As degradações ambientais enfrentadas no mundo contemporâneo têm suscitado normas de proteção e controle das atividades humanas em função da preservação do meio ambiente. No Brasil, o Direito Ambiental consolida-se na década de 1980, principalmente a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, embora desde a colônia existissem normas que protegessem a natureza. Esta tese de doutorado analisa e problematiza geograficamente o Direito Ambiental brasileiro, tendo por fundamento, de um lado, a teoria do ecúmeno, mediance e paisagem desenvolvida por Augustin Berque e, de outro, a teoria tridimensional do Direito, elaborada por Miguel Reale. Como ramo do Direito que visa regulamentar a relação do homem com o meio ambiente, objetivou-se caracterizar como o meio ambiente e seus elementos constitutivos são definidos no Direito Ambiental e qual relação a sociedade deve ter com a natureza para, posteriormente, confrontá-los com a existência do homem no mundo enquanto existência ecumenal. Metodologicamente, por meio de pesquisa indutiva exploratória no universo da doutrina brasileira de Direito Ambiental e da jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais, os princípios e conceitos ambientais foram sistematizados e analisados conforme suas definições e entendimentos predominantes. Os doutrinadores foram selecionados a partir das ementas da disciplina de Direito Ambiental do curso de Direito de universidades do sul e sudeste brasileiro. A pesquisa na jurisprudência do tribunal mineiro concentrou-se nos termos paisagem e dano moral ambiental. O processo judicial a respeito da construção do Paço de Poços de Caldas também foi analisado para complementar a análise doutrinária e jurisprudencial, anteriormente realizadas. Na discussão dos resultados, debate-se a naturalização do meio ambiente operada pelo Direito Ambiental em detrimento da dimensão técnica e simbólica da relação humana com a superfície terrestre e o meio ambiente enquanto totalidade natural como forma de garantir o princípio isonômico do Direito. Discute-se, também, a construção de uma narrativa jurídica do mundo enquanto universo de significação da hermenêutica e aplicação do Direito e a composição jurídica da mediance e da paisagem. / The environment problems faced by society today has demanded rules for controlling humans activities due to environmental protection. In Brazil, there are rules to protect nature since colonial times, but environmental law has consolidated itself at 1980´s, especially from the Federal Constitution of 1988. This work analyses and pose geographical problems of Brazilian environmental law based on the theory of ecumene, mediance and landscape developed by Augustin Berque, for one hand, and, for other hand, the theory of three-dimensionality of law, elaborated by Miguel Reale. Regulating relation between man and environment, the definition of environment and its constitutive elements and how relation man-environment should be are characterized and after compared with the ecumenal existence of man. Methodologically, based on inductive-exploratory research on environmental law Brazilian theory and on the jurisprudence of Minas Gerais Justice Court, environmental principles and concepts were systematized and described fowling its dominant definition and understanding. The authors were selected from the environmental law discipline program of south and south-east universities of Brazil. The research at Minas Gerais jurisprudence used the key-words landscape and moral environmental damage. At last, the case involving the construction of a Civil Center (Paço Municipal) was also analysed to complete the debate realized. The results show the naturalization of environment as it is described by environmental law theory over the symbolic and technical relation of man and earth surface; it also discuss the environment taken as natural totality as a way to maintain the principle of isonomy of law, the construction of a juridical narrative of the word influentiating interpretation and application of law. At last, it is analysed juridical composition of mediance and landscape.

As degradações ambientais enfrentadas no mundo contemporâneo têm suscitado normas de proteção e controle das atividades humanas em função da preservação do meio ambiente. No Brasil, o Direito Ambiental consolida-se na década de 1980, principalmente a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, embora desde a colônia existissem normas que protegessem a natureza. Esta tese de doutorado analisa e problematiza geograficamente o Direito Ambiental brasileiro, tendo por fundamento, de um lado, a teoria do ecúmeno, mediance e paisagem desenvolvida por Augustin Berque e, de outro, a teoria tridimensional do Direito, elaborada por Miguel Reale. Como ramo do Direito que visa regulamentar a relação do homem com o meio ambiente, objetivou-se caracterizar como o meio ambiente e seus elementos constitutivos são definidos no Direito Ambiental e qual relação a sociedade deve ter com a natureza para, posteriormente, confrontá-los com a existência do homem no mundo enquanto existência ecumenal. Metodologicamente, por meio de pesquisa indutiva exploratória no universo da doutrina brasileira de Direito Ambiental e da jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais, os princípios e conceitos ambientais foram sistematizados e analisados conforme suas definições e entendimentos predominantes. Os doutrinadores foram selecionados a partir das ementas da disciplina de Direito Ambiental do curso de Direito de universidades do sul e sudeste brasileiro. A pesquisa na jurisprudência do tribunal mineiro concentrou-se nos termos paisagem e dano moral ambiental. O processo judicial a respeito da construção do Paço de Poços de Caldas também foi analisado para complementar a análise doutrinária e jurisprudencial, anteriormente realizadas. Na discussão dos resultados, debate-se a naturalização do meio ambiente operada pelo Direito Ambiental em detrimento da dimensão técnica e simbólica da relação humana com a superfície terrestre e o meio ambiente enquanto totalidade natural como forma de garantir o princípio isonômico do Direito. Discute-se, também, a construção de uma narrativa jurídica do mundo enquanto universo de significação da hermenêutica e aplicação do Direito e a composição jurídica da mediance e da paisagem. / The environment problems faced by society today has demanded rules for controlling humans activities due to environmental protection. In Brazil, there are rules to protect nature since colonial times, but environmental law has consolidated itself at 1980´s, especially from the Federal Constitution of 1988. This work analyses and pose geographical problems of Brazilian environmental law based on the theory of ecumene, mediance and landscape developed by Augustin Berque, for one hand, and, for other hand, the theory of three-dimensionality of law, elaborated by Miguel Reale. Regulating relation between man and environment, the definition of environment and its constitutive elements and how relation man-environment should be are characterized and after compared with the ecumenal existence of man. Methodologically, based on inductive-exploratory research on environmental law Brazilian theory and on the jurisprudence of Minas Gerais Justice Court, environmental principles and concepts were systematized and described fowling its dominant definition and understanding. The authors were selected from the environmental law discipline program of south and south-east universities of Brazil. The research at Minas Gerais jurisprudence used the key-words landscape and moral environmental damage. At last, the case involving the construction of a Civil Center (Paço Municipal) was also analysed to complete the debate realized. The results show the naturalization of environment as it is described by environmental law theory over the symbolic and technical relation of man and earth surface; it also discuss the environment taken as natural totality as a way to maintain the principle of isonomy of law, the construction of a juridical narrative of the word influentiating interpretation and application of law. At last, it is analysed juridical composition of mediance and landscape.

Cette thèse vise à analyser dans la contemporanéité (1980-2013) la trajectoire du catholicisme, dans le sillage de la microhistoire, par l’étude de ses acteurs, de ses territoires et de ses communautés, des modes de gouvernement ecclésial. Nous mettrons en lumière le paradoxe du tissu de l’Eglise locale qui se dilate et se morcelle, mais aussi se contracte et se polarise, obligeant l’Ordinaire, dans son gouvernement, à penser un changement de paradigme : passer du défi de la proximité à celui de l’unité, compte tenu de la pluralité des communautés et des territoires associés. Nous étudierons, pour appuyer nos analyses, les diocèses de Rennes, Autun et Fréjus-Toulon. Un glissement de la logique d’enclos à la dynamique de pôles centralisateurs sera appréhendé, parfois en tensions, par les acteurs d’Eglise, à la lumière de quatre enjeux structurant l’argumentation : le « biotope » (rural/urbain), la diversité communautaire, le militantisme et la question de l’identité (statuts des clercs, coresponsabilité, modalités de l’évangélisation, communautarisme…).L’histoire et la géographie sociale permettront de renouveler les problématiques de l’appartenance spatiale et religieuse en partant d’interrogations sur le territoire selon des indicateurs précis : réseaux de fidèles et des militants, apport des nouvelles communautés (effectifs, choix pastoraux, gouvernement), options épiscopales en faveur de tel territoire ou tel groupe ecclésial… Pour l’historien, l’espace peut être considéré comme un outil heuristique, dans lequel des changements d’échelle se sont imposés dans le temps court. En délimitant nos recherches (1980-2013), nous voulons nous attarder à l’intérieur d’espaces qui ne possèdent plus la relative homogénéité que l’histoire leur prêtait avant le XXème siècle.Nos recherches s’inscrivent dans une structure en trois parties. La première partie se veut avant tout contextuelle, à la lumière de la postmodernité et de la sécularisation qui modifient les modes d’appartenance à une religion déclarée par beaucoup en soins palliatifs. Nous analyserons les liens étroits entre le catholicisme et ses modes d’insertion territoriale (rural/urbain) à partir de nos diocèses de référence. Nous présenterons les dé/recompositions des formes de militantisme dans le diocèse de Rennes, terreau d’Action catholique de plus en plus stérile et laissant la place à une militance familialiste très urbaine.La seconde partie de la thèse abordera les enjeux de la gouvernance ecclésiale dans les trois diocèses d’étude. Nous étudierons, dans le temps court, l’évolution du « munus regendi » des évêques et des prêtres avec le croisement des générations, avec le principe de coresponsabilité et le développement différencié selon les diocèses du diaconat permanent et des laïcs en mission ecclésiale. Nous développerons tout particulièrement le cas toulonnais pour lequel peu d’études approfondies ont été réalisées.Enfin, la troisième partie mettra l’accent sur la problématique du développement croissant d’un catholicisme attestataire polarisé en quête de visibilité. Nous analyserons la genèse du Renouveau et sa trajectoire dans le diocèse de Rennes. Nous nous pencherons particulièrement sur la communauté de l’Emmanuel, sur sa promotion de la nouvelle évangélisation et l’intégralisme de ses modes pastoraux. Ensuite, fort d’une certaine fécondité sacerdotale et d’un dialogue chaotique avec Rome (Motu proprio en 1988 et 2007), la galaxie traditionaliste très hétéroclite reste le cadre de mutations contemporaines que nous étudierons dans les diocèses de Rennes et d’Autun. Enfin, nous changerons d’échelle en nous focalisant sur la ville-sanctuaire de Paray-le-Monial, pôle militant et laboratoire incubateur d’un « nouveau catholicisme », sur l’articulation entre les différents territoires (ville, sanctuaire, paroisse) et les acteurs en place. / This thesis aims at analysing, in the contemporary world (1980-2013), the trajectory of catholicism, in the wake of microhistory, through the study of its actors, its territories and its communities, the modes of ecclesial government. We will highlight the paradox of the fabric of the local Church which expands and fragments, but also contracts and polarizes, forcing the Ordinary, in his government, to think of a paradigm shift: from the challenge of proximity to the one of unity, taking into account the plurality of communities and associated territories. To support our analyses, we will study the dioceses of Rennes, Autun and Frejus-Toulon. A shift from the logic of enclosures to the dynamics of a centralizing pole will be apprehended, sometimes in tension, by Church actors, in the light of four issues structuring the argument: « biotope » (rural/urban), community diversity, activism and the question of identity (status of clerics, co-responsibility, modalities of evangelization, communautarism...).History and social geography will enable us to renew the problems of spatial and religious belonging by starting from questions about the territory according to precise indicators: networks of the faithful and militants, the contribution of new communities (numbers, pastoral strategies, government), episcopal options in favour of a particular territory or ecclesial group... For the historian, space can be considered as a heuristic tool, in which changes of scale have been imposed in short time. By delimiting our research (1980-2013), we want to focus on the interior of aeras that no longer possess the relative homogeneity that history lent them before the 20th century.Our research are presented in a three-part structure. The first part is intended above all to be contextual, in the light of postmodernity and secularization, which modify the modes of belonging to a religion declared by many in palliative care. We will analyse the close links between Catholicism and its modes of territorial integration (rural/urban) from our dioceses of reference. We will present the recompositions of the forms of militancy in the diocese of Rennes, a breeding ground for Catholic Action that is increasingly sterile and leaving room for very urban familyist militancy.The second part of this thesis will address the issues of ecclesial governance in our three dioceses of study. We will study, in the short time, the evolution of the « munus regendi » of bishops and priests with the crossing of generations; with the principle of co-responsibility and the differentiated development according to the dioceses of the permanent diaconate and of the laity in ecclesial mission. We will particularly develop the Toulon case for which few in-depth studies have been carried out.Finally, the third part will focus on the problem of the growing development of a polarized Catholic witness in search of visibility. We will analyze the genesis of the Renewal and its trajectory in the diocese of Rennes. We will look particularly at the Emmanuel community, its promotion of the new evangelization and the fundamentalism of its pastoral modes. Then, with a certain priestly fruitfulness and a chaotic dialogue with Rome (Motu proprio in 1988 and 2007), the very heterogeneous traditionalist galaxy remains the framework of contemporary mutations that we will study in the dioceses of Rennes and Autun. Finally, we will change scale by focusing on the city-sanctuary of Paray-le-Monial, militant pole and laboratory incubator of a « new Catholicism », on the articulation between the various territories (city, sanctuary, parish) and the actors in place. / La modernidad desafía "parroquia civilización". Los cambios en espacial e institucional llevada a cabo por la Iglesia católica, entre ellos diócesis, son simples adaptaciones renovadas o por el contrario, inauguran un proceso de desarrollo en el centro de nuevas áreas de distribución, en particular con el creciente impacto de los nuevos jugadores? Las iglesias se vacían todas partes en Francia, pero las comunidades y diócesis han recuperado algunos lugares para hacer los pilares de las nuevas formas de práctica religiosa, si es posible, la supervivencia no sólo de la institución, sino también la transmisión de la fe. ¿Cuál es el proceso? ¿Es sostenible en el tiempo? ¿Con qué herramientas?