Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Roberto Fraga / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração. Defesa: Curitiba, 07/03/2017 / Inclui referências / Resumo: O empreendedorismo, definido como a identificação de oportunidades de negócios e criação de empresas, tornou-se um fenômeno mundial que traz atenção tanto na academia como no mercado empresarial. Partindo do pressuposto que os empreendedores não possuem inicialmente todos os recursos necessários para criar as empresas, estes devem procurar de fontes externas, por meio dos seus contatos pessoais ou organizacionais, chamados de rede social dos empreendedores. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar como os empreendedores utilizam sua rede social no processo de criação de empresas, em diferentes contextos. A abordagem utilizada nesta pesquisa é do tipo qualitativa, realizando um estudo de casos múltiplos, com um total de seis casos, três deles em Curitiba, Brasil e três empreendimentos em San Salvador, El Salvador. Para a coleta dos dados foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os fundadores das empresas, assim como análise de documentos complementares. O período de coleta de dados foi entre agosto e novembro de 2016. Os dados foram organizados e analisados de acordo às categorias de análise definidas a priori para cada caso, e logo elaborando uma analise cruzada dos casos, finalizando com uma comparação entre os casos nos distintos países. Os principais resultados apontaram que tanto os empreendedores dos casos no Brasil quanto em El Salvador utilizam a sua rede social em todas as etapas do processo, utilizando principalmente a sua rede informal ou pessoal na etapa inicial para identificar oportunidades de negócio, e já nas etapas de preparação, lançamento e consolidação das empresas foi observada uma maior participação da rede formal ou organizacional na obtenção de diferentes tipos de recursos. Palavras-chave: Empreendedorismo. Rede social do empreendedor. Rede pessoal. Rede inter-organizacional. Brasil. El Salvador. / Abstract: Entrepreneurship, defined as the identification of business opportunities and the creation of a new firm, has become a worldwide phenomenon that has brought great attention for the academic field as well as for the business market. Based on the assumption that initially, the entrepreneurs do not own all the necessary resources to start the new business, they must search from external sources, like their personal or inter-organizational network, which is known as the entrepreneur's social network. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze how entrepreneurs use their social network in the business creation process, in different contexts. This study employed a qualitative research method, using a multiple case study strategy for a total of six cases, three of them in San Salvador, El Salvador and three in Curitiba, Brazil. Data collection method included in depth interviews with the business funders, as well as complementary document analysis. The data collection process was conducted from August to November of 2016. Collected data was organized and analyzed for each case according to previous defined categories, and later creating a cross-case analysis, to end by making a comparison of the cases between countries. Research findings showed that entrepreneurs studied in both countries, use their social network in all the business creation stages, mainly they use their personal network in the initial stage to identify the business opportunities, and on later stages it was verified more use of the inter-organizational network to access different types of resources. Key-words: Entrepreneuship. Social Networks. Personal Network. Inter-oganizational network. Brasil. El Salvador.

This study explores the role of public relations in the formation of a collective identity of the activists of the Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador (CISPES) between 1980 and 1990. CISPES was a radical U.S.-based organization comprised of a majority of white college-educated members. CISPES had two goals: 1) stop the U.S. military assistance to El Salvador, and 2) support the Salvadoran revolutionary movements that were fighting a U.S.-backed government. Through interviews, discourse analysis and historical research, this work shows that CISPES used as currency the whiteness of its activists, in conjunction with its educational background, to influence public opinion and policy-making in the U.S. The formation of CISPES as a white organization was partially achieved by continuous negotiations with Salvadoran radicals living in the U.S. Early in the 1990s, CISPES' collective identity as a white organization entered in crisis as internal debates on gender and race along with social changes in the national and international levels challenged dominant views and the status quo of whiteness and what this implies in political, social, and cultural spheres. This work proposes two models: the intersectional recruiting process and the ideological identity model of public relations. Both models were created using dialectical methodologies that understand public relations and social movements as processes of permanent contradictions between social conditions and ideology/discourse creation. This dissertation has real applications because it reveals how activist public relations can help the global struggle for social justice.

El pasado proceso de destitución del alcalde de la Municipalidad de Villa El Salvador en el 2012, no solo tuvo sustento de razón pública, sino que pudo estar asociado directamente al nivel de bienestar que tienen las personas en múltiples áreas en las que se desarrolla su vida. Este estudio propone explorar las necesidades de desarrollo dentro del discurso de un grupo de funcionarios de la MVES, y describir las asociaciones de las metas comunitarias de desarrollo asociadas a éstas. Mediante entrevistas a diez funcionarios municipales, se determinó cinco categorías de necesidades de desarrollo: Entorno Saludable, Fortalecer Educación y Empleo, Desarrollo Vecinal, Seguridad y Transporte, y sus once metas asociadas. A partir de estas, se identifica una tendencia hacia la modernización y un enfoque de desarrollo progresivo, donde destacan las variables esenciales para el desarrollo humano, como son contar con servicios básicos, proporcionar un ambiente limpio, seguridad y educación. Asimismo, se identifica en el discurso de los funcionarios, un énfasis en el rol de los pobladores como actores de su propio desarrollo familiar y comunal, y una propuesta de gestión municipal que aspire a generar dichas condiciones. / Last dismissal process of the mayor at the local government of Villa El Salvador on 2012, not only had sustaining public reason but may had be directly associated to people’s wellbeing level on the multiple areas where their lives develop. This research analyzes development needs within public speech of official managers, and to describe development community goals associated. Through interviews to ten official managers, five categories as development needs were identified: Healthy Environment, Education and Employment Strengthening, Neighborly Development, Security and Transportation, and its eleven associated goals. On this basis, a trend to modernization and progressive development approach was identified, and essential variables for human development where outlined, such as access to basic services, access to a clean environment, education and security. Likewise, was identified on the managers’ speech an emphasis on citizen’s role as actors of their own family and community development, and a management proposal that seeks to generate these conditions. / Tesis

El trabajo se divide en grandes temas: la función del poder y el sometimiento en la cultura, los orígenes de la tradición, una visión muy general sobre los grupos de historiantes en El Salvador, una descripción de cada uno de los municipios y grupos de historiantes activos y una explicación de los aspectos claves que ayudan a comprender la tradición. En cuanto a la función del poder y el sometimiento de la cultura, se ha establecido que, en una relación de confrontación, guerra o conquista como ha sido en el caso de América y España, la sociedad con una mayor ventaja militar, económica, tecnológica o política es capaz de imponerse primero, militarmente y luego, ideológicamente. Esto último incluye también elementos culturales como las tradiciones, las costumbres, el lenguaje, las normas, la historia y la religión; en ese contexto debe entenderse la implantación de los historiantes en la cultura salvadoreña. Los orígenes de la tradición, nos llevan hasta los primeros años de la conquista en México, pero también a las evidencias escritas entre los años 1768 y 1770 por el Arzobispo Pedro Cortez y Larraz. Aun cuando no se identifican otros textos que relacionen la fiesta de moros y cristianos o historiantes, se comprende que cuando el Arzobispo ha tomado nota de la existencia de la tradición, está ya ha sido instalada como una fiesta en la que participan focalmente, indígenas. El apartado referido a la visión global de los grupos de historiantes, nos conduce a la identificación de cada uno de los grupos activos ahora, pero también se han determinado un total de veintidós grupos que ahora no funcionan. En cuanto a los primeros, un resultado importante es una agenda de las festividades locales, con los santos patronos a los que se dedica la celebración, así como los parlamentos que son utilizados por los historiantes. En cuanto a los grupos inactivos, se identifican los municipios y la celebración patronal en la que se presentaban. Este grupo no es agotado, y en el futuro, se espera continuar identificando evidencias de la existencia pretérita de otros grupos que ya no están activos. A nivel de detalle, se hace una descripción de las características poblaciones de la localidad donde está el grupo activo, la historia municipal, la celebración, los parlamentos usados y la perspectiva de futuro de cada grupo. También se ha elaborado un mapa que localiza a los distintos grupos en las cordilleras especialmente, con algunas excepciones, y finalmente, se ha establecido algunas claves interpretativas de la existencia de los historiantes en El Salvador.

El estudio aborda cuatro principales factores asociados a las causas de deserción estudiantil a nivel universitario en El Salvador y las implicaciones que genera en el desarrollo profesional de los involucrados. Dicho estudio refleja conceptos de deserción estudiantil desde la perspectiva de diversos autores, se describen los antecedentes estadísticos tanto a nivel internacional como nacional, a pesar que en El salvador dicha información es escasa, se habla del comportamiento de la deserción estudiantil universitaria y los modelos teóricos que explican la deserción.

El estudio aborda de manera generalizada el impacto, pero también el aporte, que genera la televisión en su rol de informar, entretener, y educar. Por ello cuando se habla de función social de la televisión, es necesario comprender que éstos juegan un papel importante en la construcción de las sociedades al rededor del mundo, destacando que no son equitativos en su ejecución, siendo el que más se presenta -o el más efectivo- el de entretener, pero también anteponiéndose a las funciones de informar y esencialmente a la de educar.

This study of the market for apples produced in Massachusetts for markets in Central America was implemented in order to identify and quantify business possibilities in that region. Apple consumption in Central America is very high and growing, with an increase of more than 100% from 2005 to 2009, from $14 million worth of apples in 2005 to $31 million in 2009. There are increased opportunities for apples from the United States to gain access to this market due to the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA), enacted in 2005. This trade agreement lowers barriers and tariffs of products between the US and these countries. Apples are a very important commodity in Central America. For example, apples available for sale in El Salvador are imported from Chile, USA, Guatemala, and sometimes from Canada. In 2009, 52% of the apples imported by El Salvador were from the United States, 43% from Chile, and 4.8% from Guatemala. The majority of apples that are exported to El Salvador from the United States come from Washington State, followed by California and Oregon. During the summer of 2010, 165 consumers were surveyed and several supermarkets chains, wholesalers and local markets in El Salvador were canvassed in order to obtain information on the current apple market in El Salvador, with the goal to assess opportunities for apples from Massachusetts to enter this market. The most important attributes used by those surveyed in El Salvador when purchasing apples were quality (including taste, firmness, and size) and price. Medium and small sized apples are preferred as they are more economical for families, providing an opportunity for US growers to sell their smaller fruit that US consumer do not prefer. Delicious and gala are the varieties sold mostly. Apples are usually bought in supermarkets, fruits stalls in municipal markets, and from fruit peddlers on the street and on buses. During the Christmas holidays of 2010, another marketing survey was conducted to determine the acceptance in Central America of McIntosh apples from Massachusetts. Nearly 800 consumers were surveyed at five Wal-Mart stores in El Salvador after being given samples of McIntosh apples produced in Massachusetts. Consumers particularly liked the sweet-tart flavor, juiciness, and firmness. Due the results of these surveys, Wal-Mart Centro America Mexico expressed interest in developing a relationship with apple growers in the Northeastern United States.

El Salvadors drogproblematik är ett utbrett problem och flera studier visade på att majoriteten som konsumerade droger var den yngre generationen. Syftet med studien var att undersöka drogkonsumtion bland universitetsstudenter i La Universidad Centroamericana ”José Simeón Cañas” (UCA), i San Salvador, El Salvador och dess relation till kontextuella faktorer såsom familj, vänner, skola, samt attityder till lagar och regler. Hirschis sociala bandteori valdes till analysering av resultatet för att teorin tog upp sociala aspekter som kunde tillämpas på mina frågeställningar och syfte. Genomförandet av studien gjordes med hjälp av en kvantitativ forskningsansats. Metoden valdes primärt för att studiens resultat skulle kunna representera en population av universitetsstudenter, inte individuella synvinklar. De respondenter som ingick i urvalet till studien var universitetsstudenter som gick på la UCA i San Salvador, El Salvador. Detta representativa urval kunde sedan spegla populationen. Resultatet visade att en minoritet av studenterna använde/har använt droger. De droger som konsumerades var marijuana och kokain. Undersökningen fann att studenter som konsumerade droger hade bra hemförhållanden och bra förhållningssätt till skolan. Kontextuella faktorer som hade en viktig roll till varför studenter konsumerade droger var deras sociala krets av vänner, mest för att deras konsumtion av droger hände bland vänner. Det hittades även samband mellan drogkonsumenter och brottshandlingar som kunde ha grundat sig i studenternas negativa inställning gentemot rättsväsendet. / El Salvador's issue with drugs is a widespread problem and several studies showed that the majority who consumed drugs is the younger generation. The purpose of this study was to investigate drug use among university students in La Universidad Centroamericana “Jose Simeon Cañas" (UCA) in San Salvador, El Salvador and its relation to contextual factors such as family, friends, school, and attitudes to the law and regulations. Hirschis social bond theory was chosen for analysis of the results to the theory because the social aspects could be applied to my main questions and purpose. Implementation of the study was done using a quantitative research approach. The method was chosen primarily because it was aimed to represent a population of university students, not individual viewpoints. Respondents who were included in the sample of the study were university students from la UCA in San Salvador, El Salvador. This representative sample would be then able to reflect the population. Results showed that a minority of students’ used/have used drugs. The drugs which were consumed were marijuana and cocaine. It was found that students who consumed drugs had good home conditions and a good approach to school. Contextual factors that had a significant role as to why students consumed drugs were their social circle of friends, mostly because their consumption of drugs happened among friends. It was also found correlation between drug consumers and criminal acts that could have been based in the students' negative attitude towards the justice system.

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