級文獻資料外,吾人亦以十多年來實際參與電腦產業經營運作的經驗,並收集分析矽統科技與威盛電子公司發展推動市場的手法,試圖來解釋分析本論文所發現的問題,同時在總結各方面的研討後,提出可能性的對策與方案,使之能在既有的核心能耐與有限的資源下,對其所擁有的核心能力加以強化及發揮,進而產生另一層的經營優勢並提昇該產業的核心競爭力。
本研究結果發現台灣電腦系統晶片設計業:
一、 台系電腦晶片組廠商目前所面臨經營上的機會與問題
劣勢與威脅部分:
1. 新產品的創新能力、類比技術及系統整合能力較差,加上電腦系統晶片組功能整合開發難度與日俱增,在國際競爭上始終無法超前國際大廠(如Intel與nVIDIA)。
2. 由於新技術能力的不足,造成產品推出時程落後;沒有新穎產品的創新能力,無法提供附加價值,不得不採取低價策略。
3. 同業間惡性競爭、下游廠商代工成本提高、獲利不佳引發財務資源不足。
競爭優勢部分:
1.台灣半導體產業專業分工,群聚效果顯著,產業供給鏈完整,對電腦晶片組產品開發設計幫助大。
2.人力素質佳,上下游產業垂直分工,能力強。
3.專業晶圓代工關係密切,並帶動上下游產業發展。
4.營運彈性大,效率高,以達經濟規模,具成本競爭優勢。
5.下游PC資訊產業為堅強支援。
6.設計技術高、能力強、產品運用靈活、整合力佳。
其機會在於:
1.大陸PC/數位消費性電子市場胃納大,台灣具同文同種優勢。
2.IA產品衍生的零組件商機。
3.業界聯盟、技轉和併購增加實力。
4.台灣矽島計畫(IP Mall)成立。
5.與中國市場提供規格制定的可能,進而能利用中國人才加強研發能力。
6.低價電腦需求持續成長,帶動低價的台灣晶片組產品出貨量。
關鍵性成功因素:
台灣廠商應持續強化其競爭優勢,使此優勢有持續性與不可取代性。因此,台灣廠商應憑藉著自身有限的資產與技術能力為競爭的基礎,採用最佳的競爭手段來對抗後進的ATi與nVIDIA的激烈競爭,如:提供更多的產品組合以發揮其綜效的產品策略、最低價產品的定位策略、利用台灣產業群聚效益的優勢發掘最有效率的製造策略等;採用正確的競爭方式以避開正面與外商優勢產品的直接競爭,如:基於目前擁有成熟的技術,運用其技術延展性的特性,積極開發新產品並鎖定中國、印度、印尼、俄羅斯及巴西等新興電腦市場之選擇。
二、 台灣廠商的整合核心技術能力普遍不及外商,尤其在整合性產品中的繪圖核心邏輯部分與類比技術;不過值得慶幸的是新技術的市場推廣往往必須花費許久時間,台灣廠商可藉此發展較便宜的產品,一旦新技術被市場接受時,迅速推廣至市場達到後發先至,後來居上的成功策略,畢竟類似的產品其價格仍佔優勢。
三、 近年來,電腦晶片組所賴以為生的上下游產業,多數廠商雖被迫遷至中國設廠以降低製造成本來爭取較高獲利,原以為此種現象將會造成台灣電腦產業群聚效益的喪失,但所幸的是新的產業群聚效益逐漸於中國的上海地區形成,就如同台灣的竹科與南科一般;因此,台灣電腦晶片組廠商仍擁有較國際大廠較佳的電腦產業群聚效益的優勢。除了該優勢外,台灣廠商若能在有限的資產與技術能力的基礎下,更持續強化其自身的競爭優勢,使此優勢具有持續與不可取代性。如此方能統合己身的資源優勢,進而得有能力來對抗後進的ATi與nVIDIA等廠商的激烈競爭。 / Following the establishment and operations of TSMC(Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited)and UMC(United Microelectronics Corporation)in Taiwan, the high-tech industry of wafer production flourished and created a reputation nothing short of an economic miracle for Taiwan. In the electronic information field, it became the leading business; outperforming in all aspects showing outstanding profits, income, growth, and personal production value. The high-tech industry of Taiwan then occupied a strong-hold of the market continuously, owing to its manufacturing capability and complete supply chain.
Today however, the long time operational model of this industry confronts a serious challenge because of compression among local enterprises. Prices have been cut, factories have been moved abroad, creating a disorder in the supply chain and all can be seen as life or death threatening risks to this systematic industry. The key success factors for sustainable management objectives is going to be how the Taiwanese enterprisers promote their competitive advantage; utilize their business management ability for better efficiency of factories; manipulate the limited resources; and further divert all of the above into a competitive strategy.
Through analysis of actual practice and business operations of two PC chipset design house companies(Silicon Integrated Systems Corporation and VIA Technologies, Inc.), this study will examine and predict『The operational problems related to business management and competitive advantages analysis which are in front of the PC chipset design industry in Taiwan』.
Aiming at directions of above stated examinations and analysis by using my experience of participating in management and review of all aspects in PC industry for more than ten years and by reading of papers at sublevels; also by collecting marketing methods of the above two companies; I will explain the problems I have revealed. At the same time, I will provide applicable stratagem and programs for PC chipset industry of Taiwan to upgrade its core competencies and strengthen its competitive force.
Results of this study are stated below:
A. The operational problems related to business management and competitive advantages in front of the PC chipset design industry of Taiwan
A/1: Weaknesses and Threats
1. The PC chipset vendors of Taiwan cannot compete or overtake Intel or nVIDIA in the international market until the following is addressed. In addition to extended difficulties in PC chipset integration, there is an inferior ability in the following aspects: the invention or creation of new products; analogy techniques, and system integration.
2. Due to inadequate new technologies, the new products cannot put into market on schedule. Further, without innovation of products to create added value to a product low price policy has become the only strategy.
3. Vicious competition among similar enterprisers and an increase of labor cost of factories in the production line may induce monetary crises at any point of the chain of the PC industry.
A/2 : Competitive Advantages
1. Specialty divisions, clustering of the Taiwan Semiconductor industry and good supply chains all contribute a lot to the development of PC chipset products.
2. Good quality of labor and vertical division of top to bottom production are the factors which enforce the industry.
3. Close ties to the chip production manufacturers promote development of top to bottom enterprisers.
4. Flexibility of management facilitates higher efficiency to reach the economics of scale. A definite cost competitive advantage.
5. The PC information industry constitutes concerted support.
6. Design technology at high level, good capability, splendid flexibility on product applications and fine integration of these elements.
A/3: Opportunities
1. Markets for PC and digital consumer appliances for Taiwan and the mainland China is huge because of population and economic growth there in recent years. Consumers share the same culture; belonging to same race also is an advantage.
2. Opportunity deriving from IA products for companies to produce peripheral parts.
3. Through alliance of enterprisers, transit of techniques and business merging is an opportunity.
4. Establishment of Taiwan IP mall.
5. To formulate protocols and define specification together with enterprisers in mainland China for a market there. Further to utilize local professionals to promote research and development.
6. Demand for low cost PCs will increase steadily which will enable Taiwan to export more PC chipset products.
A/4: Key Factors for Success
The Taiwan companies should continue to strengthen their competitive advantages to maintain their continuity and non replaceable character. Also apply the limited resources and technical know-how as a base of competition. Furthermore by adopting better competitive measures to confront the new more advanced competitors such as ATi and nVIDIA. These measures may include a greater product portfolio synergy; the assembly of more complex and efficient products made in Taiwan; a low cost product positioning strategy in order to avoid face to face competition; a redirection of the current mature technologies into technology extensions for products aimed at the emerging PC markets such as China, India, Indonesia, Russia and Brazil.
B. The ability to integrate core technologies by the Taiwan industry is less efficient than foreign companies especially the graphics core-logic and analog techniques. It is fortunate that it often needs a long time for a new technique to appear in a market. The Taiwan companies can use this time gap between the existing mature technique and another generation of know-how to develop modified low price alternative products. Once the new technique is accepted by the market, it can be spread to the market with a faster speed to achieve a better result. After all, prices of similar products still occupy the good position for profit.
C. In recent years many factories, from top to bottom producers were forced to move to the mainland China in order to lower the cost of their production for higher profits. At first it was thought that these phenomena may cause the disappearance of industry clustering in Taiwan adversely affecting the supply chain. Fortunately the outgoing factories were clustered in the Shanghai area very similar to Hsienchu Science Park and Southern Taiwan Science Park in Taiwan. The PC chipset design industry of Taiwan can thus still maintain their clustering advantages to confront the big factories world wide.
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European payment instrumentsPietrowiak, Annett 15 August 2014 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis sheds light on the functioning and characteristics of payment systems to serve as a foundation for understanding the drivers for higher payment system efficiency. Its central goal is to develop insights into the determinants of collective payment choice suitable to lower payment costs to society. So far, the institutional environment, as potential important influence on the payment instrument mix, has not been focused on in the literature. Therefore, particular emphasis is laid on the empirical analysis of the impact of institutional factors on the share of card payments on consumer spending at the point of sale (POS). For this, a unique panel data set is constructed covering the eight most important European payment markets ranked by non-cash transaction volumes. The empirical results allow formulating conditions necessary to achieve a more efficient payment mix. They also form a basis for the assessment of related policy measures with a focus on the SEPA project in terms of their efficiency enhancing effect. Future research could possibly build upon the panel data collected.
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A comparison of road and rail transport for the benefit of the independent timber growers of Natal Cooperative TimbersBepat, Merisha 02 1900 (has links)
The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the brokered transport costs of road and rail transport for the independent timber growers of NCT Forestry Co-operative Limited in Kwa-Zulu-Natal. Reliability, flexibility, visibility, rates and total transport time were evaluated for each mode of transport. The impact of the carbon emissions was also considered and the option of performance based standard vehicles investigated.
During the period 2000 to 2003, rail was the dominant mode of transport. However from 2004 onwards, due to the diminishing service levels and the high tariff structures of rail transport, road became the preferred mode of transport. The results of the survey conducted for the purposes of this study showed that although road transport outperformed rail transport, rail transport scored significantly higher than road transport as a cost-effective mode of transportation. Rail transport was shown to be a far less carbon intensive mode of transport than road transport, while there were substantial cost savings and benefits from performance based standard vehicles. / Transport Economics, Logistics and Tourism / M. Com. (Logistics)
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European payment instruments: Institutional determinants of an efficient POS payment mixPietrowiak, Annett 14 April 2014 (has links)
This thesis sheds light on the functioning and characteristics of payment systems to serve as a foundation for understanding the drivers for higher payment system efficiency. Its central goal is to develop insights into the determinants of collective payment choice suitable to lower payment costs to society. So far, the institutional environment, as potential important influence on the payment instrument mix, has not been focused on in the literature. Therefore, particular emphasis is laid on the empirical analysis of the impact of institutional factors on the share of card payments on consumer spending at the point of sale (POS). For this, a unique panel data set is constructed covering the eight most important European payment markets ranked by non-cash transaction volumes. The empirical results allow formulating conditions necessary to achieve a more efficient payment mix. They also form a basis for the assessment of related policy measures with a focus on the SEPA project in terms of their efficiency enhancing effect. Future research could possibly build upon the panel data collected.:1 Introduction
1.1 Payment behaviour in selected European countries
1.2 Research question and approach
2 Foundations: Payment systems and markets
2.1 Functioning of payment systems
2.1.1 Payments, market participants and payment system
2.1.2 Payment instruments and methods
2.1.3 Clearing and settlement arrangements
2.1.4 First observations on obstacles to payment systems development
2.2 Network character of payment markets
2.2.1 Theories of networks
2.2.2 Demand-side network effects in payment markets
2.2.3 Two-sided markets and payment cards
2.2.4 Supply-side economies of scale and open access to infrastructure
2.2.5 Obstacles to payment system development
3 Efficiency of payment systems
3.1 Research on payment infrastructure costs
3.1.1 Efficiency of interbank retail payment systems
3.1.2 Efficiency of intrabank payment processing
3.1.3 Factors influencing infrastructure efficiency
3.2 Research on payment instrument costs at the POS
3.2.1 Methodology and classification of the literature
3.2.2 Estimates of payment costs at the POS
3.2.3 Indicative efficiency ranking of payment instruments
4 Research on payment instrument choice at the POS
4.1 Data sources and categorisation of payment choice determinants
4.2 Price characteristics of payment instruments
4.3 Non-price characteristics of payment instruments
4.4 Transaction attributes
4.5 Constraints on payment choice
4.6 Developing an institutional view of payment choice
5 Empirical analysis: Institutional determinants shaping the POS payment mix
5.1 Two-step modelling approach
5.2 Panel construction and exploration of key data series
5.2.1 Panel data collection and overview of variables
5.2.2 Card usage and cash holding
5.2.3 Payment card diffusion and POS terminal density
5.3 European card schemes and markets
5.3.1 Institutional data collection
5.3.2 Description of European card markets
5.3.3 Overview of institutional data series
5.4 Payment decision
5.4.1 Development of the model and possible extensions
5.4.2 Discussion of the regression results
5.4.3 Diagnostic tests
5.5 Sourcing decision
5.5.1 Diffusion of payment cards
5.5.2 Density of POS terminals
5.5.3 Cash holding and availability at ATMs
5.6 Conclusions: Institutional determinants of payment choice
5.6.1 Linking empirical and theoretical analysis
5.6.2 Route for further research
6 Prospects for an efficient European payment mix
6.1 Objectives for establishing a European payment markets
6.2 SEPA for cards regulatory framework
6.2.1 Regulatory ecosystem
6.2.2 Regulatory framework set by European authorities
6.2.3 Standardization industry initiatives
6.3 Remaining obstacles for an efficient payment mix and outlook
Appendix
6.3.1 A–1: Credit- and debit-based payment mechanism
6.3.2 A–2: Multilateral settlement: Access, settlement assets and methods
6.3.3 A–3: Statistical properties of variables
6.3.4 A-4: Unit root tests
References
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論金融控股公司保險子公司之經營策略與內部稽核 / Managerial strategy and internal auditing of an insurance subsidiary under a financial holding company謝紹芬 Unknown Date (has links)
由於國內金融(包括銀行、保險、證券商等)家數過度膨脹,形成惡性競爭,導致金融服務品質低落,而且獲利式微,面對金融市場自由化與國際化之趨勢,政府為改革金融體制,引進金融控股公司制度,使金融機構跨業經營機制更具規模,滿足顧客得一次購足金融商品,促使金融機構朝大型化發展,發揮金融綜效與規模經濟,以提升國際競爭力。
本文主題「論金融控股公司保險子公司之經營策略與內部稽核」,理論與實務並行探討,先論述控股公司之相關法律問題、金融控股公司之立法例。其次以「五力分析術」探討保險子公司經營環境之優劣勢及風險,提出創新之經營策略,並實例引證美國花旗集團異業聯盟之成功經營策略。為確保投資大眾及保戶之權益,同步探討公司治理制度及內部稽核制度之重要性。
本文「結論」:評述政府金融政策之缺失,成立金融控股公司推動金融改革,保險子公司應強化競爭力。「建議」:金融控股公司及各子公司均應加強風險管理,政府並應建置金融監理制度。
關鍵字:保險子公司、金融改革、控股公司、金融控股公司、跨業經營、一次購足商品、金融綜效、規模經濟、五力分析術、異業聯盟、公司治理、內部稽核、風險管理、金融監理 / Due to the over-supply and severe competition among financial institutions (namely banks, insurance companies and security firms), the quality of finance service deteriorates and the profit margin of financial industries decreases. To cope with the global trend of liberalization and internationalization of financial services, the Government has undertaken the reform in the aspect of financial service system and enacted the “Financial Holding Company Act”. Under new current mechanism, a financial conglomerate can sell its products by means of cross selling. Not only it may benefit consumers with a “one-stop shopping”, but also may create a synergy in economies of scale to enhance financial institutions in global competition.
The main theme of this thesis focuses on the managerial strategy and internal auditing in an insurance subsidiary under a financial holding company. It addresses in the first place the legal issues related to a holding company and a financial holding company. Then the author adopts five factors approach to analyze the business environment of an insurance subsidiary under a financial holding company. As a successful case for its' strategic alliance,the CitiGroup experience in the United States is also examined. In addition, to protect the interest of investors and policyholders, corporate governance and internal auditing issue is also explored. In the conclusion, it is observed that under the new era of financial conglomeration, an insurance subsidiary still needs to enhance its competition ability. It is suggested that the government should continue to reform the financial regulatory system and to require financial holding companies and their subsidiaries to implement a comprehensive risk management.
Keywords: Insurance Subsidiary, Financial Reform, Holding Company, Financial Holding Company, Cross Selling, One-Stop Shopping, Financial Synergy, Economies of Scale, Analysis of Five Factors, Strategic Alliance, Corporate Governance,Internal Auditing, Risk Management, Financial Regulation.
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