Abstract In New Zealand's compulsory education sector quality assurance is undertaken by the Education Review Office (ERO). When a school is found to be less effective than is acceptable through the triennial review process, ERO may return to review that school within six or twelve months. This Supplementary Review is identified to the Ministry of Education (MOE) which has several levels of intervention at its disposal which can be employed singularly or in concert to improve the school. Despite the support and interventions funded and/or managed by MOE, some schools have consecutive Supplementary Reviews and some remain under Statutory Intervention for several years. Commonalities among these schools that repeatedly or consistently present as 'at risk' may indicate a need for greater or different support or intervention. Self managing schools, while effective for many schools, may not be a workable and sustainable proposition for others. This may well be particularly true for those schools identified as 'at risk'. This paper considers ERO's process to identify schools 'at risk' and subsequent interventions employed by MOE to support the Principal and Board of Trustees in addressing improvements required within the school. Statistics and document analysis were used to extract data from documents with findings presented as a series of tables. It seeks a match between what is identified by ERO and the Statutory Intervention engaged by MOE. It explores the commonalities of schools under Statutory Intervention and on Supplementary Review. Practice in other countries is also considered in an effort to understand and contextualise the ideas and beliefs that support these approaches. While there is evidence ERO identifies teacher and Principal performance as major areas of concern, lead issues for Statutory Interventions in the same schools focus on the performance of the Board of Trustees as those with the responsibility of governing the school. The focus on governance to improve school performance is not working for some schools, more or different support may be necessary to effect positive change. The balance between capacity building, incentives and accountability for all involved in schools with Statutory Interventions, appears necessary for those with the capacity to improve.

Guided by the theoretical underpinnings of symbolic interactionism, this study set out to describe and analyse how stakeholders in a New Zealand Primary School understand effective school leadership, and how their meanings of leadership are influenced by the context in which they work. Review of the school leadership literature indicated that there was widespread agreement on the importance of leadership for school effectiveness but limited empirical data on how, or why, this was the case. To gain an understanding of stakeholders' meanings of effective leadership the study adopted a qualitative, case study design. Purposive, criterion-based selection was used to select a school considered to have highly effective leadership practices and to identify a cross-section of stakeholders within that school. The participants were the principal, Board of Trustees chairperson, assistant principal, teacher, general staff member, and student. Data were gathered from concept maps, semi-structured interviews and selected school documents such as the school's Education Review Office report and staff job descriptions. Data were analysed using grounded theory methods of analysis, specifically the use of constant comparison through open and axial coding. The findings of the study are presented and examined in terms of three theoretical propositions that encapsulate the stakeholders' meanings of effective school leadership. The first proposition examines three core values - concern for the individual, a commitment to learning, and an expectation of high performance - that permeated the school and influenced stakeholders' meanings and leadership practices. The second proposition examines the provision of direction, which involved articulation of a strong vision, use of symbols and ceremonies, modelling valued practices and beliefs, and raising the aspirations of staff and students. The third proposition examines leading and managing processes, which included the development of a team structure, leading and managing staff appointments and non-performance, managing communications, meetings and time, and providing opportunities for decision-making and leadership. Although considered in separate chapters, the three theoretical propositions are inter-related. The findings from this study highlight the importance of a set of core, common values for school leadership, confirm the role that leaders play in providing direction through a variety of symbolic activities, re-emphasise the need for studies of leadership to consider the context specific and people-based aspects of leadership, and confirm the place of teams in achieving a school's goals and reinforcing its values. The findings of the study also identify a need for team learning and development, and for a greater focus on values and beliefs in development programmes for principals. In addition, from both a theoretical and practical perspective, the findings establish a need for further research into the conception and practice of distributed leadership, and indicate that principals continue to play a central leadership role in self-managing, primary schools. The study's findings, thus, add to an at present limited base of empirical data on school leadership, and provide an insight into the perspectives of those involved in the leadership processes. Although the study's findings are based on a single school, in a particular context, the research design and methodology, including use of theoretical propositions, means the findings and conclusions generated from the study are pertinent to leadership theory, leadership research and leadership policy and practice in various contexts. The findings of this study are therefore likely to be of use to researchers of educational leadership, school principals, other school leaders, educational policy makers, and those designing and implementing professional learning programmes for principals and other school leaders.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:00:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Maxwell G Araujo.pdf: 634883 bytes, checksum: 479aa34c1698b0a2a65097e5a293ce68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-10 / From Plato to the present were the many philosophies that tried to acquire the mathematical knowledge of a unique design. Still, the rationalist perspective of seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost to absolute, always has a great influence, even today, in Mathematics Teaching. In this sense, despite the implementation of actions aimed at alleviating the rational view, the problems relating to education and the difficulties in learning Mathematics, persist. This believe/do/think/teach a school mathematics, without any questioning, that is, without a critical and reflective thinking has been criticized, particularly by means of Critical Mathematics Education, which takes one of his biggest Skovsmose referents. In view of this, it is necessary to reflect on this relationship is conceived between mathematical knowledge and society. In this work we demonstrate the importance of historical/philosophical/social teaching of mathematics, so that the processes of teaching and learning have a true social significance. Accordingly, no dogma, the individual must be craftsman of his own education that will guarantee a more harmonious and integral development of more humane. For this, we need to think/rethink the teaching of mathematics, leading to a significant learning really can not be alien to the construction of mathematical knowledge. To do this, this education should be focused beyond rationalism. / Desde Platão até o presente muitas foram as correntes filosóficas que tentaram dotar o conhecimento matemático de uma concepção única. Mesmo assim, a perspectiva Racionalista dos séculos XVII e XVIII, de forma quase que absoluta, é a que tem uma grande influência, até hoje, no Ensino da Matemática. Nesse sentido, apesar da implementação de ações que visam amenizar essa visão racional, os problemas referentes ao ensino e às dificuldades na aprendizagem da Matemática, persistem. Esse crer/fazer/pensar/ensinar uma Matemática escolar, sem nenhum tipo de questionamento, ou seja, sem um pensar crítico-reflexivo, tem recebido críticas, em particular, por meio da Educação Matemática Crítica, que tem em Skovsmose um de seus maiores referentes. Em vista disso, faz-se necessário refletir sobre essa relação que se concebe entre o conhecimento matemático e a sociedade. Neste trabalho buscamos evidenciar a importância da perspectiva histórica/filosófica/social do ensino da Matemática, de modo que os processos de ensino e de aprendizagem tenham um verdadeiro significado social. Nesse sentido, sem dogmas, o individuo deve ser artesão de sua própria educação que lhe garanta um desenvolvimento integral mais harmonioso e mais humano. Para isso, é preciso pensar/repensar que o ensino da Matemática, que leve a uma aprendizagem realmente significativa, não pode estar alheio ao processo de construção do conhecimento matemático. Para isso, este ensino deve ser focado para além do racionalismo.

For 25 years, I have worked in a high school education system, where for the final 2 years of schooling, teachers at each school write their own programs of work and write their own assessment items. They then mark and report on this assessment. There are no final public statewide exams, and as an outcome students right throughout the State are ranked for University entry. What follows is an exploration into the procedures that are put in place to ensure that each and every student is treated fairly and equitably. I will discuss the various levels of moderation that take place between schools, the processes that aid in keeping a level playing field for all concerned.

本研究は受刑者教育プログラムを開発してその効果を明らかにすることを目的としている．主要教育方法としては視聴覚教育やグループワークを加味した日本のロールレタリング技法を採用し，合計12セッションのプログラムを構成した．2015年の間，Z刑務所受刑者34名を対象に3期にかけてプログラムを行い，教育前後の受刑者の心理的変化を確認した．また，受刑者の課題とFGIの質的内容分析を通じて教育効果を再確認した． / The object of this study is to develop and to evaluate an education program for prison inmates. The main method of this program which consists of 12 sessions is "role lettering" added to group work and audio-visual stimulation. In 2015, 34 prison inmates participated in this program at Z prison in Korea. This program has verified in evaluating the inmates' psychological change. And it has reverified in evaluating the effectiveness of education through qualitative content analysis of focus group interview as well as prison inmates' tasks. / 博士(社会福祉学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University