Doenças coronárias causam a morte de milhões de pessoas anualmente. Uma dessas disfunções é a aterosclerose coronariana, acúmulo de placas lipídicas, fibrosas, e calcificadas na parede das coronárias. Esse acúmulo pode causar tromboses, infarto do miocárdio, ou morte cardíaca súbita. Porém, essas lesões apresentam graus distintos de periculosidade e elasticidade. As predominantemente lipídicas são de alto risco e elasticidade, enquanto as calcificadas e as fibrosas são mais estáveis e menos elásticas. O Ultrassom Intravascular (IVUS) é uma das modalidades de referência em diagnósticos e acompanhamento de doenças coronárias. Contudo, a imagem de IVUS pura fornece apenas informações subjetivas sobre vasos e placas; assim, é importante a criação de métodos e técnicas que possam tornar objetiva a análise dessa informação. Devido a isso, e levando em conta a riqueza de informações espaciais e temporais presentes nas imagens de IVUS, esse trabalho apresenta métodos de segmentação, e extração de características de lesões, que possibilitam a quantização de informações espaciais, e a discriminação de placas de baixo e elevado-risco. Consequentemente, fornecendo subsídios para diagnósticos, e procedimentos terapêuticos mais adequados. O método de segmentação combina Wavelet, Otsu, e Morfologia Matemática, para delineamento da parede do vaso. A avaliação do método foi feita usando 1300 imagens de IVUS, resultando em 92, 72% e 91, 9% de verdadeiros positivos, e 10, 7% e 9, 1% de falsos positivos, para o lúmen e borda da média adventícia, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, foi criado um método simples, para caracterização de placas a partir de suas propriedades mecânicas. Esse procedimento se baseia em computar um índice, chamado taxa de variação da área da placa, em imagens adquiridas pré e pós deformação do vaso e placas. Phantoms foram usados para avaliação, os resultados conseguidos com o índice proposto e um amplamente usado foram comparados. Uma correlação chegando à 99%, uma forte concordância usando Análise de Bland Altman, e Histogramas muito similares entre os dois índices, mostraram que o método proposto equivale ao já estabelecido. / Coronary diseases are the cause of death of millions of people annually. One of these dysfunctions is the coronary atherosclerosis, which is the accumulation of lipidic, fibrous and calcified plaques in the coronary wall. This accumulation may cause thrombosis, myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Nonetheless, the kind of plaques offers different levels of dangerousness and elasticity. The highly lipidic plaques are very elastic, offers high risk, while the calcified and fibrous are more stable and less elastic. The Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS) is the reference medical imaging modality for diagnostic and treatment of coronary diseases. However, the conventional IVUS images provides only anatomical vessel and plaque information; therefore, it is very important the creation of methods and techniques that could make objective the analysis of this information. Due to that, and taking into account the spatial and time information of IVUS images, this work presents methods of segmentation, and feature extraction of lesions, which make possible the quantization of spatial information, and the discrimination of high, and low risk plaques. Consequently, subsidies for diagnoses and more appropriate therapeutic procedures are provided. The segmentation method combines Wavelet, Otsu, and Mathematical Morphology, for the vessel wall delineation. The method evaluation was performed using 1300 IVUS images, resulting in 92, 72% and 91, 9% of true positives, and 10, 7% and 9, 1% of false positives, for the lumen and media adventitia border, respectively. Additionally, a simple method, for plaque characterization using the regarding mechanical properties was created. The procedure relies on computing an index, ratio of plaque area variation, in acquired images pre and post deformation procedure of vessel wall and plaques. Phantoms were used for evaluation. The results obtained by the proposed index, and a widely used one was compared. A correlation up to 99%, a strong agreement with Bland Altman, and similar Histograms between the two indexes demonstrated the equivalence between them; however, the proposed index is much simpler.

Ce travail porte sur l’étude des phénomènes induits par implantation d’hydrogène et/ou d’hélium dans le silicium monocristallin. Le cloquage et l’exfoliation dus à la coimplantation d’hélium et d’hydrogène ont été étudiés en fonction des paramètres d’implantation (énergie, fluence, courant, rapport H/He) et des conditions de recuit. Un comportement de type fenêtre à été observé dont le maximum de surface exfoliée dépend uniquement de la fluence. Deux mécanismes d’exfoliation liés aux régimes de fluence ont été identifiés et discutés. D’autre part, la microstructure des échantillons a été étudié par MET, et les déformations ont été mesurées par diffraction des Rayons X. Un modèle décrivant la distribution des contraintes dans le substrat implanté a été proposé. Le phénomène de delamination des substrats qui apparaît pour des conditions particulières d’implantation a également été étudié, comparé aux phénomènes de cloquage et exfoliation, et expliqué en utilisant des concepts de la mécanique de la fracture. Enfin, l’interaction élastique entre précipités d’He et d’H a été étudiée pour des profils d’implantation superposés et décalés. Dans ce dernier cas, nous avons montré que le champ de contraintes générées par les plaquettes d’hélium en surpression pouvait être utilisé comme source locale de contraintes pour contrôler la formation et la croissance de plaquettes d’hydrogène. Afin d’interpréter nos résultats expérimentaux, nous avons développé un modèle basé sur l’interaction élastique pour la nucléation des précipités dans un solide semi-infini. / The present work relates an investigation of H2 + and He+ coimplanted (001)-Si substrates. The phenomena of blistering and exfoliation were studied by SEM as a function of the implantation parameters (energy, fluence, current and H/He ration) and annealing protocol. A window behavior as function of the implanted fluence was observed and two distinct fluence dependents mechanisms of exfoliation were indentified and discussed. The microstructure of the implanted samples was studied using TEM and related to ballistic effects and stress-strain dependent interactions. The strain was measured using DRX and a model to describe the stress-strain distribution into the implanted layer is developed. A new phenomenon of delamination of thin layer from implanted Si substrates was observed to emerge from particular implantation conditions. The behavior was studied and explained using fracture mechanics concepts and contrasted to blistering/exfoliation processes. Finally, the elastic interaction between He and H plate-like precipitates giving rise to arranged nanostructure was demonstrated and studied using TEM. An elasticity based model was developed to understand the behavior. The result set the basis for further developments of nanostructures within a crystalline matrix by manipulating preferential orientations of precipitates in nanometric scale.

A importância das restaurações provisórias no tratamento reabilitador oral é inquestionável. Os materiais utilizados para a execução destas restaurações, entretanto, são críticos com relação à resistência e longevidade, principalmente, quando estas são executadas em tratamentos prolongados e/ou em espaços desdentados extensos. A proposta deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de diversos reforços sobre a resistência flexional, o módulo de elasticidade e o tipo de fratura apresentados por espécimes confeccionados em uma resina poli(metilmetacrilato) (PMMA), quando submetidos a um teste de carga de três pontos. Sete tipos de reforços constituíram os grupos experimentais com dez espécimes cada: um fio de aço com 0,7 mm de diâmetro; um fio de amarrilho trançado; uma fibra de vidro trançada Interlig® (Angelus®); uma fibra de vidro entrelaçada Splint-It!® (Jeneric-ron®); uma fibra de vidro unidirecional Fibrante® (Angelus®); uma fibra de poli(etileno) Connect® (Kerr®) e uma fibra cerâmica flexível GlasSpan® (GlasSpan®). O grupo controle, também com dez amostras, foi composto de espécimes não reforçados. A confecção dos espécimes, o ensaio mecânico e cálculo da resistência flexional e do módulo de elasticidade foram realizados seguindo norma ISO 10477 – modificada. A análise dos resultados (ANOVA, p < 0,05), para ambas as propriedades, mostrou haver diferença estatística entre os grupos. O teste de Tukey encontrou que os grupos reforçados com fio de aço com 0,7 mm; fibra Interlig® e fibra Connect® aumentaram significantemente a resistência flexional, e que os grupos reforçados com fio de aço com 0,7 mm; fibra Interlig®; fibra Splint-It!®; fibra Connect® e fibra GlasSpan®, aumentaram o módulo de elasticidade, em relação ao grupo controle. A análise das fraturas concorreu com a elaboração de um novo sistema de classificação dividindo-as em quatro tipos: Ausente, Parcial, Total Não Separada e Total Separada. As fraturas dos espécimes reforçados foram consideradas mais favoráveis ocorrendo, predominantemente, os tipos Ausente e Parcial. / Provisional restorations are essential components of oral rehabilitation treatment. The strength and durability features are, however, critical whe n long-term treatment is needed. The aim of this work was to measure the flexural strength, the elastic modulus and the type of fracture of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resin specimens when submitted to a three-point-bend test. Seven types of reinforcements constituted the experimental groups with ten specimens each: a 0.7 mm of diameter wire; an orthodontic braided wire; a braided fiberglass Interlig® (Angelus®); an woven fiberglass Splint-It!® (Jeneric-Pentron®); a roving fiberglass Fibrante® (Angelus®); a braided poly(ethylene) fiber Connect® (Kerr®) and a flexible ceramic fiber GlasSpan® (GlasSpan®). The control group, also with ten samples, included not reinforced specimens. All specimens were made and test according to modified ISO specification No. 10477. The analysis of the results (ANOVA, p < 0.05), for both properties, showed significant differences between groups. Tukey\'s test detected higher figures for groups reinforced with wire of 0.7 mm of diameter wire; Interlig® and Connect® when flexural strength was concerned. Groups reinforced with a wire 0.7 mm of diameter; Interlig®; Splint-It!®; Connect® and GlasSpan®, increased the elastic modulus, when compared to the control group. The fractures analysis contributed with the elaboration of new index system dividing them in four types: Absent, Partial, Total Not Separated and Total Separated. It was observed that the reinforced specimens fractures were more favorable, occurring, predominantly, in the Absent and Partial types.

Aplicamos a teoria de representação de funções isotrópicas para determinar o número mínimo de invariantes independentes necessários para caracterizar completamente a densidade de energia de deformação de sólido hiperelástico com duas direções de simetria material. Expressamos a densidade de energia em termos de dezoito invariantes e extraímos um conjunto de dez invariantes para analisar dois casos de simetria material. No caso de direções ortogonais, recuperamos o resultado clássico de sete invariantes e oferecemos uma justificativa para a escolha dos invariantes encontrados na literatura. Se as direções não são ortogonais, descobrimos que o número mínimo também é sete e corrigimos um erro em fórmula encontrada na literatura. Uma densidade de energia deste tipo é usada para modelar, na escala macroscópica, materiais de engenharia, tais como compósitos reforçados com fibras, e tecidos biológicos, tais como ossos. / We determine the minimum number of independent invariants that are needed to characterize completely the strain energy density of a hyperelastic solid having two distinct material symmetry directions. We use a theory of representation of isotropic functions to express this energy density in terms of eighteen invariants and extract a set of ten invariants to analyze two cases of material symmetry. In the case of orthogonal directions, we recover the classical result of seven invariants and offer a justification for the choice of invariants found in the literature. If the directions are not orthogonal, we find that the minimum number is also seven and correct a mistake in a formula found in the literature. An energy density of this type is used to model, on the macroscopic scale, engineering materials, such as fiber-reinforced composites, and biological tissues, such as bones.

Uma das aplicações da análise modal experimental é a avaliação da integridade estrutural. O ensaio dinâmico fornece os valores de freqüência natural, cujas variações podem ser utilizadas para identificar a presença e a magnitude do dano e determinar a rigidez equivalente de peças já fissuradas. Atualmente, as pesquisas sobre o efeito dinâmico nas estruturas civis estão se tornando mais freqüentes. Dentre os vários aspectos de interesse relacionados ao comportamento dinâmico das estruturas de concreto armado, cita-se como relevante a questão da danificação progressiva de seus elementos. Com a evolução da fissuração, existe uma diminuição da freqüência natural e um aumento do amortecimento. Essa variação dos parâmetros permite obter os valores de rigidez equivalente para os diversos estágios de fissuração da peça, o que pode indicar a proximidade da ruptura. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a integridade de elementos estruturais de concreto, discutindo os resultados da análise modal experimental em função do nível de danificação. Foram realizados ensaios em elementos de concreto simples para avaliação do módulo de elasticidade, tanto pelo método estático como pelo método dinâmico, observando a sua variação em função da microfissuração, resistência à compressão e idade do concreto. Os ensaios experimentais foram realizados em corpos-de-prova cilíndricos e prismáticos, sendo os resultados dos ensaios de vibração livre comparados aos resultados obtidos com os ensaios estáticos usuais. Também foram realizados ensaios estáticos e dinâmicos em vigas de concreto armado, de tamanho reduzido, para análise do comportamento de parâmetros dinâmicos ao longo de um processo de danificação. Demonstra-se a viabilidade dos ensaios não-destrutivos dinâmicos para a determinação das propriedades do material e dos elementos de concreto armado, além das vantagens econômicas, facilidade de execução e confiabilidade / Structural integrity assessment may be performed by experimental modal analysis. The dynamic tests provide natural frequencies values whose changes may be used to identify existent damage and to estimate the equivalent stiffness of cracked elements. Nowadays more researches about dynamic effects on civil structures are becoming available. Among all aspects related to the dynamic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures, the progressive damage of their elements is one of great relevance. According to the damage progress, the natural frequencies decrease and the damping factors increase. These dynamic characteristics changes allow getting the equivalent stiffness values for the various degrees of cracking, even indicating the closeness to failure. The objective of this research is to assess the concrete elements integrity and to discuss the results from experimental modal analysis due to different damage levels. There were carried through dynamic and static experiments to evaluate the modulus of elasticity of concrete. It was observed its changes related to concrete micro-cracking, compression strength and age. The experimental testings had been carried through in cylindrical and prismatic specimens. The results obtained from free vibration tests were compared with the ones obtained from the usual static tests. Reinforced concrete beams were also subjected to static and dynamic testings to assess the behavior of the dynamic parameters throughout a damage process. The dynamic non-destructive tests can be used to find out concrete and reinforced beam properties, beyond its economic advantages, easiness to do and trustworthiness

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-09-15T12:12:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Rostirolla_.pdf: 3721111 bytes, checksum: be1b1dcf6f37040c23244daba0e7aa82 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-15T12:12:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Rostirolla_.pdf: 3721111 bytes, checksum: be1b1dcf6f37040c23244daba0e7aa82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / Nenhuma / Como resultado da migração rural e suburbana para as cidades, a vida urbana tornouse um desafio significativo para os cidadãos e para a gestão da cidade, impondo uma enorme preocupação na utilização sustentável de recursos como energia, água, transportes e habitação. Cidades inteligentes são a maior aposta para enfrentar estes desafios de forma eficiente através de um acompanhamento em tempo real que visa auxiliar no planejamento inteligente e desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. Entretanto, para que este acompanhamento ocorra de forma eficiente e possibilite a utilização sustentável dos recursos é necessária uma integração entre cidadãos, dispositivos da cidade, administração pública e a plataforma de computação em nuvem, onde os dados serão armazenados e processados. Para tal, propõe-se o modelo ElCity, um modelo que combina dados de cidadãos e dispositivos da cidade para permitir uma gestão elástica multinível do consumo de energia de uma cidade. Como decisão de projeto, essa gestão deve ocorrer de forma automática, sem afetar a qualidade dos serviços já oferecidos. A principal contribuição do modelo ElCity diz respeito à extensão do conceito de elasticidade em nuvem para os demais níveis (smartphones dos cidadãos, dispositivos da cidade e data center), alterando o estado dos componentes em cada nível entre ligado e desligado de acordo com a demanda. Desta forma, este trabalho apresenta o modelo ElCity, detalhando seus módulos distribuídos ao longo das três fontes de dados, além dos experimentos que utilizam dispositivos da cidade e dados de cidadãos de Roma para explorar a economia de energia. Os resultados são promissores, onde o módulo monitor de energia permite estimar o consumo de energia das aplicações elásticas baseado em traços de CPU e memória com uma precisão média e mediana de 97,15% e 97,72%. Além disso, os resultados apontam a possibilidade de redução de mais de 90% no consumo de energia relativo a iluminação pública na cidade de Roma, obtido através da análise de dados de localização de seus cidadãos. / As a result of rural and suburban migration to the cities, urban life has become a significant challenge for citizens and, particularly, for city administrators who must manage the sustainable use of resources such as energy, water and transportation. Smart cities are the biggest vision to efficiently address these challenges through a real-time monitoring, providing an intelligent planning and a sustainable urban development. However, to accomplish them we need a tightly integration among citizens, city devices, city administrators and the data center platform where all data is stored, combined and processed. In this context, we propose ElCity, a model that combines citizens and city devices data to enable an elastic multi-level management of energy consumption for a particular city. As design decision, this management must occur automatically without affecting the quality of already offered services. The main contribution of ElCity model concerns the exploration of the cloud elasticity concept in multiple target levels (smartphones from citizens, city devices involved in the public lightning and data center nodes), turning on or off the resources on each level in accordance with their demands. In this way, this work presents the ElCity architecture, detailing its modules distributed along the three data sources, in addition to an experiment that uses city devices and citizens data from Rome to explore energy saving. The results are promising, with an Energy Monitor module that allows the estimation of the energy consumption of elastic applications based on CPU and memory traces with an average and median precision of 97.15% and 97.72%. Moreover, the results point to a reduction of more than 90% in the energy spent in public lightning in the city of Rome which was obtained thanks to an analysis of geolocation data from their citizens.

Dans cette thèse on s’intéresse à la simulation numérique d’écoulements des matériaux compressibles, voir fluides et solides élastiques. Les matériaux considérés sont décrits avec un modèle monolithique eulérian, fermé avec une loi d’état hyperélastique qui considère les différents comportements des matériaux. On propose un nouveau schéma de relaxation qui résout les écoulements compressibles dans des différents régimes, avec des nombres de Mach très petits jusqu’à l’ordre 1. Le schéma a une formulation générale qui est la même pour tous le matériaux considérés, parce que il ne dépend pas directement de la loi d’état. Il se base sur une discrétisation complétement implicite, facile à implémenter grâce à la linéarité de l’opérateur de transport du système de relaxation. La discrétisation en espace est donnée par la combinaison de flux upwind et centrés, pour retrouver la correcte viscosité numérique dans les différents régimes. L’utilisation de mailles cartésiennes pour les cas 2D s’adapte bien à une parallélisation massive, qui permet de réduire drastiquement le temps de calcul. De plus, le schéma a été adapté pour la résolution sur des mailles quadtree, pour implémenter l’adaptativité de la maille avec des critères entropiques. La dernière partie de la thèse concerne la simulation numérique d’écoulements multi-matériaux. On a proposé une nouvelle méthode d’interface “sharp”, en dérivant les conditions d’équilibre en implicite. L’objectif est la résolution d’interfaces physiques dans des régimes faiblement compressibles et avec un nombre de Mach faible, donc les conditions multi-matériaux sont couplées au schéma implicite de relaxation. / In this thesis we are concerned with the numerical simulation of compressible materials flows, including gases, liquids and elastic solids. These materials are described by a monolithic Eulerian model of conservation laws, closed by an hyperelastic state law that includes the different behaviours of the considered materials. A novel implicit relaxation scheme to solve compressible flows at all speeds is proposed, with Mach numbers ranging from very small to the order of unity. The scheme is general and has the same formulation for all the considered materials, since a direct dependence on the state law is avoided via the relaxation. It is based on a fully implicit time discretization, easily implemented thanks to the linearity of the transport operator in the relaxation system. The spatial discretization is obtained by a combination of upwind and centered schemes in order to recover the correct numerical viscosity in different Mach regimes. The scheme is validated with one and two dimensional simulations of fluid flows and of deformations of compressible solids. We exploit the domain discretization through Cartesian grids, allowing for massively parallel computations (HPC) that drastically reduce the computational times on 2D test cases. Moreover, the scheme is adapted to the resolution on adaptive grids based on quadtrees, implementing adaptive mesh refinement techinques. The last part of the thesis is devoted to the numerical simulation of heterogeneous multi-material flows. A novel sharp interface method is proposed, with the derivation of implicit equilibrium conditions. The aim of the implicit framework is the solution of weakly compressible and low Mach flows, thus the proposed multi-material conditions are coupled with the implicit relaxation scheme that is solved in the bulk of the flow.

Cette thèse porte sur la propagation des ondes magnéto-électro-élastiques dans les structures inhomogènes, et tout particulièrement de l’effet d’un champ magnétique externe sur des structures multicouches et des cristaux phononiques combinant des matériaux à la fois piézoélectriques et magnéto-élastiques. Pour déterminer les caractéristiques des ondes se propageant dans ces structures magnéto-électro-élastiques, un modèle de matériau piézomagnétique équivalent à un matériau magnéto-élastique en couche mince, polarisé à saturation autour d’une position d’équilibre définie par l’orientation et l’amplitude d’un champ magnétique externe appliqué à celui-ci, est développé. Il est combiné à une méthode originale de calcul des courbes de dispersion dans les multicouches, basée sur une décomposition en polynômes de Legendre pour les couches d’épaisseur finie, et en polynômes de Laguerre pour le substrat semi-infini. Ce modèle est utilisé pour le cas d’un film mince de TbCo2/FeCo, présentant une anisotropie magnétique uni-axiale dans le plan et une magnétostriction géante, déposé sur un substrat de LiNbO3 sous forme de film ou en réseau de plots cylindriques. On montre que dans ce dernier cas, correspondant à un cristal phononique magnéto-élastiques à résonance locale, il est possible de contrôler sans aucun contact la structure de bande par l’application d’un champ magnétique externe. Ainsi, une sensibilité de 50 kHz par Oersted a été calculée pour une bande plate située dans le gap de Bragg d’un tel cristal phononique. Cette sensibilité est suffisante pour envisager une application du dispositif comme un détecteur très sensible de champs magnétiques localisés / This thesis focuses on the propagation of magneto-electro-elastic waves in inhomogeneous structures, and in particular the effect of an external magnetic field on multilayer structures and on phononic crystals that combine both piezoelectric and magneto-elastic materials. To determine the characteristics of waves propagating in magneto-electro-elastic structures, an effective piezomagnetic material model, equivalents to a thin layer of magneto-elastic material, is developed. The thin layer is polarized to saturation around the equilibrium position defined by the direction and amplitude of an external magnetic field. This model is combined with a method of dispersion curves calculation in multilayer structures, based on a decomposition in Legendre polynomials for layers of finite thickness and Laguerre polynomials for a semi-infinite substrate. The model is used for the case of a TbCo2/FeCo thin film, presenting an in plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and a giant magnetostriction, deposited as a film, or as a lattice of cylinders, on a substrate of LiNbO3. It is shown that in the latter case, corresponding to a local resonance magneto-elastic phononic crystal, it is possible to control, without any contact, the band structure by applying an external magnetic field. Thus, a sensitivity of 50kHz by Oersted was calculated for a flat band located in Bragg band gap for such phononic crystal. This sensitivity is sufficient to enable the use of this device as a sensitive detector of localized magnetic fields

Les propriétés mécaniques des polymères semi-cristallins en relation avec leur microstructure ont fait l'objet d'un grand nombre d'études. Cependant, il reste encore des questions non résolues, concernant les mécanismes de la déformation plastique à température élevée, les propriétés intrinsèques de la phase amorphe interlamellaire ou encore la distribution des contraintes locales dans les sphérolites… L'objectif de cette thèse est d‘adresses ces questions dans les cas du PE et du PP en fonction de la température. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une série d'échantillons de PE et PP des différents microstructures ont été préparées et caractérisés par DSC, SAXS, WAXS et spectroscopie Raman. Dans le domaine élastique, la déformation locale (εlocal) dans les régions équatoriales et polaires des sphérolites ont été mesurés par SAXS in situ. Le ratio εlocal / εmacro a été utilisé dans un modèle mécanique permettant le changement d‘échelle de mésoscopique macroscopique. En outre, le module apparent de la phase amorphe interlamellaire Ma a été estimé par la contrainte et la déformation locale. Les Ma valeurs du PE sont dans la gamme 250 - 500 MPa, ce qui est très élevé par rapport au module du PE amorphe caoutchoutique. Dans le domaine plastique, la cavitation, la transformation martensitique et le cisaillement du cristal ont été observées par SAXS et WAXS in situ. Une concurrence entre ces mécanismes plastiques a été mise en évidence. L‘augmentation de la température entraine une disparition progressive de la cavitation et un retard de la transformation martensitique vers de plus haute déformation. La structure fibrillaire, induite par étirage à différentes températures a été étudiée par SAXS in-situ. Il a été observé que la longue période et le diamètre des micro-fibrilles dépendent de la température d‘étirage de la structure initiale, via les mécanismes de « fusion-recristallisation » et « fragmentation-réarrangement ». Une étude similaire a été effectuée pour le PP. / The mechanical properties of semicrystalline polymers in relation to microstructure have been the subject of a large number of studies. However, there are still some unresolved issues, for instance, plastic deformation mechanisms in elevating temperature, intrinsic properties of interlamellar amorphous phase, local stress distribution in spherulites etc. The aim of this thesis is to address these issues in the case of PE and PP in different temperatures. A series of PE and PP samples with wide range of microstructures thanks to various thermal treatments were characterized by DSC, SAXS, WAXS and Raman spectroscopy. In elastic domain, the local strain εlocal in equator and polar regions of spherulites were measured by in situ SAXS. The ratio is a constant which only depends on drawing temperature. This ratio was used in a mechanical modelling as a transition factor from mesoscopic to macroscopic scale. Furthermore, the apparent modulus of the interlamellar amorphous phase Ma was estimated by the measured local stress and strain. The Ma of PE was found to be in the range 250 - 500 MPa which is surprisingly high comparing with the modulus of bulk rubbery PE. In the plastic domain, cavitation, martensitic transformation and crystal shear were observed by in situ SAXS and WAXS and their respective strain onsets were shown to be strongly dependent on crystallite thickness and temperature. It was found that competition exists between these plastic mechanisms. With increasing temperature, cavitation gradually disappears and martensitic transformation is delayed. A map for the onset of these plastic mechanisms was produced. In addition, the fibrillar structure induced by drawing at different temperature was studied by in situ SAXS. The long period and diameter of micro-fibrils proved to be dependent on the drawing temperature and also the initial structure via the melting-recrystallization and fragmentation-rearrangement mechanism. Similar investigations were performed with PP.

La microscopie à l'angle de Brewster est une nouvelle et tres puissante technique d'étude des films monomoléculaires à la surface de l'eau. Son principe est basé sur les propriétés de réflectivité des interfaces. Elle est sensible à l'épaisseur, la densité et l'anisotropie optique des films. Cette technique a été appliquée à l'étude de couches adsorbées à la surface de solutions aqueuses d'acides gras (acides palmitiques et myristiques). Ces couches traversent pendant leur formation des transitions de phases. Le nombre, la nature et la morphologie de ces phases dépendent de nombreux paramètres dont le pH. Nous avons entre autres observé des phases optiquement anisotropes, contituées de molécules inclinées par rapport à la normale à la solution.Ces phases sont sans doute des mésophases "verrouillées", c'est à dire que la direction des molécules est fixée par rapport aux directions intermoléculaires. Elles présentent différents types de défauts d'orientation, dont des structures en étoile. L'existence de telles structures est expliquée par application d'un modèle d'élasticité continue développé pour l'étude des films minces de cristaux liquides smectiques. Des structures en zig-zag, en spirales et en bandes de largeur déterminée ont également été observées. Nous avons également étudié les couches d'un polymère (le PDMS) à la surface de l'eau. Nous y avons observé la séparation latérale en domaines de densités de surface différentes, à la fois dans le régime monocouche et le régime multicouches.