Bakgrund: Finns det verkligen en investeringsstrategi som ger en garanterad överavkastning och som skulle kunna innebära att efterfrågan på de tjänster som professionella kapitalförvaltare tillhandahåller försvinner? Syfte: Syftet med vår uppsats är att undersöka huruvida det går att generera överavkastning på Stockholmsbörsen genom att investera i en portfölj enbart innehållande aktier med låga P/Etal. Frågan är alltså om det existerar det någon så kallad P/E-talseffekt? Genomförande: P/E-talseffekten testades genom att vi för var och en av våra 28 perioder fr.o.m. 1991 t.o.m.2004 skapade två portföljer där den ena innehöll aktier med de femton lägsta P/E-talen på Stockholmsbörsen och den andra innehöll aktier med höga P/E-tal. Den låga P/E-talsportföljen riskjusterade avkastning jämfördes sedan med den höga P/Etalsportföljens. En jämförelse gjordes även med den riskjusterade avkastningen för AFGX och SIXRX. Slutsats: Vi har efter att noggrant analyserat våra resultat kunnat fastställa med 95 procent sannolikhet att det sett till hela vår undersökningsperiod, fr.o.m. 1991 t.o.m. 2004, inte går att påvisa en P/E-talseffekt på Stockholmsbörsen. Ser vi däremot enbart till perioderna efter ITbubblan, hösten 2000 till hösten 2003, kan vi med hjälp av våra resultat konstatera att det under denna period var möjligt att erhålla en överavkastning genom att investera i aktier med låga P/E-tal. / Background: Is there an investment strategy that yields a guaranteed abnormal return and that could imply that the demand for the services provided by professional capital managers would disappear? Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is to examine whether it is possible to generate an abnormal return at the Stockholm Stock Exchange by investing in a portfolio that only contains stocks with low P/E ratios. The question is consequently if there exists a so called P/E effect. Implementation: We tested the P/E effect by creating two portfolios for each of our 28 periods from the beginning of 1991 until the end of 2004. The first portfolio included stocks with the fifteen lowest P/E ratios on the Stockholm Stock Exchange and the other portfolio included stocks with high P/E ratios. The risk adjusted return of the low P/E ratio portfolio was then compared to that of the high P/E ratio portfolio. A comparison was also made with the risk adjusted return from AFGX and SIXRX. Conclusion: We can, after a thorough analysis of our results, with 95 per cent probability say that a P/E effect didn’t existed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange if we look at our entire research period from the beginning of 1991 until the end of 2004. We can however say that it was possible to generate an abnormal return by investing in stocks with low P/E ratios, if we look solely at the periods after the IT bubble, fall 2000 until fall 2003.

Can momentum trading strategies beat Dutch or German stock market indices? If so, dothose strategies show significant positive net returns? For the period from March 2009 to March 2016this appears to be the case for only one out of the nine momentum trading strategies investigated withrespect to the Dutch stock market and for none of those same momentum trading strategiesinvestigated with respect to the German stock market. Furthermore, this research finds that the netmomentum returns seem to be winner- instead of loser-portfolio driven and that the longer the holdingperiod, the higher the net momentum returns realized.

This thesis is focused on testing the weak effectiveness of the US, Japanese, German and Czech market in the period 1995 - 2015. The first part contains a theoretical basis for the theory of efficient markets, the conditions, characteristics and models. Further test methods of weak market efficiency are presented and semistrong and strong effectiveness mentioned. The practical part deals with the introduction of tested stock exchange indices and by testing the weak effectiveness of these markets through tests of randomness, variance ratio test and serial correlation.

The thesis examines the strategy of country momentum and is evaluated with 30 different country exchange-traded funds (ETFs) for the period 1996-2018. The empirical evaluation is designed to apply different formation- and holding periods with overlapping portfolios. The results show positive momentum returns in various periods and a few portfolios present a higher average return than the market. However, none of the portfolios is presenting any significant positive returns or alphas, meaning that the three hypotheses cannot be rejected. On the other hand, some portfolios have higher Sharpe ratios and Morningstar value than the market. Thus, meaning that the individual investor could prefer the momentum portfolio over the market despite the insignificant returns.

Bakgrund: Kreditvärderingsinstituten har genom åren fått en del kritik. Under finanskrisen kring 2008 var en bidragande orsak till att kraschen blev så allvarlig på grund av felaktiga kreditvärderingar. Detta var dock endast möjligt på grund av att banker i stor utsträckning ignorerade riskerna med de felaktiga kreditbetygen, som de med hög sannolikhet var medvetna om. Med bakgrund som denna anser författarna att det är av intresse och nytta att granska huruvida kreditbedömningar på banker påverkar aktiekursen och på så sätt bolagsvärdet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om kreditbetygsförändringar på de svenska storbankerna; Handelsbanken, Nordea, SEB och Swedbank påverkar respektive banks aktiekurs. Ett delsyfte är att studera eventuell omfattning av denna påverkan på aktiekursen. Ett vidare delsyfte är att undersöka om det finns en skillnad i hur kreditbetygsförändringar påverkar aktiepriset hos de svenska storbankerna i hög- respektive lågkonjunktur. Metod: Denna kvantitativa studie grundas i en deduktiv ansats och hypoteser har utformats med hjälp av författarnas utvalda teorier: Effektiva marknadshypotesen (EMH), Agentteori och Signalteori. Studien har sedan genomförts i form av en eventstudie och det har uppmätts om det finns signifikanta avvikelser i aktiekursen vid publicerandet av en kreditbetygsförändring. Resultat: Resultatet i studien visar på att det finns signifikant påverkan på aktiekursen vid kreditbetygsnedgraderingar på eventdagen. Det påvisades även att lågkonjunktur var en bidragande faktor till aktieutvecklingen. Slutsats: Denna studie finner att kreditbetygsförändringar utgör en effekt på aktiekursen hos de svenska storbankerna. Det kan dock inte fastställas om det finns någon skillnad mellan upp- och nedgraderingar i denna studie. Resultatet visar istället på att lågkonjunktur är den bakomliggande orsaken till att aktiekursen påverkas signifikant. Resultatet tyder även på att aktiekursen har anpassat sig snabbare än i tidigare studier, vilket kan vara en följd av en mer digitaliserad marknad. / Background: Credit rating agencies have received a lot of criticism over the years. During the financial crisis, a contributing cause to why the crash became so serious was due to incorrect credit ratings. This was although only possible because banks generally ignored the risk in the incorrect credit ratings, which they with high probability knew of. With a background like this, the authors believe that it is of interest and benefit to examine whether credit assessments on banks affect the stock price and thus the company value. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether credit rating changes on the major swedish banks; Handelsbanken, Nordea, SEB and Swedbank affect each bank's stock price. One part of the purpose is to study the extent of this impact on the stock price. A further part of the purpose is to study if there is a difference in the effect credit rating changes have on the major swedish banks stock price in a economic expansion respective recession. Methodology: This quantitative study is based on a deductive approach and hypotheses have been designed using the authors' selected theories: The Effective Market Hypothesis (EMH), Agent Theory and Signal Theory. The study is then implemented in the form of an event study and it has been tested if there are any significant deviations in the stock price connected to the credit rating changes. Results: The result of the study indicates that there is significant effect on the stock price during the event day when a credit rating downgrade is announced. The results also show that recession is a contributing factor to the significant effect on the stock price. Conclusions: This study finds that changes of credit ratings constitute an effect on the stock price among the big Swedish banks. It can however not be established if there is a difference between up- and downgrades. The result indicates instead that recession is the contributing factor to the significant effect on the stock price. The results also indicate that the stock price has adjusted faster than in earlier studies, which can be an effect of a more digitized market.

Title: Portfolios behaviour on efficient and inefficient markets Author: Iveta Kováčová Department: Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Supervisor: Doc. RNDr. Jan Hurt, CSc., KPMS MFF UK Abstract: In this thesis we summarize the results concerning the construction of optimal portfolios. We introduce the geometric representation of the portfolios in the case that the assumptions about an efficient market are violated. We perform a technical analysis of the portfolio on the given data by using the program Mathematica 8.0. and compare an efficient set of the portfolio at different investment strategies.

First chapter describes International Financial Markets. Second chapter describes market fundamental analysis. Third chapter describes market technical analysis and efficient market hypothesis testing. Fourth chapter discusses market psychological analysis. Fifth chapter encompasses other theoretical background to be used in application. Sixth chapter deals with application of fundamental and technical analysis on a tennis betting market having found parallels between the sports betting markets and financial markets.

I primi due capitoli di questa tesi mirano a determinare se il processo decisionale e le scelte di investimento degli individui possono essere influenzati da variabili psicologiche che non hanno alcuna valenza puramente economica. L'analisi empirica, condotta utilizzando dati relativi ai mercati italiano e statunitense, fornisce dei risultati che sono coerenti con l'ipotesi secondo cui esistono svariati fattori psicologici che giocano un ruolo nel processo mentale che produce le scelte di portafoglio degli agenti economici. Il terzo capitolo affronta la teoria della segmentazione di mercato, secondo cui la curva dei rendimenti è articolata in diversi segmenti temporali che sono a tutti gli effetti separati in termini di allocazione degli investimenti da parte degli operatori. / The first two chapters of this dissertation investigate whether some economically-neutral but psychologically-relevant factors can affect investors' decision-making and, in turn, their investment choices. The empirical analysis, conducted on Italian and US stock market data, provides some evidence consistent with the view that several psychological elements indeed play a role in the mental process that generates people's portfolio allocation choices. The third chapter consists in an examination of the market segmentation hypothesis, according to which government bonds with different maturities are not perceived to any extent as substitutes by investors, the consequence being that the yield curve in fact contains different maturity segments that are totally separated from one another.

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study the possible existence of day-of-the-week effects and month-of-the-year effects in the Singapore stock market over the period January 1st 1993 to December 31st 2011. The findings are analysed with the intention of developing investment strategies and to investigate if behavioural finance can help to explain the existence of seasonal anomalies.  Background: A number of previous studies have found evidence of seasonal anomalies in global stock markets, and by challenging the core assumptions of market efficiency, such anomalies may make it possible to predict the movement of stock prices at certain periods during the year. Consequently, there may be substantial profit-making opportunities that clever investors can benefit from, raising two important questions: (1) can such anomalies be strategically used to outperform the market and (2) why do such cyclical return patterns exist? Method: Daily closing prices from the Singapore Straits Times Index (STI) are used to compute average daily and monthly returns, which are further analysed through the use of statistical significance analysis and hypothesis testing to identify the possible existence of day-of-the-week effects and month-of-the-year effects in the Singapore stock market.  The results of the statistical investigation are used to develop investment strategies that are designed to take advantage of both positive and negative effects, and the theories of behavioural finance are applied to help explain why seasonalities occur at certain points in time. Conclusions: This study finds evidence of several seasonal anomalies in the Singapore stock market. Both day-of-the-week effects and month-of-the-year effects are present in the STI over the full sample period. Many of these effects can be explained by behavioural finance, and used to develop investment strategies that outperform the market.

Submitted by Luis Fernando Schumaher (luis_schumaher@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-02-23T21:21:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao MPA - Estudo de Eventos_Impairment - Luis Schumaher (2).pdf: 561762 bytes, checksum: 64c63a7f28492d392db0a5d797e778ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-02-27T17:46:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao MPA - Estudo de Eventos_Impairment - Luis Schumaher (2).pdf: 561762 bytes, checksum: 64c63a7f28492d392db0a5d797e778ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-27T20:20:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao MPA - Estudo de Eventos_Impairment - Luis Schumaher (2).pdf: 561762 bytes, checksum: 64c63a7f28492d392db0a5d797e778ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-05 / A capacidade informacional das demonstrações contábeis, sobretudo após a incorporação da International Financial Reporting Standars (IFRS), é objeto de estudos empíricos ao redor do mundo. Fama (1970, 1991) descreve a Hipótese de Eficiência do Mercado (HEM), em sua forma semiforte, que informações corporativas relevantes são incorporadas instantaneamente pelo mercado na forma de variações dos preços das ações. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo verificar, através de um Estudo de Eventos, os impactos da divulgação de demonstrações financeiras com contabilizações de reavaliação de ativos tangíveis e intangíveis – impairment. Foram estudadas as 50 maiores empresas brasileiras (receita líquida) de capital aberto na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo, de acordo com a classificação da revista Valor® 1000 (VALOR ECONÔMICO, 2016), no período compreendido entre o primeiro trimestre de 2010 e o quarto trimestre de 2016. Observou- se que publicações de demonstrações financeiras com reconhecimento de impairment dos ativos tangíveis e intangíveis, previstos pelas International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), causaram impactos nas expectativas dos acionistas, representadas pela variação nos retornos das ações. Além disso, o mercado se comportou de maneira eficiente, em sua forma semiforte. As principais conclusões do presente estudo são: i) os anúncios impairment de ativos tangíveis e intangíveis apresentam conteúdo informacional relevante para a precificação das ações no mercado; e ii) o mercado brasileiro se comportou de maneira eficiente na forma semiforte pois, a HEM foi atestada em conjunto para os eventos de impairment estudados. / The informational capacity of the financial statements, especially after the incorporation of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), is the subject of empirical studies around the world. Fama (1970, 1991) describes the Theory of Efficient Markets, in its semistrong form, that relevant corporate information is instantly incorporated by the market in the form of stock price changes. Thus, this study aims to verify, through a Study of Events, the impacts of the disclosure of financial statements with revaluation of tangible and intangible assets - impairment. The 50 largest Brazilian companies (net revenue) were studied on the São Paulo Stock Exchange, according to the magazine Valor® 1000 (ECONOMIC VALUE, 2016), in the period from the first quarter of 2010 to the fourth quarter of 2016. It was noted that financial statement publications with recognition of impairment of tangible and intangible assets, as predicted by the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), had an impact on shareholders' expectations, represented by the variation in stock returns. However, the market did behave efficiently, in its semifortex form. The main conclusions of the present study are: i) the announcements of impairment of tangible and intangible assets present informative content relevant to the pricing of shares in the market; and ii) the Brazilian market did behave efficiently in the semistrong form, since HEM was not jointly tested for the impairment events studied.