This study is about South Africa’s diplomatic initiatives in the DRC from 1990 to 2009. It concentrates on the implementation of the transitional phase to prepare for the elections in 2006 and the implementation of the post conflict reconstruction and development (PCRD) projects from 2006 onwards. The study argues that South Africa’s ability to facilitate peace which ended a full-scale war in the DRC should be highly commended as one of its diplomatic achievements. Its experience of negotiations and mediation to end apartheid has placed it in a favourable position amongst other global players. It supported its ambition of ensuring that the development of the African Continent is prioritized on the global agenda. However, South Africa does not have any experience in transitional diplomacy and this study has highlighted that it needs sufficient capacity and strategies first before it engages in it. Such capacity should be informed by a full understanding of the receiving country in order to prepare the diplomats accordingly. Clarity of South Africa’s national interest in pursuing transitional diplomacy seems weak and therefore confuses ‘teams on the ground’ as they are not always sure how to manouvre within a very complex and highly contested country like the DRC. The role of the international community, members of the Great Lakes and the Congolese population has been highlighted as being critical to assist the DRC to achieve stability and sustainable peace. Without political will and leadership from the DRC leaders themselves, all diplomatic efforts will be futile. Ten years is a very short time to assess the success of post-conflict reconstruction activities but useful lessons have been drawn from this evaluation. They have enhanced our understanding of transitional diplomacy and some of them can be used as models and guidelines which will improve intervention in future projects. / Dissertation (MDiplomatic Studies)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Nätmobbning har länge varit ett omfattande problem bland barn och ungdomar, särskilt i skolverksamheten. I och med den snabba utvecklingen av internet har mobbning börjat uttryckas i en ny domän, nämligen internet. Detta fenomen kallas för cybermobbning. Syfte: Syftet med följande uppsats är att undersöka upplevelsen av nätmobbning samt vilka strategier som finns för att bekämpa nätmobbning. Metod: För att besvara det som efterfrågas i uppsatsen har en litteraturstudie av kvalitativ ansats använts. Resultat: Resultatet visar att barn och ungdomar som utsatts för mobbning kan få bestående problem, både socialt och intellektuellt. Slutsats: Det främjande arbetet bör innehålla information om konsekvenserna av nätmobbning. Vuxna som är uppväxta under andra omständigheter där internet inte varit lika omfattande i vardagen bör även få en vidgad uppfattning av nätmobbning. / Background: Cyberbullying has long been a problem among children and young people and especially in school activities. With the rapid development of the internet, bullying has begun to be expressed in a new arena, namely the internet. This is often called cyberbullying. Purpose: The purpose of the following paper is to investigate the experience of cyberbullying and what possible strategies exist to combat cyberbullying. Method: To answer the purpose, a literature review with qualitative approach has been used. Results: The results show that children and young people who have been bullied can have lasting problems, both socially and intellectually. Conclusion: The conclusion that can be drawn from the following study is that the promotion work should include information on the consequences of cyberbullying. Adults who grew up in other circumstances where the internet has not been as extensive in everyday life should also have a broader perception of cyberbullying.

L'écoulement autour d'un objet partiellement immergé comme une carène ou une pile de pont est une configuration fondamentale au regard de la dynamique de la surface libre. La caractérisation de cet écoulement est essentielle dans des applications environnementales, ou pour des systèmes d'énergies marines renouvelables. De telles structures sont soumises à des efforts de traînée et de portance provenant de l'interaction avec le courant, la houle, et la surface libre. Ce travail s'inscrit dans la compréhension des efforts s'exerçant sur des objets partiellement immergés. Notre problématique est simplifiée en considérant une géométrie cylindrique. Nous présentons des résultats expérimentaux obtenus en canal, où le cylindre est tracté ainsi que des résultats numériques obtenus à l'aide du code YALES2, basé sur la méthode des volumes finis. Le cylindre vertical est partiellement immergé et le sillage généré derrière le cylindre est caractérisé par une déformation de la surface libre. L'écoulement derrière le cylindre est gouverné par les nombres de Reynolds et de Froude, caractérisant l'importance des effets inertiels et gravitaires. Ces nombres sans dimension sont définis à l'aide du diamètre du cylindre. La gamme de vitesse balayée et les diamètres utilisés permettent d'atteindre des nombres de Reynolds jusqu'à 240 000, et des nombres de Froude jusqu'à 2.4 correspondant à un sillage turbulent. L'attention est portée sur les fortes déformations de surface libre allant jusqu'à sa rupture et l'entraînement d'air. En particulier, deux modes d'entrainement d'air ont été observés : (i) dans la cavité le long du cylindre et (ii) dans le sillage du cylindre. La vitesse critique à l'entraînement d'air dans la cavité a été mesurée et son évolution est comparée avec une loi d'échelle proposée par Benusiglio. Nous avons observé l'influence de cet entraînement d'air sur les efforts de traînée grâce à des mesures à l'aide de capteurs piézoélectriques. Nos résultats sont comparés avec des résultats expérimentaux à des Reynolds et Froude inférieurs et des résultats sans surface libre. Une comparaison avec des résultats numériques est également réalisée. La présence de la surface libre et de l'entraînement d'air dans la cavité entraîne une diminution des efforts de traînée par rapport au cas monophasique. Numériquement, le code utilise une méthode level-set pour la description de la surface libre et permet de reproduire les phénomènes d'entraînement d'air, la déformation de la surface libre et la dynamique de l'écoulement autour du cylindre. Ce travail étend la gamme de paramètres adimensionnels parcourus expérimentalement et numériquement, et met en évidence l'effet de l'entrainement d'air sur les efforts de traînée. / The flow past ships or an emerged body such as bridge pilar, is a fundamental, familiar and fascinating sight.Measurements and modelling of this simple flow can have relevance to offshore structures and renewable energy systems. The interaction of such structures with marine environment lead to drag, lift forces and free-surface effects.Our current problem is simplified by considering cylindrical geometry. This work presents experimental results, in which vertical cylinders are translated at constant speed through water initially at rest, and numerical results using YALES2 computing code based on finite volume method. The cylinders are partially immersed, then the motion induces turbulent wake and free-surface deformation. The flow is governed by the Reynolds and Froude numbers defined with cylinder diameter. The explored range of parameters are in the regime of turbulent wake with experiments carried out for Reynolds number up to 240 000, and Froude number up to 2.4. The focus here is on drag force measurements and strong free-surface deformation up to rupture and air-entrainment. Two modes of air-entraiment have been observed: (i) in the wake of the cylinder and (ii) in a cavity along the cylinder wall. Results are as follows. First, a scaling for the critical velocity for air-entrainment in the cavity proportional to D1/5 proposed by Benusiglio is recovered. Secondly, drag coefficients measured by piezoelectric sensors are smaller in two phase flow compared to monophasic case, and air-entrainment in the cavity enhances this decrease. Numerically, YALES2 uses level-set method for the descirption of the free-surface, and is able to reproduce air-entrainment phenomenon, free-surface deformations and flow dynamics around the cylinder. The present work expands the range of dimensionless parameters and highlights free-surface effects on drag forces.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka kunskapen om vilka insatser som hör till arbetsterapi i primärvården enligt andra professioner. Idag saknas studier som belyser de andra professionernas kunskaper om vilka insatser som arbetsterapin inom primärvården bidrar till i patientarbetet. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en kvantitativ ansats som baserades på en enkätundersökning med 52 deltagare ifrån regionerna: Södermanland, Jönköping, Skåne, Halland och Västerbotten. Populationen bestod av: fysioterapeuter, läkare, psykologer, sjuksköterskor, undersköterskor, verksamhetschefer och vårdadministratörer. Ett obundet slumpmässigt urval användes i studien. Resultat: Studiens resultat visade att majoriteten av deltagarna hade kunskap om insatser inom arbetsterapi i primärvården. Dock ansåg majoriteten deltagare i studien inte/eller var tveksamma inför insatser såsom: ”Körkortsbedömning vid utredning och beslut kring fortsatt bilkörande efter skada eller sjukdom”, ”Arbetsplatskartläggning” och ”Kognitiv bedömning vid neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar” till att vara insatser i utrednings- och bedömningsarbetet inom arbetsterapi i primärvården. Majoriteten deltagare ansåg även inte/eller var tveksamma inför insatsen: ”Träning av arbetsförmåga” inom interventionsarbetet till att vara en insats inom arbetsterapi i primärvården. Slutsats: Författaren anser att det är viktigt att andra professioner inom primärvården har insikt i vilka insatser arbetsterapeuten har för att patienten ska få vård i god tid. Slutsatserna ur denna studie kan bidra till nya insikter inom hälso- och sjukvården, och förbundet ”Sveriges Arbetsterapeuter” varpå kvalitetsarbete och riktlinjer för vilka insatser som borde ingå i arbetsterapeutyrket inom primärvården kan göras. / Aim: The aim of this study was to examine occupational therapy work efforts that belong to occupational therapy in primary care according to other professions. There are no studies today that shed light on the knowledge of other professionals concerning the contributions that occupational therapy in primary care contributes to in work with patients. Method: The study was conducted with a quantitative approach, which was based on a survey of 52 participants from the regions of: Södermanland, Jönköping, Skåne, Halland and Västerbotten. The population consisted of: physiotherapists, doctors, psychologists, nursing assistants, heads of departments and care administrators. An unbound random sample was used in this study. Result: The result of the study showed that the majority of the contributions in the survey coming from the brochure ”Arbetsterapi i primärvården” ("Occupational Therapy in Primary Care") (Sveriges arbetsterapeuter, 2014) was confirmed as occupational therapy work efforts in primary care according to the other professions. However, the majority of participants in this study did not consider or were hesitant about work efforts such as: ”Körkortsbedömning vid utredning och beslut kring fortsatt bilkörande efter skada eller sjukdom” ("Driving license assessment in investigations and decisions regarding continued driving after injury or illness"), ”Arbetsplatskartläggning” ("Workplace mapping") and ”Kognitiv bedömning vid neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar” ("Cognitive assessment in neuropsychiatric disabilities") to be investigative assessment and assessment procedures within occupational therapy in primary care. The majority of participants also did not consider or were hesitant about the intervention: ”Träning av arbetsförmåga” ("Training of work ability") as an intervention in occupational therapy in primary care. Conclusion: The author believes that it is important that other professions in primary care have an insight into the efforts of the occupational therapist to ensure that the patient is getting proper care in an earlier stage. The conclusions of this study could contribute to new insights in the health care system, and the association "Sweden's Occupational Therapists" whereupon quality work and guidelines for which interventions should be included in the occupational therapy profession in primary care can be made.

The growth of business-to-business auctions presents the quality-focused business organization with many opportunities and some serious challenges. In this context, the absence of a well-designed organizational e-business auction-based strategy has the potential to promote business practices which may erode organizational quality gains. This article presents a conceptual open system approach designed to improve the quality focus of business-to-business auctions practices. The open system approach advocated in this article is quality focused and supply-chain sensitive.

This study has several objectives: (1) To explore the underlying factors behind male youth criminality; (2) what intervention measures and preventive work organizations and authorities use, and finally, (3) how well these measures are linked to evidence. The study has used a qualitative approach and semi-structured interviews have been conducted. The sample consists of individuals who have worked for at least one year with youth criminality. The results showed several different underlying factors that lead to criminality, the most prevalent factors that were addressed were association, family, socio-economic status (SES), money and status. The most recurring intervention measures that were raised were conversations in various forms such as discussion groups; coaching; MI; contact persons; but also forms of education such as lectures were brought up as a type of intervention. The main takeaway point of the study is that the interventions currently used are linked to established evidence, but also that the interviewed respondents agreed that socio-economic status plays a major factor in youth criminality. What we have also reached the conclusion is that it is not only the social or individual aspects that influence whether individuals initiate a criminal career, but that the these interact with each other. / Syftet med detta arbete är att: (1) undersöka bakomliggande faktorer till varför unga män blir brottsbenägna, (2) vilka interventionsinsatser och förebyggande arbete som organisationer och myndigheter använder och (3) hur väl länkade de är till evidens. Studien har använt sig utav en kvalitativ ansats och det har genomförts semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet består av individer som arbetat i minst ett år med frågan om ungdomskriminalitet. Resultatet pekar på flera olika bakomliggande faktorer som leder till brottsbenägenhet, de mest återkommande faktorerna som tog upp var umgänge, familj, socioekonomisk ställning (SES), pengar och status. De mest återkommande interventionsinsatserna som togs upp var samtal i olika former såsom samtalsgrupper, coachning, MI, kontaktperson men även utbildningsformer såsom föreläsningar togs upp som en typ av insats. Slutsatsen av hela arbetet är framförallt att de interventionsinsatser som används är länkade till etablerad evidens, men även att de respondenter som intervjuas instämmer i att den socioekonomiska statusen spelar en stor faktor till ungdomskriminaliteten. Det vi även har kommit fram till är att det inte enbart är de sociala eller individuella aspekterna som påverkar individen till att begå brott, utan dessa aspekter samspelar med varandra.

Under en kort tid har brottsligheten i Sverige ökat och blivit ett allvarligt och omtalat samhällsproblem. Det är en komplex process att lämna en kriminell miljö som ofta kan innebära en rad olika utmaningar. Samhörighet och sociala band som formas i kriminella miljöer kan fördröja processen att lämna på grund av en stark identifikation till gruppen. Stöd och insatser av samhället är viktigt för att en individ ska kunna förändra sin identitet som kriminell. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att undersöka subjektiva upplevelser av hur stigmatisering, stämplingsprocesser och stödinsatser påverkat exitprocessen i utvecklingen till en icke-kriminell identitet. Utgångspunkten för studien var en socialpsykologisk ansats som studerades genom teorier om social identitet, stigmatisering, stämpling och exitprocess. Tio respondenter från avhopparverksamheten Kriminellas revansch i samhället (KRIS) deltog i studien och intervjuades med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visade att KRIS stödinsatser har en positiv påverkan på utvecklingen av en icke-kriminell identitet genom att bidra till en känsla av stöd och acceptans. De respondenter som inte hade gjort en geografisk separation upplevde stämpling och stigma i större bemärkelse. Stämplingsprocesser och stigmatisering visade sig ha en negativ inverkan på utvecklingen till en icke-kriminell identitet under exitprocessen. Medlemskapet hos KRIS har fungerat som en skyddad miljö från stämpling och stigmatiseringen som underlättat identitetsformande i exitprocessen. / Over a short period of time, crime in Sweden has increased and become a serious and publicized social problem. It is a complex process to leave a criminal environment that can often involve a number of different challenges. Cohesion and social ties formed in criminal environments can delay the process of leaving due to a strong identification with the group. Support and efforts by society are important for an individual to be able to change his identity as a criminal. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate subjective experiences of how stigmatization, labeling processes and support efforts affected the exit process in the development to a non-criminal identity. The starting point for studies was a social psychological approach that was studied through theories of social identity, stigmatization, labeling and exit process. Ten respondents from the dropout activity Criminal Revenge in Society (KRIS) participated in studies and interviews using semi-structured interviews. The results showed that KRIS's support efforts have a positive impact on the development of a non-criminal identity by contributing to a feeling of support and acceptance. The respondents who had not made a geographical separation experienced labeling and stigma in a larger sense. Stamping processes and stigmatization were found to have a negative impact on the development to a non-criminal identity in the exit process. The membership of KRIS has functioned as a protected environment from labeling and stigmatization that facilitates identity formation in the exit process.

<p>Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted significant attention in recent years with their immense potential to revolutionize optoelectronics and electrochemical energy applications. However, several challenges have prevented their practical use, including fabrication difficulties, incompatibility with conventional doping techniques, and unwanted environmental effects. This thesis aims to address the issues by introducing novel strategies for transforming TMDs into organic-integrated hybrid structures. Furthermore, this study focuses on gaining a fundamental understanding and a tunability of the unique physical properties of TMDs. Finally, to unlock their full potential, this thesis explores synergetic effects among the hybrid components for the development of advanced optoelectronics and energy devices. </p> <p><br></p> <p>By combining atomically thin TMDs with uniform organic layers, we have developed various two-dimensional (2D) hybrid junctions, including TMD/organic, TMD/TMD/organic, and TMD/organic/TMD. The TMD/organic hybrids are designed for type-II energy band alignments at the heterointerface and exhibit significantly improved (photo)conductivity and uniform photoresponse compared to pristine TMDs. The optoelectronic characteristics vary as a function of the layer number of TMDs, one of the unique features of ultrathin materials. We also find that integrating organic layers can tailor the charge density and polarity of TMD flakes, thus enabling controllable doping without damaging the crystallinity. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The hybrid approach not only modulates the properties of individual TMD layers but also offers an opportunity to study unique phenomena of 2D heterostructures such as interlayer excitons (XIs). XIs are spatially separated bound states of an electron and a hole in TMD/TMD heterolayers. We prepared various TMD/TMD/organic hybrid heterostructures with distinct energy band alignments and demonstrated a selective modulation of XI emission. The photoluminescence from the radiative recombination of XIs can be preserved, quenched, or modulated based on the band alignments. Furthermore, we fabricated organic-layer-inserted heterolayers (TMD/organic/TMD) and investigated the environmental effects on XIs. The organic layers tailor the dielectric screening within XIs and the dipolar interaction among XIs, thus regulating the energy states of XIs.</p> <p> </p> <p>In addition to the rich potential in optoelectronics, the hybrid strategies are advantageous to improve electrochemical energy storage. We constructed hybrid composites from core carbon nanotubes, intermediate metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and outer TMD layers for supercapacitor electrodes. The 3D hierarchical composites aim to achieve synergetic effects from the components and offer high energy density while maintaining excellent power density and durability. Percolated nanotube networks are highly conductive, MOFs ensure a fast ion diffusivity, and TMD offers a large ion capacity. We engineered the TMD morphologies via topochemical synthesis and determined the optimal structure maximizing faradaic-reactive surface areas for improved ion accumulation and redox energy storage. We found that the hybrid composite of a flower-like TMD structure interwoven with carbon networks exhibits an unprecedentedly high energy density of over 80 Wh/kg, superior to conventional supercapacitors. </p> <p><br></p> <p>In summary, this thesis presents powerful strategies for engineering atomically thin TMDs and critical insights on relevant physics which may not be accessible otherwise. Given the extensive library of organic molecules, the hybrid approach may provide a versatile platform to study 2D materials and open new opportunities. The findings could serve as the foundation for the development of novel optoelectronic and energy storage applications.</p>

This qualitative study explored fifth graders' perceptions of their mathematics learning within the context of a reform effort. Students' voices are the focus of this study due to the paucity of literature on student learning from the students' perspective (Erickson & Shultz, 1992), particularly the elementary student (Gentilucci, 2004). The participants of this study, who in the past have been given a variety of labels including "disadvantaged" or "at-risk," clearly articulated, even in nonstandard English, their perceptions of their mathematics learning. They passionately explained what helped them learn mathematics as well as what impeded their mathematics learning and were often incredibly insightful in their commentary. In an effort to hear and present the student voices, the data gathering methods used in this study included the use of focus groups, one-on-one interviews, and classroom observations as well as the use of a student survey. Several ethnographic methods and practices were employed to help ensure the credibility of this study, including triangulation and member checking. Data analysis involved a highly detailed, organic process which culminated in the emergence of a number of significant themes involving students' perspectives of mathematics, their mathematics experiences prior to fifth grade, and finally their perspectives of their learning during the first year of a mathematics reform effort. A number of valuable lessons learned as a result of this study are presented and translated into implications for the elementary mathematics classroom. These lessons, based on the students' own voices, urge teachers to prioritize mathematics instruction, effectively utilize manipulatives, games, and alternative algorithms as well as encourage classroom discourse about mathematics. If teachers would follow this outline, provided by the students' voices, students' mathematical power will be more deeply realized. Additionally, the promise of true reform due to the transformational power of students' voices is discussed and the possibilities defined.

The purpose of this study was to get an extended view over social workers work with honor related violence. This topic was classified as a problem in Sweden first when three different women were murdered in results of honor related violence. Thereafter the case where Fadima was murdered  in 2002, the Swedish governments started to discuss possible supports that can help solve this problem. The main purpose was to find out how social services view honor related violence and what support they have for the ones that are abused. Although anybody can be a victim of honor related violence the study has mainly focused on the girls and young women that are a victim of honor related violence.  We wanted to get a more extended view over the issues, therefore we used a qualitative thematic analysis. This method has been executed by semi-structured interviews. The interviews that have been conducted were with social secretaries that work in Social services with honor related violence.  After reviewing our interview results we started analyzing the data. The results show that there are different supports for the girls and young women that are a victim of honor related violence. The problem is that these supports have not always shown achievements. This is not only due to a lack of support from Social Services. This depends on the victim and if the victims will go through with the support. Therefore the government needs to work with the families that expose these girls for honor related violence to try to change their view.