L’introduction massive des alliages de titane pour les pièces de structures aéronautiques a soulevé de nouvelles problématiques d’usinage. Du fait que les matériaux réfractaires présentent de faibles propriétés thermiques leur mise en forme par usinage à sec est difficile. L’objectif industriel est d’améliorer la productivité de l’usinage des alliages de titane afin d’en réduire les coûts. Des travaux concernant la coupe du Ti6Al4V α+β, du Ti54M et du Ti6Al4V traité β ont été réalisés pour mettre en évidence les différences d’usinabilité entre ces trois matériaux. Ces travaux mettent en avant une forte influence du comportement orthotrope et de l’hétérogénéité de la microstructure lamellaire, ainsi que de la taille des grains du Ti6Al4V traité β sur la mise en forme par coupe. L’étude sur l’usure des outils par diffusion montre que le principal élément de diffusion est le titane et que par conséquent aucune différence n’est observée entre les trois matériaux. Pour confirmer que la diffusion est le mode d’usure principal, des essais de perçage instrumentés avec un système de mesure de température sans fil ont été effectués. Les températures à l’arrière de l’arête de coupe atteignent des températures supérieures à 500°C pour de faibles vitesses de coupe. A cette température le phénomène de diffusion est thermiquement activé et confirme les hypothèses évoquées précédemment. Enfin, pour avoir une compréhension des différences d’usinabilité mises en évidence lors des travaux expérimentaux, une recherche sur le comportement des matériaux (Johnson-Cook) et la mise en place d’une simulation numérique ont été réalisées. Les simulations réalisées à l’aide des lois de comportement identifiées précédemment modélisent précisément l’usinage du Ti6Al4V α+β et du Ti54M. L’hétérogénéité du Ti6Al4V traité β ne permet pas une bonne modélisation de la formation du copeau. Une modélisation polycristalline serait plus adaptée. / The massive introduction of titanium alloys onto the aeronautical structures parts has raised new problems in the machining process. Because of their low thermal properties (refractory materials), they are considered as difficult to cut material. The industrial aim is therefore to improve the productivity of the titanium alloy’s machining and to reduce their costs. Some research on Ti6Al4V α + β, Ti54M and β-treated Ti6Al4V cutting was carried out to point out machinability’s differences between these three materials. This work highlights a strong influence of the orthotropic behavior and the heterogeneity of the lamellar microstructure as well as the grain size of the β-treated Ti6Al4V on cutting. The study on the tool wear diffusion shows that the main diffusion element is titanium and therefore no difference is observed between those three materials. To check that diffusion is the main wear mode, instrumented drilling tests with a wireless temperature measurement device were performed. Temperatures behind the cutting edge reach temperatures above 500 °C for low cutting speeds. At this temperature the phenomenon of diffusion is thermally activated. Finally, in order to have an understanding of the machinability consistencies, a research on the materials’ behavior (Johnson-Cook) and the implementation of a numerical simulation were realized. The simulations carried out, using the previously identified behavior’s laws, model precisely the machining of the Ti6Al4V α+β and Ti54M. The heterogeneity of the β-treated Ti6Al4V does not allow a good modeling of the chip formation. Polycrystalline modeling would be more appropriate.

[pt] Em geral a segurança das estruturas hidráulicas, em particular das barragens é muitas vezes ameaçada devido à formação de erosão próximo as fundações em conseqüência das altas velocidades dos jatos que partem dos vertedouros atingindo os maciços rochosos a jusante. O fenômeno de erosão envolve uma complexa interação entre processos hidráulicos e mecânicos. Um dos principais problemas no desenvolvimento dos métodos para estudo de erosões em rocha, esta associados ao entendimento dos complexos fenômenos físicos envolvidos no processo, cuja maioria não pode ser descritos e nem testados em escala de laboratório. A observação de fenômenos naturais, a avaliação do desempenho de estruturas hidráulicas, juntamente com a realização de experimentos em nível de laboratório e o desenvolvimento de modelos analíticos e numéricos têm contribuído muito para o entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos no processo de erosão. Neste contexto, com o apoio da empresa Eletrobrás Furnas, o presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo físico implantado no laboratório de geotecnia da PUC-Rio, o qual possibilita a compreensão do processo físico de movimentação dos blocos rochosos durante a erosão, além da verificação e calibração de modelos numéricos a serem desenvolvidos. Inicialmente são abordados aspectos básicos sobre o comportamento mecânico e hidráulico dos maciços rochosos fraturados, evidenciando as propriedades das descontinuidades, além da importância destes aspectos no comportamento dos maciços ao efeito erosivo. O segundo capitulo apresenta o objeto de estudo deste trabalho, que é, o entendimento do fenômeno erosivo de maciços rochosos fraturados a jusante de dissipadores do tipo salto esqui, sendo abordado os aspectos hidráulicos e geomecânicos básicos envolvidos e os métodos existentes para a avaliação da erosão. O terceiro capítulo apresenta a proposta da célula cilíndrica desenvolvida, sendo descrito aspectos importantes, tais como a escolha do tipo de material, detalhamento e dimensionamento da célula. O próximo capítulo tem como intuito principal apresentar inicialmente os diferentes equipamentos utilizados nos ensaios juntamente com o sistema de aquisição de dados desenvolvido. Sendo também apresentada a metodologia utilizada para execução dos ensaios. O penúltimo capítulo apresenta a descrição dos ensaios realizados, os quais buscaram o melhor entendimento comportamento dos blocos rochosos durante o processo erosivo que ocorre a jusante de vertedouros. Os resultados experimentais obtidos pelo modelo físico desenvolvidos são apresentados, mostrando que é um importante equipamento de análise experimental para a previsão de processos erosivos a jusante de vertedouros, mas que também pode servir como suporte para a verificação e a calibração de modelos numéricos a serem desenvolvidos, os quais poderão servir como medidas de engenharia para mitigação do fenômeno erosivo. / [en] In general the safety of hydraulic structures, particularly dams is often threatened due to the formation of erosion around the foundations as a result of high speeds of the jets leaving the spillways reaching solid rock downstream.The erosion phenomenon involves a complex interaction between processes hydraulic and mechanical. A major problem in developing methods for study of erosion in rock, associated with this understanding of complex physical phenomena involved in the process, most of which can not be described nor tested in scale laboratory.The observation of natural phenomena, the performance evaluation of hydraulic structures, along with performing experiments in laboratory level and the development of analytical models and numbers have contributed greatly to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the process of erosion.In this context, with the support of the company Eletrobrás Furnas, this paper presents the development of a physical model implemented in geotechnical laboratory at PUC-Rio, which furthers our understanding of physical process of transferring blocks of rocks during erosion, beyond verification and calibration of numerical models to be developed.Initially, it discusses basic aspects of the behavior mechanical and hydraulic fractured rock masses, showing the properties of the discontinuities and the importance of these aspects in behavior of the massive erosive effect.The second chapter presents the object of the present study, that is, the understanding of the phenomenon of erosive fractured rock masses downstream sinks like ski jumping, and discussed aspects basic hydraulic and geomechanical involved and existing methods for the assessment of erosion.The third chapter presents the proposal of the cylindrical cell developed as described important aspects such as choice the type of material, detail and scale of the cell.The next chapter is the primary purpose to present initially different equipment used in the tests with the system developed data acquisition. Is also presented methodology used to perform tests. The penultimate chapter presents a description of the tests, the which sought to better understand the behavior of rock blocks during the erosion process that occurs downstream of spillways. The experimental results obtained by physical model is developed presented, showing that it is an important analytical equipment experimental prediction of erosion downstream spillway, but it can also serve as support for verification and calibration of numerical models to be developed, which can serve as engineering measures to mitigate the erosion phenomenon.

Atualmente a otimização e redução de custos verificados na fabricação de tubulações está caminhando para um limite. Toda e qualquer modificação no processo produtivo exige grandes investimentos com retorno a prazos cada vez maiores. Assim, a possibilidade de poder contar com técnicas que permitam a redução de esforços sobre tubulações enterradas traz sem dúvida uma importante contribuição. Este trabalho estuda o uso da trincheira como forma de reduzir os esforços que atuam sobre condutos enterrados, utilizando duas séries de ensaios denominados \"A\" e \"B\". Cada série é composta basicamente de quatro combinações diferentes, com variações geométricas da relação de altura relativa (h/B) e largura relativa (b/B). A série B teve a posição relativa (H/B) da camada flexível modificada em relação à série A. Os ensaios realizados no Departamento de Geotecnia da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos apresentam como resultado uma redução dos esforços da ordem de 44% a 86% em relação ao ensaio de referência montado sem o uso da camada indutora. / Nowadays the optimization and the reduction of costs verified in the pipes production are walking for a limit. All and whatever modification on the productive process demands great investments with larger time return. Thus, the possibility of taking account with techniques that allows reduction efforts on buried pipes bring without any doubt, an important contribution. This work studies the induced trench to reduce the efforts that act over buried conduits, using two series, \"A\" and \"B\", with four treatments each one. The A series is composed with four different combinations. These combinations have geometric variation between relative height (h/B) and relative width (b/B) of flexible layers, were built directly over the trap door. The \"B\" series is composed with the same geometric flexible layer used in series \"A\", and they have their relative position (H/B) modified. The treatments were conducted at the \"Departamento de Geotecnia\" da \"Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos\". The results obtained were a reduction of the 44 to 86% on the efforts in relation to the reference treatment built without the use of an induced layer.

Apresenta-se uma ferramenta para análise de edifícios de concreto armado assentados sobre sapatas, capaz de avaliar os efeitos decorrentes da deformabilidade do maciço de solos nas peças da superestrutura (lajes, vigas e pilares) e nos elementos estruturais de fundação (EEF). O software possibilita uma análise mais refinada das solicitações e, conseqüentemente, do real comportamento mecânico da estrutura. O programa ISE (Interação Solo-Estrutura), desenvolvido em linguagem FORTRAN, realiza o cálculo dos deslocamentos segundo o método proposto por Aoki & Lopes em 1975, que por sua vez faz uso das equações apresentadas por Mindlin em 1936, com base na teoria da elasticidade. Devido à grande variabilidade, o solo é tratado como meio heterogêneo, recorrendo-se ao procedimento sugerido por Steinbrenner, em 1934, para cálculo de recalques em meios estratificados. O método dos elementos finitos (MEF) é empregado na modelgagem dos EEF como elementos de casca planos, para determinação das componentes de deslocamento u, v e w. A compatibilização de deslocamentos, na região de contato entre a superfície de assentamento e a face inferior das sapatas, é condição necessária e suficiente para garantir o equilíbrio e a continuidade. Com o intuito de tornar mais amigável o uso do código computacional, é criada uma interface gráfica em Delphi e gerado um arquivo com extensão DXF, possibilitando a visualização da geometria do sistema de fundação. A elaboração de exemplos comprova a validade da formulação desenvolvida, por meio da comparação com resultados de outras metodologias presentes na literatura / This work presents a tool for reinforced concrete building based in direct foundation analysis able to evaluate effects in the superstructure constituent (slab, beams and columns) and foundation structural elements (FSE) resulting from soil deformability, making possible an efforts sophisticated analysis and real mechanical behavior of the structure. The program SSI (Soil-Structure Interaction), developed in FORTRAN language, calculates displacements increases by the Aoki & Lopes’s method. Proposed in 1975, the method uses de Mindlin’s equations showed in 1936 and based in the theory of elasticity. Due great variability, the soil is treated like a heterogeneous medium, appealing to the Steinbrenner proceeding suggested in 1934, for the estimate of displacements in multilayers medium. The finite element method (FEM) is used in FSE modeling as shell elements for determination of displacements components u, v and w. The displacements compatibilization in contact zone between surface support and FSE below side is necessary and sufficient condition for equilibrium guarantee and continuity. Turning more friendly the software use, a graphical interface, in Delphi, is made and created a DXF file, making possible the geometry visualization of foundation system. The examples elaboration prove the developed formulation validity through results comparison with others methodologies

Il est bien connu que, parmi les nombreux avantages des manipulateurs parallèles par rapport aux robots sériels, on peut citer des vitesses et accélérations plus élevées, et une plus grande capacité de charge. Cependant, il existe des inconvénients, comme un volume de travail restreint, de forts couplages cinématiques et des singularités plus contraignantes. Afin d'améliorer leurs performances, des travaux ont été menés concernant le découplage des mouvements des robots parallèles. Le projet de thèse porte sur la conception, l'optimisation et l'amélioration d'une nouvelle famille de manipulateurs parallèles de 3 à 6 degrés de libertés partiellement découplés appelés PAMINSA (PArallel Manipulator of the I.N.S.A.). La deuxième partie de ce manuscrit présente la particularité de ces architectures qui est le découplage entre les mouvements de la plateforme dans le plan horizontal et les translations suivant l'axe vertical. Dans une troisième partie, nous faisons l'analyse des singularités de ces manipulateurs. Cette analyse est nécessaire pour choisir le manipulateur qui a le plus grand espace de travail sans singularité. Dans les parties 4 et 5, nous proposons des méthodes permettant d'augmenter la taille de leur espace de travail sans singularité. La première solution est basée sur l'utilisation de mécanismes à structure variable, c'est-à-dire des mécanismes dont les paramètres structurels peuvent être changés. Cette solution permet d'augmenter l'espace de travail sans singularité jusqu'à 100% de l'espace de travail total. La deuxième solution porte sur une optimisation des paramètres dynamiques des manipulateurs qui permet de traverser les singularités lors de déplacements de la plate-forme. Enfin, dans une sixième partie, une nouvelle méthode performante et rapide permettant de calculer la précision des manipulateurs PAMINSA ainsi que des solutions pour améliorer leurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles sont<br>proposées.

Ce travail a pour objet l'analyse limite des structures par la méthode des éléments finis. Lorsqu'une structure atteint sa charge limite, certaines de ses composantes sont dans la phase inélastique de leur comportement, alors que dans les parties les plus critiques, du fait de la localisation des déformations inélastiques, se produit la rupture du matériau. Les effets de localisation sont, dans les matériaux fragiles liés à l'apparition et au développement de macro fissures alors qu'ils sont, dans les matériaux ductiles, gouvernés par les bandes de cisaillement localisées. L'étude de la charge limite est ainsi reliée à la modélisation du comportement inélastique standard du matériau mais également à la modélisation des effets localisés correspondant au comportement adoucissant des matériaux. Le comportement inélastique standard du matériau est, dans ce travail, décrit par des modèles élastoplastiques, élastoviscoplastiques ou élastiques non linéaires. Tous les modèles de comportement sont définis en termes d'efforts généralisés. Un certain nombre d'approches mathématiques et d'algorithmes numériques sont disponibles mais sont bien souvent inefficaces et manquent de précision. Ainsi, nous utilisons une approche développée plus récemment s'appuyant sur une méthode d'éléments finis enrichis de discontinuités. Nous avons développé de nouvelles formulations d'éléments standards prenant en compte des cinématiques et des descriptions des champs de déplacements discontinus complexes. Plusieurs formulations d'éléments finis ont été développées pour l'analyse de différents composants structurels. Nous présentons, dans un premier temps, un élément fini dédié à l'analyse limite des plaques en béton armé. La formulation d'un élément de plaque élastoplastique et élastoviscoplastique écrite en efforts généralisés associée à une procédure commune d'intégration sont présentées ensuite. Un élément de coque non linéaire, faisant intervenir une fonction seuil à deux surfaces incluant à la fois un écrouissage isotrope et un écrouissage cinématique est ensuite présenté. Les deux derniers éléments finis développés dans ce travail sont dédiés à la modélisation de la rupture localisée dans les poutres planes et les solides bidimensionnels. L'élément de poutre d'Euler-Bernouilli est enrichi par une discontinuité en rotation. Une stratégie s'appuyant sur l'analyse préalable, par un modèle raffiné, d'une partie de la structure est proposée afin d'obtenir les paramètres du modèle constitutif de la poutre. Enfin, nous présentons la formulation d'un élément quadrangulaire à discontinuité forte dont la cinématique permet de prendre en compte des sauts de déplacements linéaires dans les deux directions normale et tangentielle le long de la surface de discontinuité. Des résultats numériques montrent que les éléments développés ainsi que les algorithmes associés constituent un outil efficace et robuste d'analyse de la charge limite et de la rupture des structures. Parmi les exemples, nous présentons la simulation de la propagation d'une fissure dans un matériau fragile ainsi que le développement d'une bande de cisaillement dans un matériau ductile. Les codes numériques associés aux formulations présentées dans ce travail ont été générés par l'outil de programmation symbolique et d'optimisation de code AceGen. Les performances des éléments sont présentés à travers un grand nombre d'exemples numériques réalisés à partir du code AceFem.

Abstrakt En avgörande faktor för att kunna förebygga, avhjälpa eller lindra matematiksvårigheter är ifall pedagoger har kompetens att genomföra en kartläggning, som ger vägledning för fortsatta pedagogiska insatser (Lundberg &amp; Sterner, 2009). Med detta som utgångspunkt var syftet med studien att undersöka yrkesverksamma specialpedagogers syn på kartläggning och yngre elevers räknesvårigheter samt hur de går till väga vid en pedagogisk kartläggning i matematik. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerad intervju som metod. Deltagarna i undersökningen är två specialpedagoger med gedigen utbildning och erfarenhet inom området. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att informanterna har en formativ syn på kartläggning. De fokuserade på att via individuellt anpassade kartläggningar försöka finna pedagogiska lösningar till svårigheterna. De uppgav flera orsaksförklaringar till att yngre elever hamnade i räknesvårigheter och de använde olika verktyg för att analysera dessa. Det fanns inga rutiner, utan det var specialpedagogens erfarenhet och kompetens som avgjorde, från fall till fall, hur de gick till väga. / Abstract One determinant key factor in averting, redressing or in mitigating difficulties in mathematics, is the pedagogues competence in implementing a guiding road map for continuous pedagogical efforts. This being the starting-point, the purpose of this study was to investigate working special pedagogues view on mapping and younger pupils difficulties in arithmetic. In addition the purpose included the issue of how they perform a pedagogical mapping in mathematics. The study has a qualitative approach using the method of semi structured interviews. The participants in this study are two special pedagogues with substantial education and experience in this area. The result of the study shows that the informers have a formative view on mapping. Their focus lies on trying to find pedagogical solutions for the difficulties through individually adjusted mappings. They pointed out a number of reasons to why younger students came to have difficulties in calculating, and used different tools to analyze these reasons. There were no guidelines and consequently it was the special pedagogues experience and professional skill that determined in each case, how this was performed.

The individual educational plan (IEP) is a document used in Swedish schools. The purpose of the document is to help and support students who have difficulties in their schoolwork in various ways. In my experience, the student does not always understand the importance of establishing an IEP as a support and help at school. In this study I try to understand the students’ experience of its relevance and purpose and the impact which can be achieved by an IEP. Four students took part in the study, and below you will find a few of the questions asked in the study:   What does it feel like as a student to obtain an IEP? What experiences do students have of IEPs? As a student what are your ideas when it comes to coping with the measures described? Are they opportunities or obstacles?   In my review of surveys and literature IEPs are examined from different points of view by writers who especially bring up the situation of students and young people in the society they live in, which affects their situation in the daily schoolwork in different ways. The result of the study shows that the students expect their IEPs to help them, but they do not seem to find any strategy for the work. The students describe that it feels good that the problems are brought to light, but at the same time they realize that it will be hard work to reach the target, as they look upon their previous achievements in school as a problem. Finally the question is asked whether an IEP should really be made for students who are absolutely fed up with school and who feel that they do not have much choice when it comes to influencing their school situation on the whole?

This thesis assesses the role of Turkey in the diplomatic process towards resolution of the Iranian nuclear issue within the context of its improving bilateral relations with Iran and analyzes the motives behind increasing Turkish involvement in this issue. Firstly, this thesis will present a historical overview of Iran

<p>The individual educational plan (IEP) is a document used in Swedish schools. The purpose of the document is to help and support students who have difficulties in their schoolwork in various ways. In my experience, the student does not always understand the importance of establishing an IEP as a support and help at school. In this study I try to understand the students’ experience of its relevance and purpose and the impact which can be achieved by an IEP. Four students took part in the study, and below you will find a few of the questions asked in the study:</p><p> </p><ul><li>What does it feel like as a student to obtain an IEP? </li><li>What experiences do students have of IEPs?</li><li>As a student what are your ideas when it comes to coping with the measures described? Are they opportunities or obstacles? </li></ul><p> </p><p>In my review of surveys and literature IEPs are examined from different points of view by writers who especially bring up the situation of students and young people in the society they live in, which affects their situation in the daily schoolwork in different ways.</p><p>The result of the study shows that the students expect their IEPs to help them, but they do not seem to find any strategy for the work. The students describe that it feels good that the problems are brought to light, but at the same time they realize that it will be hard work to reach the target, as they look upon their previous achievements in school as a problem. Finally the question is asked whether an IEP should really be made for students who are absolutely fed up with school and who feel that they do not have much choice when it comes to influencing their school situation on the whole?</p>