El Presupuesto Participativo (PP) se ha configurado como una de las principales herramientas de gobernanza para la inclusión de la ciudadanía en la toma de decisiones a nivel local y ha sido promovida por procesos descentralizadores a lo largo de la región. La literatura especializada constata, sin embargo, que este mecanismo presenta una serie de deficiencias que han llevado a un “desencantamiento" de este por parte de la ciudadanía y sus organizaciones. Este desencantamiento se ha expresado, principalmente, en una disminución gradual en el número de participantes en el presupuesto participativo En el Perú, el caso emblemático y posteriormente institucionalizado por las reformas descentralizadoras fue el de Villa El Salvador. Este caso, circunscrito en una alta tradición participativa local, parece no haber sido inmune a los problemas que han venido caracterizando a las experiencias del PP. En este sentido, la presente investigación se abocará en entender cómo ha variado la participación en el PP en Villa el Salvador en los últimos años y, sobre todo, qué motivos o incentivos tienen aquellos que siguen participando. / The Participatory Budget (PB) has been configured as one of the main governance tools for the inclusion of citizens in local decision-making and has been promoted by decentralizing processes throughout the region. The specialized literature notes, however, that this mechanism presents a series of deficiencies that have led to a “disenchantment” of this mechanism on the part of citizens and their organizations. This disenchantment has been expressed, mainly, in a gradual decrease in the number of participants in the participatory budget. In Peru, the emblematic case, later institutionalized by the decentralization reforms, was that of Villa El Salvador. This case, circumscribed in a high local participatory tradition, seems not to have been immune to the problems that have been characterizing PB experiences. In this sense, the present research will focus on understanding how participation in PB in Villa El Salvador has varied in recent years and, above all, what motives or incentives those who continue to participate have.

Del análisis de los resultados de la investigación, se deduce que los empresarios metalmecanicos poseen un amplio portafolio de productos como maquinarias de construcción civil y carpintería así como equipos de refrigeración, gastronomía y recreacionales y una significativa diversidad de muebles metálicos multiuso para el hogar, centros de salud, gimnasios, comercio, autoservicios entre otros. La especialización flexible de estas PYMES revela que en el sector metalmecanico de Villa el Salvador existen empresas que producen servicios automotrices empleando torneras y fundidoras que construyen piezas y repuestos con insumos de alta calidad / Based on the analysis of the results of the research, it can be deduced that the Metal-mechanic businessman owned a large portfolio of products as civil construction machines and carpentry, as well as refrigeration, gastronomy and recreational equipment, and a significant range of multiuse metallic furniture for the house, health centers, gymnasiums, markets, self-services establishments, among others. The specialization of this PYMES reveals there are companies that produce self-propelled services using lathe operators and founders that build pieces and replacements with high quality materials in the metal-mechanic sector of Villa El Salvador.

This work studies the images of children and youth in difficult family, social, and legal situations from the twenties to the eighties of the twentieth century in El Salvador. The study proceeds by examining criminological debates, editorial and op-ed positions on children, family, and education, as well as the establishment of correctional schools and other institutions charged with the treatment of neglected minors. It employs on newspapers, magazines, and the reports of public institutions as sources to explore the appearance, transformation, and development of public sensibilities to the life of the child and youth population, the laws, courts, schools, and observation centers, as well as the incorporation of professionals and specialized knowledges dedicated to the inquiry, diagnostics, and treatment of the “irregular minors” of El Salvador. / En este trabajo se estudian las imágenes de la niñez y la juventud en dificultades familiares, sociales y legales de los años veinte a los ochenta del siglo XX en El Salvador. Para ello se ha examinado el debate criminológico, la opinión editorial sobre niñez, familia y educación, y el establecimiento de escuelas correctoras y otras instituciones encargadas del tratamiento de individuos menores de edad en desamparo. En este trabajo se han utilizado periódicos, revistas e informes de instituciones públicas para explorar el surgimiento, transformación y desarrollo de sensibilidades públicas a la vida de la población infantil y juvenil, leyes, juzgados, escuelas y centros de observación, así como la incorporación de profesionales y saberes especializados dedicados a la indagación, diagnóstico y tratamiento de los “menores irregulares” de El Salvador.

No description available.

Under what circumstances does foreign donor assistance during war-to-peace transitions contribute to the strengthening of civil society and the deepening of democracy? I answer this question through a comparative study of civil society development in the Palestinian territories and El Salvador, where I conducted 130 interviews with directors of donor agencies, grassroots activists, and directors of NGOs. Divergent civil society developments in the Palestinian territories and El Salvador after the signing of peace accords in the early 1990s present a real puzzle given the pre-accord similarities in civil society organization between the two cases. Both the Palestinian territories and El Salvador had a legacy of rich, vibrant grassroots organization and civil society activity during their protracted conflicts. In both settings, grassroots organizations have played central roles in non-violent resistance, consciousness-raising, and the provision of community services. Moreover, after the initiation of the peace processes in both the Palestinian territories and El Salvador, foreign donors provided substantial assistance to civil society groups. However, their civil society developmental paths diverged sharply during the war-to-peace transition. In the Palestinian territories, existing civil society organizations have engaged less actively with their previous grassroots constituencies since the start of the war-to-peace transition, and the number of grassroots-based civil society organizations has decreased. Moreover, many of these organizations have been limited in their access to institutions that engage the state. In El Salvador, the re-constitution of civil society has led to its broad access to institutions that engage the state and to higher levels of grassroots inclusion in the political transformation process. / I argue that these divergent outcomes in the Palestinian territories and El Salvador reflect the differential effects that foreign assistance has on civil society after more or less inclusive political settlements. I find that in cases like the Palestinian territories, where the political settlement excludes important socio-political groups, foreign donor assistance is less likely to contribute to the strengthening of civil society or the deepening of democracy. Rather, foreign donor assistance to civil society is more likely to exacerbate political polarization and weaken civil society by further privileging those select groups already favored by the terms of the non-inclusive settlement. Conversely, after more inclusive political settlements like in El Salvador, foreign donor assistance can play a more constructive role in developing civil society and contributing to the deepening of democracy by encouraging grassroots organization, and expanding access to political institutions that engage the state.

Zugl.: Dresden, Techn. Univ., Magisterarbeit, 2005. / Hergestellt on demand.

This work studies the images of children and youth in difficult family, social, and legal situations from the twenties to the eighties of the twentieth century in El Salvador. The study proceeds by examining criminological debates, editorial and op-ed positions on children, family, and education, as well as the establishment of correctional schools and other institutions charged with the treatment of neglected minors. It employs on newspapers, magazines, and the reports of public institutions as sources to explore the appearance, transformation, and development of public sensibilities to the life of the child and youth population, the laws, courts, schools, and observation centers, as well as the incorporation of professionals and specialized knowledges dedicated to the inquiry, diagnostics, and treatment of the “irregular minors” of El Salvador. / En este trabajo se estudian las imágenes de la niñez y la juventud en dificultades familiares, sociales y legales de los años veinte a los ochenta del siglo XX en El Salvador. Para ello se ha examinado el debate criminológico, la opinión editorial sobre niñez, familia y educación, y el establecimiento de escuelas correctoras y otras instituciones encargadas del tratamiento de individuos menores de edad en desamparo. En este trabajo se han utilizado periódicos, revistas e informes de instituciones públicas para explorar el surgimiento, transformación y desarrollo de sensibilidades públicas a la vida de la población infantil y juvenil, leyes, juzgados, escuelas y centros de observación, así como la incorporación de profesionales y saberes especializados dedicados a la indagación, diagnóstico y tratamiento de los “menores irregulares” de El Salvador.

CAPS - Centro de Atenção Psicosocial / Esta dissertação analisa a evolução da cooperação Sul-Sul do Brasil, sob as perspectivas teórica e histórica, com a finalidade de compreender se e de que maneira essa atuação é capaz de contribuir tanto para os objetivos da política externa brasileira, como para fomentar o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas em outros países. Dessa maneira, são apresentados os marcos teóricos e históricos da cooperação internacional, da cooperação para o desenvolvimento, da cooperação Sul-Sul, bem como a cooperação triangular e a cooperação técnica. Ademais das particularidades relacionadas à cooperação técnica em direitos humanos desenvolvida pelo Brasil com países do Eixo Sul-Sul, à luz do modelo de transferência de políticas públicas de Dolowitz e Marsh. Por fim, são debatidos os detalhes e resultados da cooperação com El Salvador em direitos humanos, sob a perspectiva do projeto de cooperação técnica bilateral intitulado “BRA/04/044-S181 – Enfrentamento da Violência Sexual contra Crianças e Adolescentes”, eleito para estudo de caso considerando-se as dinâmicas e conceitos da cooperação Sul-Sul e os impactos gerados pela atuação brasileira na cooperação técnica em direitos humanos. / This thesis analyzes the evolution of the South-South cooperation in Brazil, under theoretical and historical perspectives, in order to understand if and in what way this it is capable of contributing to both the objectives of the Brazilian foreign policy and to fostering the development of public policies in other countries. In this way, theoretical and historical frameworks of the international cooperation, cooperation for development, South-South cooperation, also the triangular cooperation and technical cooperation will be presented; in addition to the particularities regarding technical cooperation in human rights developed by Brazil with countries of the South-South axis, in light of the model of transfer of public policies of Dolowitz and Marsh. Finally, the details and results of the cooperation with El Salvador in human rights are discussed, under the perspective of the bilateral technical cooperation project entitled "BRA/04/044-S181 – Confronting Sexual Violence against Children and Adolescents", elected for study considering the dynamics and concepts of South-South cooperation and the impacts generated by Brazilian external action in technical cooperation on human rights. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

This work studies the images of children and youth in difficult family, social, and legal situations from the twenties to the eighties of the twentieth century in El Salvador. The study proceeds by examining criminological debates, editorial and op-ed positions on children, family, and education, as well as the establishment of correctional schools and other institutions charged with the treatment of neglected minors. It employs on newspapers, magazines, and the reports of public institutions as sources to explore the appearance, transformation, and development of public sensibilities to the life of the child and youth population, the laws, courts, schools, and observation centers, as well as the incorporation of professionals and specialized knowledges dedicated to the inquiry, diagnostics, and treatment of the “irregular minors” of El Salvador. / En este trabajo se estudian las imágenes de la niñez y la juventud en dificultades familiares, sociales y legales de los años veinte a los ochenta del siglo XX en El Salvador. Para ello se ha examinado el debate criminológico, la opinión editorial sobre niñez, familia y educación, y el establecimiento de escuelas correctoras y otras instituciones encargadas del tratamiento de individuos menores de edad en desamparo. En este trabajo se han utilizado periódicos, revistas e informes de instituciones públicas para explorar el surgimiento, transformación y desarrollo de sensibilidades públicas a la vida de la población infantil y juvenil, leyes, juzgados, escuelas y centros de observación, así como la incorporación de profesionales y saberes especializados dedicados a la indagación, diagnóstico y tratamiento de los “menores irregulares” de El Salvador.

La presente investigación, Relación entre el estilo de liderazgo del director y el desempeño docente en las instituciones educativas públicas del 2do. Sector de Villa El Salvador de la UGEL N° 01 San Juan de Miraflores en los años 2009 y 2010, se realizó tratando de responder a la pregunta principal: ¿cuál es la relación que existe entre los estilos de liderazgo del director y el desempeño docente en las instituciones educativas públicas del 2do. Sector de Villa El Salvador, de la UGEL N° 01 San Juan de Miraflores, en los años 2009 y 2010? Así también, buscamos responder a las preguntas: ¿cuál es la relación que existe entre los estilos de liderazgo autoritario del director y el desempeño docente en las instituciones educativas públicas del 2do. Sector de Villa El Salvador? ¿Cuál es la relación que existe entre los estilos de liderazgo democrático del director y el desempeño docente en las instituciones educativas públicas del 2do. Sector de Villa El Salvador? ¿Cuál es la relación que existe entre los estilos de liderazgo liberal del director y el desempeño docente en las instituciones educativas públicas del 2do. Sector de Villa El Salvador?. El objetivo general fue demostrar que en las instituciones educativas públicas del 2do. Sector de Villa El Salvador de la UGEL N° 01 San Juan de Miraflores, en los años 2009 y 2010, existe relación entre el estilo de liderazgo del director y el desempeño docente. Los objetivos específicos fueron demostrar: que en las instituciones educativas públicas del 2do. Sector de Villa El Salvador existe relación de liderazgo autoritario del director y el desempeño docente, asimismo, que en las instituciones educativas públicas del 2do. Sector de Villa El Salvador, existe relación entre el estilo de liderazgo democrático del director y el desempeño docente, y, finalmente, que las instituciones educativas públicas del 2do. Sector de Villa El Salvador, existe relación entre el estilo de liderazgo liberal del director y el desempeño docente. Para responder a las interrogantes planteadas como problema de investigación y cumplir con los objetivos de esta investigación, se elaboró cuatro encuestas dirigidas a los docentes y alumnos, las cuales fueron debidamente validadas y luego aplicadas en las instituciones educativas en estudio. Las muestras fueron: 156 docentes y 364 alumnos de ambas poblaciones. Del resultado de los datos, se concluye que existe relación entre el estilo de liderazgo del director y el desempeño docente. Se puede precisar, entonces, que los estilos de liderazgo del director influyen significativamente en el nivel básico alcanzando en la variable desempeño docente, es decir, a mayores valores en la aplicación de un buen estilo de liderazgo del director se obtienen valores altos en el nivel de desempeño de los docentes. El estilo de liderazgo que predominó fue el autoritario, seguido del estilo democrático y liberal. Los resultados indican que estos estilos se aplican en el nivel regular. Esto explica la deficiencia de los directores en practicar con claridad el estilo de liderazgo democrático permitiendo que otros estilos influyan en su gestión. Por tanto, como el 41% de los docentes se ubica en los niveles competente y destacado y el 59% en los niveles bajos, es necesario que el director incida con mayor claridad en la aplicación del estilo de liderazgo democrático, porque es el estilo que alcanzó el más alto grado de correlación en comparación con los demás estilos. / --- This research, the relationship betwe en principal le adership style and teacher performance in public educational institutions of the second sector of Villa El Salvador in the UGEL Nº 01 San Juan de Miraflores in 2009 and 2010. It was done trying to answer the main question: what is the relationship between authoritarian leadership styles of the principal and teacher performance in public educational institutions of the second sector of Villa El Salvador? What is the relationship between democratic leadership styles of the principal and teacher performance in public educational institutions of the second sector of Villa El Salvador? What is the relationship between liberal leadership styles and performance director teachers in public educational institutions of the second sector of Villa El Salvador? The general objective was to demonstrate that public educational institutions of the second sector of Villa El Salvador in UGEL Nº 01 San Juan de Miraflores, in the years 2009 and 2010, a relationship between principal leadership style and teacher performance. Specific objectives were to demonstrate: that public educational institutions of the second sector of Villa El Salvador relationship exists authoritarian leadership of the principal and teacher performance, likewise, that public educational institutions of the second sector of Villa El Salvador, successful relationship enter the institutions of the second sector of Villa El Salvador, there is a relationship between the liberal leadership style of the director and teacher performance. To respond to the questions raised as an issue of research and meet the objectives of this research was developed four surveys directed at teachers and students, which were duly valid and then applied in 7 educational institutions in studies, samples were: 156 teachers and 364 students of both populations. The result of the data concluded that there is relationship between the principal’s leadership style and teacher performance. You can define, then, that director leadership styles significantly influence the level reached in the variable basic teaching performance, le higher values in the aplicaiones of a good director’s leadership style high values are obtained at the performance of teachers. The predominant leadership style was authoritarian, democratic and followed the style liberal, the results indicate that these styles are applied in the regular level. This explains the failure of managers in practice clearly democratic leadership style allowing others to influence their management styles. Therefore, as 41% of teachers are located in the proficient and outstanding and 59% at low levels, it is necessary that the director more clearly impinges on the application of democratic leadership style, as is the style reached the highest degree of correlation in comparison with the other styles. / Tesis