A emergência frequente de oscilações de corrente e potencial durante a eletro-oxidação de moléculas orgânicas pequenas tem implicações mecanísticas importantes, como por exemplo, na conversão reacional global e, portanto, no desempenho de dispositivos práticos de conversão de energia. Orientado nesse sentido, este trabalho desenvolveu-se por meio de duas frentes relacionadas: (a) utilizando-se medidas obtidas por meio do acoplamento de uma célula eletroquímica a um espectrômetro de massas, estudou-se a dinâmica da produção de espécies voláteis durante a eletro-oxidação oscilatória de ácido fórmico, metanol e etanol. Além da apresentação de resultados experimentais ainda não relatados, introduz-se o uso de regressão linear multivariada para se comparar a corrente faradaica total estimada, com a proveniente da produção de espécies voláteis detectáveis: dióxido de carbono para ácido fórmico, dióxido de carbono e metilformiato para metanol e, dióxido de carbono e acetaldeído para etanol. A análise fornece a melhor combinação das correntes iônicas detectadas para se representar a corrente global ou a máxima contribuição faradaica possível devido à produção de espécies voláteis. Os resultados foram discutidos em conexão com aspectos do mecanismo reacional de cada molécula. A incompatibilidade entre a corrente faradaica total estimada e a obtida pela melhor combinação das correntes parciais provenientes da produção de espécies voláteis foi pequena para ácido fórmico, quatro e cinco vezes maior para etanol e metanol, respectivamente, evidenciando, nestes dois últimos casos, o aumento do papel desempenhado por espécies solúveis parcialmente oxidadas; (b) investigou-se características gerais da eletro-oxidação de formaldeído, ácido fórmico e metanol sobre platina em meio ácido, com ênfase na comparação do desempenho eletrocatalítico global sob condições estacionária e oscilatória. A comparação procedeu-se por meio da interpretação de resultados tratados de diferentes formas e generalizada pela utilização das mesmas condições experimentais em todos os casos. Para todos os sistemas, o baixo potencial alcançado durante as oscilações evidenciou uma considerável diminuição do sobrepotencial associado à reação anódica, se comparado com o obtido na ausência de oscilações. Além do mais, o processo de reativação superficial do catalisador que ocorre durante as oscilações amplia o desempenho de todos os sistemas em termos de atividade eletrocatalítica. Por fim, também são discutidos alguns aspectos do mecanismo reacional das moléculas estudadas. / The frequent emergence of current/potential oscillations during the electrooxidation of small organic molecules has implications on mechanistic aspects such as, for example, on the overall reaction conversion, and thus on the performance of practical devices of energy conversion. In this direction, this work is divided in two parts: (a) by means of on line Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (DEMS) it was studied the production of volatile species during the electrooxidation of formic acid, methanol and ethanol. Besides the presentation of previously unreported DEMS results on the oscillatory dynamics of such systems, it was introduced the use of multivariate linear regression to compare the estimated total faradaic current with the one comprising the production of volatile detectable species, namely: carbon dioxide for formic acid, carbon dioxide and methylformate for methanol and, carbon dioxide and acetaldehyde for ethanol. The introduced analysis provided the best combination of the DEMS ion currents to represent the total faradaic current or the maximum possible faradaic contribution of the volatile products for the global current. The results were discussed in connection with mechanistic aspects for each system. The mismatch between estimated total current and the one obtained by the best combination of partial currents of volatile products was found to be small for formic acid, 4 and 5 times bigger for ethanol and methanol, respectively, evidencing the increasing role played by partially oxidized soluble species in each case; (b) it was investigated general features of the electro-oxidation of formaldehyde, formic acid and methanol on platinum and in acid media, with emphasis on the comparison of the performance under stationary and oscillatory regimes. The comparison is carried out by different means and generalized by the use of identical experimental conditions in all cases. In all three systems studied, the occurrence of potential oscillations is associated with excursions of the electrode potentials to lower values, which considerable decreases the overpotential of the anodic reaction, when compared to that in the absence of oscillations. In addition, the reactivation of catalyst surface benefits the performance of all systems in terms of electrocatalytic activity. Finally, some mechanistic aspects of the studied reactions are also discussed.

<p>An essential ingredient in the generation of environmentally compatible pulp bleaching chemicals is sodium chlorate. Chlorate is produced in electrochemical cells, where the electrodes are the key components. In Sweden the so-called DSA !R electrodes with catalytic coatings have been produced for more than 35 years. The production of chlorate uses a large amount of electric energy, and a decrease of just five percent of this consumption would, globally, decrease the consumption of electrical energy corresponding to half a nuclear power reactor. The aim of this project is to improve the electrode design on the nanoscale to decrease the energy consumption. The success of the DSA!R depends on the large catalytic area of the coating, however, little is known about the actual structure at the nanometer level. To increase the understanding of the nanostructure of these coatings, we used a number of methods, including atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, porosimetry, and voltammetric charge. We found that the entire coating is built up of loosely packed rutile mono-crystalline 20 − 30 nm sized grains. The small grain sizes give a the large area, and consequently, lower cell-voltage and reduced energy consumption. A method to control the grain size would thus be a way to control the electrode efficiency. To alter the catalytically active area, we made changes in the coating process parameters. We found a dependency of the crystal-grain sizes on the choice of ruthenium precursor and processing temperature. The use of ruthenium nitrosyl nitrate resulted in smaller grains than ruthenium chloride and lowering the temperature tended to favour smaller grains. A more radical way would be to create a totally different type of electrode, manufactured in another way than using the 1965 DSA !R recipe. Such new types of electrodes based on, for example, nanowires or nanoimprint lithography, are discussed as future directions.</p>

An essential ingredient in the generation of environmentally compatible pulp bleaching chemicals is sodium chlorate. Chlorate is produced in electrochemical cells, where the electrodes are the key components. In Sweden the so-called DSA !R electrodes with catalytic coatings have been produced for more than 35 years. The production of chlorate uses a large amount of electric energy, and a decrease of just five percent of this consumption would, globally, decrease the consumption of electrical energy corresponding to half a nuclear power reactor. The aim of this project is to improve the electrode design on the nanoscale to decrease the energy consumption. The success of the DSA!R depends on the large catalytic area of the coating, however, little is known about the actual structure at the nanometer level. To increase the understanding of the nanostructure of these coatings, we used a number of methods, including atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, porosimetry, and voltammetric charge. We found that the entire coating is built up of loosely packed rutile mono-crystalline 20 − 30 nm sized grains. The small grain sizes give a the large area, and consequently, lower cell-voltage and reduced energy consumption. A method to control the grain size would thus be a way to control the electrode efficiency. To alter the catalytically active area, we made changes in the coating process parameters. We found a dependency of the crystal-grain sizes on the choice of ruthenium precursor and processing temperature. The use of ruthenium nitrosyl nitrate resulted in smaller grains than ruthenium chloride and lowering the temperature tended to favour smaller grains. A more radical way would be to create a totally different type of electrode, manufactured in another way than using the 1965 DSA !R recipe. Such new types of electrodes based on, for example, nanowires or nanoimprint lithography, are discussed as future directions.

A emergência frequente de oscilações de corrente e potencial durante a eletro-oxidação de moléculas orgânicas pequenas tem implicações mecanísticas importantes, como por exemplo, na conversão reacional global e, portanto, no desempenho de dispositivos práticos de conversão de energia. Orientado nesse sentido, este trabalho desenvolveu-se por meio de duas frentes relacionadas: (a) utilizando-se medidas obtidas por meio do acoplamento de uma célula eletroquímica a um espectrômetro de massas, estudou-se a dinâmica da produção de espécies voláteis durante a eletro-oxidação oscilatória de ácido fórmico, metanol e etanol. Além da apresentação de resultados experimentais ainda não relatados, introduz-se o uso de regressão linear multivariada para se comparar a corrente faradaica total estimada, com a proveniente da produção de espécies voláteis detectáveis: dióxido de carbono para ácido fórmico, dióxido de carbono e metilformiato para metanol e, dióxido de carbono e acetaldeído para etanol. A análise fornece a melhor combinação das correntes iônicas detectadas para se representar a corrente global ou a máxima contribuição faradaica possível devido à produção de espécies voláteis. Os resultados foram discutidos em conexão com aspectos do mecanismo reacional de cada molécula. A incompatibilidade entre a corrente faradaica total estimada e a obtida pela melhor combinação das correntes parciais provenientes da produção de espécies voláteis foi pequena para ácido fórmico, quatro e cinco vezes maior para etanol e metanol, respectivamente, evidenciando, nestes dois últimos casos, o aumento do papel desempenhado por espécies solúveis parcialmente oxidadas; (b) investigou-se características gerais da eletro-oxidação de formaldeído, ácido fórmico e metanol sobre platina em meio ácido, com ênfase na comparação do desempenho eletrocatalítico global sob condições estacionária e oscilatória. A comparação procedeu-se por meio da interpretação de resultados tratados de diferentes formas e generalizada pela utilização das mesmas condições experimentais em todos os casos. Para todos os sistemas, o baixo potencial alcançado durante as oscilações evidenciou uma considerável diminuição do sobrepotencial associado à reação anódica, se comparado com o obtido na ausência de oscilações. Além do mais, o processo de reativação superficial do catalisador que ocorre durante as oscilações amplia o desempenho de todos os sistemas em termos de atividade eletrocatalítica. Por fim, também são discutidos alguns aspectos do mecanismo reacional das moléculas estudadas. / The frequent emergence of current/potential oscillations during the electrooxidation of small organic molecules has implications on mechanistic aspects such as, for example, on the overall reaction conversion, and thus on the performance of practical devices of energy conversion. In this direction, this work is divided in two parts: (a) by means of on line Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (DEMS) it was studied the production of volatile species during the electrooxidation of formic acid, methanol and ethanol. Besides the presentation of previously unreported DEMS results on the oscillatory dynamics of such systems, it was introduced the use of multivariate linear regression to compare the estimated total faradaic current with the one comprising the production of volatile detectable species, namely: carbon dioxide for formic acid, carbon dioxide and methylformate for methanol and, carbon dioxide and acetaldehyde for ethanol. The introduced analysis provided the best combination of the DEMS ion currents to represent the total faradaic current or the maximum possible faradaic contribution of the volatile products for the global current. The results were discussed in connection with mechanistic aspects for each system. The mismatch between estimated total current and the one obtained by the best combination of partial currents of volatile products was found to be small for formic acid, 4 and 5 times bigger for ethanol and methanol, respectively, evidencing the increasing role played by partially oxidized soluble species in each case; (b) it was investigated general features of the electro-oxidation of formaldehyde, formic acid and methanol on platinum and in acid media, with emphasis on the comparison of the performance under stationary and oscillatory regimes. The comparison is carried out by different means and generalized by the use of identical experimental conditions in all cases. In all three systems studied, the occurrence of potential oscillations is associated with excursions of the electrode potentials to lower values, which considerable decreases the overpotential of the anodic reaction, when compared to that in the absence of oscillations. In addition, the reactivation of catalyst surface benefits the performance of all systems in terms of electrocatalytic activity. Finally, some mechanistic aspects of the studied reactions are also discussed.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22467号 / 工博第4728号 / 新制||工||1738(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科分子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 庸裕, 教授 江口 浩一, 教授 佐藤 啓文 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Thesis advisor: Matthias Waegele / Heterogeneous electrocatalytic reduction is an environmentally friendly method for the conversion of abundant feedstock molecules into valuable products. Examples include the reduction of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons and the reduction of nitrate to ammonia. Heterogeneous electrocatalysis occurs at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte. Interfacial properties, such as surface morphology, interfacial electric field, interfacial water structure, and local pH, can substantially influence the activity and selectivity of electrocatalytic reduction processes. However, a comprehensive, molecular-level understanding of how these interfacial properties control electrocatalysis is still largely lacking to date. To develop such an understanding, it is essential to probe the properties of the electrocatalytic interface under operating conditions. This great experimental challenge is further compounded by the fact that the interface often undergoes dynamic changes during catalysis. In this thesis, we took a multimodal approach to characterize the aqueous electrolyte/copper interface during CO2/CO reduction and hydrogen evolution. Copper is the only pure metal that promotes the reduction of CO2/CO to hydrocarbons at significant reaction rates. The hydrogen evolution reaction is the main competing reaction in aqueous electrolytes. It is therefore essential to understand how these reactions are controlled by the properties of the interface. In the first part of this thesis, we employed in-situ surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to investigate dynamic changes of the copper electrode surface. We found that the polycrystalline copper electrode surface undergoes a reconstruction process upon adsorption of CO. The formation of nanoscale metal clusters on the electrode manifests itself by the appearance of a new CO stretch band, which arises from a CO sub-population bound to undercoordinated copper atoms. The formation of these clusters is reversible, that is, they disappear upon desorption of CO. This work demonstratesthat a reaction intermediate such as CO can induce dynamic and reversible changes in the surface morphology of a heterogeneous catalyst. Because the changes are reversible, they would escape ex situ measurements. Our findings highlight the need for probing catalytic surfaces under operating conditions. In the second part of this thesis, we focused on how the electrolyte influences electrocatalysis at the aqueous electrolyte/copper electrode interface. Specifically, we explored the mechanisms by which cations of the supporting electrolyte affect the reduction of CO and the hydrogen evolution reaction on copper. With differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), we determined to what extent the reduction of CO to ethylene is affected by the identity of the cations of the supporting electrolyte. Ethylene is produced in the presence of methyl4N+ and ethyl4N+ cations, whereas this product is not synthesized in propyl4N+- and butyl4N+-containing electrolytes. With SEIRAS, we found that an intermolecular interaction between surface-adsorbed CO and interfacial water is disrupted in the presence of the two larger cations. This observation suggests that this interaction promotes the hydrogenation of surface-bound CO to ethylene. This work illustrates that weak intermolecular interactions can substantially influence electrocatalytic processes. In a related study, we examined the effect of alkali metal cations of the supporting electrolyte on the hydrogen evolution reaction. We found that, in alkaline conditions, changing the cation from Na+ to Cs+ has no measurable effect on the HER. Because it is well-established that Cs+ promotes the reduction of CO2/CO to hydrocarbons, the results illustrate the changing the alkali cation enables the selective promotion of this pathway under alkaline conditions. Further, we found that in 0.1 M solutions of NaOH and CsOH of the highest commercially available purity grades, trace impurities of iron deposit on the copper electrode during the hydrogen evolution reaction. Because iron is a better catalyst for the hyrogen evolution reaction than copper, the rate of the hydrogen evolution reaction is enhanced by up to a factor of 5. These findings demonstrate that trace impurities of this ubiquitous metal pose a great challenge for the development of selective catalytic processes for CO2/CO reduction. This thesis provides a critical study of how the interfacial properties change under the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2/CO and hydrogen evolution conditions. The properties of both Cu electrode and the electrolyte contribute to the control of the selectivity of these complex electrocatalytic processes. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

La réduction du CO₂ est considérée comme une des approches les plus intéressantes pour convertir ce gaz en produits chimique d’intérêt tels que les acides carboxyliques. Le marché de ces composés devrait augmenter considérablement au cours des prochaines années, d'où la nécessité de trouver des méthodes de production durables et respectueuses de l'environnement. Les complexes de samarium divalents sont reconnus pour leur fort pouvoir réducteur monoélectronique, ce qui en fait des réactifs de choix pour la réduction de certains groupes fonctionnels difficiles à réduire tels que le CO₂. Cependant, dans la littérature, bien que ce réactif ait été utilisé en association avec le CO₂, prouvant ainsi que la réduction du CO₂ est possible, mais jamais à notre connaissance pour des applications synthétiques. Nous rapportons ici l'activation du CO₂ initiée par le samarium bivalent électrogénéré. Grâce à notre méthode, récemment mise au point, pour la production électrochimique in situ d’espèces divalentes de samarium, la synthèse de dérivés de l’acide benzoïque a été réalisée avec succès. De plus, les conditions d'activation électrocatalytique du CO₂ ont été établies dans ce travail et appliquées non seulement à la préparation des acides phénylacétiques à partir de dérivés du chlorure de benzyle, mais également à l'hydrocarboxylation régiosélective des analogues du styrène et du phénylacétylène. Ce protocole à base de Sm (II) électrogénéré offre la prochaine génération de systèmes durables pour la transformation du CO₂ en molécules de haute valeur sous des conditions douces et sans l'ajout de co-réducteurs. / CO₂ activation is considered one of the most attractive tools to convert this cheap, abundant and non-toxic gas into valuable chemical feedstocks such as carboxylic acids. The market value of these compounds is expecting a significant increase in the next few years, thus the urgent need for sustainable and eco-friendly production pathways. Divalent samarium complexes are known for their strong monoelectronic reductive power that made them the perfect choice for the reduction of some challenging functional groups. Indeed, in the literature, this reagent has been used in combination with CO₂ but only to achieve the reductive disproportionation of CO₂ while no example reported C-C bond formation via CO₂ activation using the Sm(II) complexes. Herein, we report the CO₂ activation initiated by electrogenerated divalent samarium. Taking advantage of our recently developed method for the in situ generation of Sm(II) species, the synthesis of benzoic acid derivatives was successfully achieved. Furthermore, electrocatalytic CO₂ activation conditions were established in this work and applied not only for the preparation of phenylacetic acids from benzyl chloride derivatives but also for the regioselective hydrocarboxylation of styrene and phenylacetylene analogs. This electrochemical Sm(II)-based protocol offers the next generation of sustainable system to transform CO₂ into highly valued molecules under mild conditions and without the addition of co-reductants.

Catalisadores catódicos para aplicação em células a combustível alcalinas (AFCs) baseados em dióxido de manganês, como alternativa aos tradicionais catalisadores baseados em platina foram estudados no presente trabalho. O principal objetivo foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso de &alpha;-MnO2 através do estudo da atividade eletrocatalítica frente à reação de redução de oxigênio (RRO) do referido óxido em comparação com a atividade eletrocatalítica do material de referência baseado em platina, visando minimizar os elevados custos desses catalisadores que tornam muito restrita a comercialização das células a combustível apesar das vantagens comprovadas desse tipo de tecnologia. O uso de &alpha;-MnO2 para completa substituição da platina se mostrou viável por apresentar atividade catalítica comparável à da platina, e com a vantagem adicional de ser um material de menor custo devido à sua abundância. Estudos prévios demonstraram que a RRO catalisada pelo dióxido de manganês ocorre preferencialmente por duas vias: redução direta via quatro elétrons, ou redução por dois elétrons com formação de peróxido de hidrogênio como produto final. A redução direta via quatro elétrons é o mecanismo mais comum, seguido na maioria das estruturas cristalográficas, e é o mecanismo de reação de interesse para aplicação em células a combustível, sendo, portanto, o peróxido de hidrogênio um produto indesejável para esse tipo de aplicação. Foram promovidas modificações do referido óxido de manganês (&alpha;-MnO2) pela incorporação de metais não nobres (Cu e Bi) para estudar o impacto dessas modificações nas propriedades físico-químicas desses óxidos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a dopagem com Cu não promoveu alterações significativas nas propriedades desses óxidos. Em contrapartida, a dopagem com bismuto promoveu resultados significativos. A incorporação de Bi3+ na estrutura cristalina do &alpha;-MnO2 promoveu o aumento da condutividade eletrônica desse óxido, permitindo assim a eliminação do suporte de carbono, ocasionando desse modo, a eliminação quase que total da formação de peróxido de hidrogênio. Dessa maneira, os resultados mostraram que no caso específico desse material dopado, a RRO se dá predominantemente pela redução direta via quatro elétrons. Os resultados apresentados no presente trabalho, demonstraram que a dopagem do &alpha;-MnO2 com Bi3+ resulta em um material bastante promissor como catalisador catódico de AFCs. / Cathode catalysts for application in alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) based on manganese dioxide as alternative to traditional platinum-based catalysts were studied in this work. The main objective was to evaluate the feasibility of using &alpha;-MnO2 through the study of electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of said oxide compared to the electrocatalytic activity of platinum-based reference materials, aiming to cheapen the high costs of these catalysts that make very limited the marketing of fuel cells despite the proven benefits of such technology. The use of &alpha;-MnO2 as a complete substitution of platinum demonstrated to be viable due to its catalytic activity comparable with that of platinum, having the additional advantage of being a less costly material because of its abundance. Previous studies demonstrated that the ORR catalyzed by manganese dioxide takes place preferably in two ways: Direct reduction via four electrons or two electrons by reduction with formation of hydrogen peroxide as the final product. The direct reduction via four electrons is the most common mechanism, followed in most crystal structures, and the reaction mechanism is the one of interest for application in fuel cells. The production of hydrogen peroxide is undesirable for this type of application. Modifications of said manganese oxide (&alpha;-MnO2) by the incorporation of non-noble metals (Cu and Bi) were promoted to study the impact of these modifications on the physicochemical properties of these oxides. The results showed that doping with Cu did not cause significant changes in the properties of these oxides. By contrast, doping with bismuth promoted interesting and significant results. The incorporation of Bi3+ in a crystalline structure of &alpha;-MnO2 promoted the increase of the electronic conductivity of this oxide, thereby allowing the elimination of the carbon support, consequently causing the almost complete elimination of the formation of hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the results showed that in the specific case of this doped material, the ORR occurs predominantly by direct reduction via 4 electrons. The results presented in this study demonstrated that the &alpha;-MnO2 doped with Bi3+ showed a very promising cathode material for application in AFCs.

A preparação do EM Pd foi escolhida pelo fato de já terem sido estudados em nossos laboratórios os EM Ni e EM Pt. Estes três eletrodos modificados (EMs) foram utilizados nas hidrogenações eletrocatalíticas (HEC) de substratos orgânicos para comparação de suas reatividades. A preparação deste novo eletrodo modificado revestido pelo filme misto poli-[éter alílico do p-(2-etilamônio) benzeno] e co-monômero éter fenil e alílico no suporte de bastão de grafite contendo partículas de Pd foi iniciada com a síntese do éter alílico do p-(2-etilamônio) benzeno a partir da acetamida do p-(2-etilamônio). A utilização do co-monômero éter fenil e alílico na estrutura do filme polimérico se fez na tentativa de espaçar a malha polimérica para conseguir melhorar os resultados das HEC de substratos orgânicos, pois estes teriam maior facilidade de permear (difundir) pela malha e também proporcionar um aumento na quantidade de partículas de paládio incorporadas ao filme. Depois da preparação, utilização e comparação dos EMs Ni, Pd e Pt foram desenvolvidos novos EMs mistos visando aumentar a eficiência nas HEC dos substratos orgânicos. O EM misto Ni/Ni já havia sido preparado e estudado nas HEC mostrando uma eficiência moderada. Preparou-se então os EMs mistos Ni/Pd e Ni/Pt para compará-los com o EM Ni/Ni e com os EMs Ni, Pd e Pt para verificar se ocorreria um aumento na eficiência nas HEC. A preparação destes EMs mistos foi feita utilizando a técnica de electroless. A eficiência dos EMs foi verificada através da GH a partir de uma solução de ácido sulfúrico, do volume de hidrogênio gerado, medidas de potencial de circuito aberto e de reação de HEC de substratos orgânicos. A caracterização dos EMs foi feita pelo cálculo da massa de partículas incorporadas e análise de raios X e MEV-EDX. Os substratos orgânicos estudados nas HEC foram: benzaldeído, n-valeraldeído, isoforona, 2-cicloexen-1-ona, cicloexanona, acetofenona, benzofenona, eugenol, isoeugenol, fenilacetileno, 3-butin-1-ol, benzonitrila, fenilacetonitrila, malononitrila e valeronitrila. Comparando-se os EMs Ni, Pt, Pd, Ni/Ni, Ni/Pd e Ni/Pt, o que levou aos melhores rendimentos nas HEC foi o EM misto Ni/Pd. A HEC da acetofenona e benzofenona levou a resultados inéditos na literatura com a hidrogenação dos anéis aromáticos. / The modified electrode (ME) Pd was chosen because ME Ni and ME Pt had already been studied in our laboratory. These three different MEs were used in the electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of organic substrates so that their reactivity could be compared. The preparation of the new modified electrode ME Pd by using the mixed film poly-[ether allyl p-(2-ammoniumethyl) benzene] and the co-monomer allyl phenyl ether in carbon stick containing Pd particles. The preparation was initiated by synthesizing the allyl p-(2-ammoniumethyl) benzene ether through reaction with the acetamyde of the p-(2-ammoniumethyl) group. The co-monomer allyl phenyl ether in a polymeric film was used in an attempt to obtain more space between the polymeric film and to achieve better results in the ECH of organic substrates, since they could be introduced through the polymer and increase the quantity of Pd particles of incorporated in to the film. After the preparation of the MEs Ni, Pd and Pt and after they had been used and compared, new mixed MEs were developed in order to study their efficiency in the ECH of organic substrates. Mixed ME Ni/Ni had already been prepared and studied in our laboratory and it was shown to be moderately efficient for ECH. Mixed ME Ni/Pd and Ni/Pt were prepared so that they could be compared with mixed ME Ni/Ni, ME Ni, ME Pd and ME Pt. The preparation of these mixed MEs was carried out by electroless deposition. The efficiency of these MEs was verified by hydrogen generation from a mineral acid solution, hydrogen generation volume, potential of the open circuit and ECH of organic substrates. The characterization of the MEs was done by calculating the mass of incorporated particles and by SEM-EDX analyses. The organic substrates used for in ECH were benzaldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, isophorone, 2-cyclohexen-1-one, cyclohexanone, acetophenone, benzophenone, eugenol, isoeugenol, phenylacetylene, 3-butin-1-ol, benzonitrile, phenylacetonitrile, malononitrile and valeronitrile. A comparison of these MEs shows that the mixed ME Ni/Pd are the most efficient for ECH for all studied substrates. Acetophenone and benzophenone gave fully hydrogenated products; a fact that has not yet been published in the literature.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JessicaHBR_DISSERT.pdf: 2230211 bytes, checksum: 195b09308391e65d611133f2836eb66d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In this work, the treatment of synthetic wastewaters containing Remazol Red BR (RRB) and Novacron Blue C-D (NB) by anodic oxidation using boron doped diamond anodes (BDD) and Novacron Yellow (YN) using BDD and Platinum (Pt) anodes was investigated. Galvanostatic electrolyses of RRB and NB synthetic wastewaters have led to the complete decolorization removal at different operating conditions (current density, pH and temperature). The influence of these parameters was investigated in order to find the best conditions for dyestuff colour removal. According to the experimental results obtained, the electrochemical oxidation process is suitable for decolorizing wastewaters containing these textile dyes, due to the electrocatalytic properties of BDD and Pt anode. Energy requirements for removing colour during galvanostatic electrolyses of RRB, NB and YN synthetic solutions depends mainly on the operating conditions; for example for RRB, it passes from 3.30 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2 to 4.28 kWh m-3 at 60 mA cm-2 (pH = 1); 15.23 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2 to 24.75 kWh m-3 at 60 mA cm-2 (pH = 4.5); 10.80 kWh m-3 at 20 mA cm-2 to 31.5 kWh m-3 at 60 mA cm-2 (pH = 8) (data estimated per volume of treated effluent). In order to verify the Brazilian law regulations of NB and RRB synthetic solutions after electrochemical decolourisation treatment, Hazen Units values were determined and the total colour removal was achieved; remaining into the regulations. Finally, electrical energy cost for removing colour was estimated / Neste trabalho, o tratamento de efluentes sint?ticos, contendo Vermelho de Remazol BR (RRB) e Azul de Novacron CD (NB) por oxida??o an?dica com ?nodos de Diamante Dopado com Boro (BDD) e Amarelo de Novacron (YN) com ?nodo de Platina (Pt) e DDB foram investigados. A eletr?lise galvanost?tica dos efluentes sint?ticos RRB, NB e YN t?m levado ? remo??o completa da cor em diferentes condi??es operacionais (densidade de corrente, pH e temperatura). A influ?ncia destes par?metros foi investigada a fim de encontrar as melhores condi??es para a remo??o da cor do corante. De acordo com os resultados experimentais obtidos, o processo de oxida??o eletroqu?mica ? adequado para descolora??o de ?guas residuais contendo esses corantes t?xteis, devido ?s propriedades eletrocatal?ticas dos ?nodos DDB e Pt. Exig?ncias de energia para a remo??o de cor durante eletr?lises galvanost?ticas das solu??es sint?ticas de RRB, NB e YN depende principalmente das condi??es de funcionamento, por exemplo, RRB, passa de 3,30 kWh m-3 em 20 mA cm-2 para 4,28 kWh m-3 em 60 mA cm -2 (pH = 1); 15,23 kWh m-3 em 20 mA cm-2 para 24,75 kWh m-3 em 60 mA cm-2 (pH = 4,5); 10,80 kWh m-3 em 20 mA cm-2 para 31,5 kWh m-3 em 60 mA cm- 2 (pH = 8) (dados estimados por volume de efluente tratado). A fim de verificar a regulamenta??o da lei brasileira dos efluentes sint?ticos ap?s descolora??o pelo tratamento eletroqu?mico, determinou-se os valores de Unidades Hazen e a remo??o total da cor foi alcan?ada, permanecendo na regulamenta??o. Finalmente, o custo de energia el?trica para remo??o da cor foi estimado