Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos nÃveis de sÃdio da raÃÃo nas fases de crescimento e de postura de codornas japonesas foram realizados dois experimentos, nos quais, foram avaliados os nÃveis de 0,07; 0,12; 0,17; 0,22; 0,27 e 0,32% de sÃdio. No primeiro experimento (fase de crescimento), 480 codornas com um dia de idade, foram distribuÃdas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos de oito repetiÃÃes de dez aves cada. Conforme os resultados, no perÃodo de 1 a 21 dias, houve aumento linear do consumo de raÃÃo e Ãgua com aumento dos nÃveis de sÃdio e efeito quadrÃtico no ganho de peso e conversÃo alimentar com nÃveis Ãtimos de 0,23% e 0,21% de sÃdio, respectivamente. De 21 a 42 dias, houve reduÃÃo linear no ganho de peso, aumento linear no consumo de Ãgua e prejuÃzo na conversÃo alimentar com o acrÃscimo de sÃdio na raÃÃo, enquanto, o consumo de raÃÃo nÃo foi influenciado. No perÃodo total (1 a 42 dias de idade) com o aumento de sÃdio na raÃÃo, observou-se aumento linear no consumo de Ãgua e na umidade das excretas e efeito quadrÃtico sobre a digestibilidade da matÃria seca (CDMS), nitrogÃnio (CDN), energia bruta (CDEB) e valores energia metabolizÃvel aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn) com nÃveis Ãtimos estimados de 0,20% para CDMS, 0,27% para o CDN e 0,19% para CDEB, EMA e EMAn. Ainda, nesse ensaio, observou-se que o desempenho da fase de postura nÃo foi influenciado significativamente pelo nÃvel de sÃdio recebido pelas codornas na fase de crescimento. No segundo experimento, 288 codornas com 16 semanas de idade foram distribuÃdas ao acaso em seis tratamentos com oito repetiÃÃes de seis aves por unidade experimental. Houve aumento linear do consumo de raÃÃo, consumo de Ãgua e peso do ovo com o acrÃscimo de sÃdio e efeito quadrÃtico para produÃÃo de ovos, massa de ovo e conversÃo alimentar com nÃveis Ãtimos de 0,23%, 0,24% e 0,23% de sÃdio, respectivamente. TambÃm, houve efeito quadrÃtico dos nÃveis de sÃdio para as percentagens de gema, casca e albÃmen, obtendo-se mÃxima proporÃÃo de albÃmen e casca e mÃnima de gema com 0,21% de sÃdio. NÃo houve efeito significativo dos nÃveis de sÃdio para Unidades Haugh, entretanto houve feito quadrÃtico para gravidade especÃfica, com nÃvel Ãtimo de 0,22% de sÃdio. O acrÃscimo de sÃdio nÃo afetou a umidade das excretas, mas houve efeito quadrÃtico sobre a digestibilidade da matÃria seca (CDMS), nitrogÃnio (CDN), energia bruta (CDEB) e valores energia metabolizÃvel aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn) com nÃveis Ãtimos estimados de 0,24% para CDMS, 0,22% para CDN, 0,21% para CDEB e 0,18% para EMA e EMAn. Considerando os resultados, pode-se recomendar que as raÃÃes para codornas japonesas na fase de crescimento (1 a 42 dias) sejam formuladas com nÃveis de sÃdio entre 0,12% e 0,23% e na fase de produÃÃo, com nÃveis entre 0,18% e 0,23% de sÃdio / With the aim to evaluate the effects of the sodium levels in the growth and laying phases of Japanese quails, we conducted two experiments in which we evaluated the sodium levels of de 0,07%; 0,12%; 0,17%; 0,22%; 0,27% and 0,32%. In the first experiment (growth phase), 480 quails with one day were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments of eight replications of ten birds each. According to the results, in the period from 1 to 21 days, there was a linear increase in feed and water intake with the increase in sodium levels and a quadratic effect in the weight gain and feed conversion with optimum sodium levels of 0,23% and 0,21%, respectively. In the period from 21 to 42 days, there was a linear reduction in the weight gain, linear increase in water intake and worse in feed conversion with the increase in sodium in the ration, while feed intake was not affected. In the total period (1 to 42 days of age) with the increase in sodium in the ration, we observed a linear increase in the water intake and in the excreta moisture and a quadratic effect on the digestibility of the dry matter (DCMS), nitrogen (CDN), gross energy (DCEB) and values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent corrected (AMEn) with estimated optimum levels of 0,20% for DCMS, 0,27% for CDN and 0,19% for DCEB, AME and AMEn. Moreover, in this experiment we observed that the performance of the laying phase was not influenced significantly by the sodium level supplied to quails in the growth phase. In the second experiment, 288 quails with 16 weeks of age were distributed at random in six treatments with eight replications of six birds each. There was a linear increase in feed intake, in water intake, and in egg weight with the increase in sodium levels and a quadratic effect for egg production, egg mass and feed conversion with optimum sodium levels of 0,23%, 0,24% and 0,23%, respectively. Also, there was a quadratic effect of the sodium levels for percentages the yolk, shell and albumen, obtaining a maximum proportion of albumen and shell and a minimum proportion of yolk with a 0,21% sodium level. There was no significant effect of the sodium levels for the Haugh Units. However, there was a quadratic for specific gravity, with an optimum sodium level of 0.22%. The increase in sodium content did not affect the excreta moisture, but there was a quadratic effect on the digestibility of dry matter (DCMS), nitrogen (CDN), gross energy (DCEB) and values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent corrected (AMEn) with estimated optimum levels of 0,24% for CDMS, 0,22% for CDN, 0,21% for CDEB and 0,18% for AME and AMEn. Considering the results, we can recommend that the diets for Japanese quails in the growth phase (1 to 42 days) are formulated with sodium levels between 0,12% and 0,23% and in the production phase with sodium levels between 0,18% and 0,23%

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos nÃveis de cloro da raÃÃo nas fases de crescimento e produÃÃo de codornas japonesas foram realizados dois experimentos, nos quais, foram avaliados os nÃveis de 0,07; 0,12; 0,17; 0,22; 0,27 e 0,32% de cloro. No primeiro experimento (fase de crescimento), 384 codornas com um dia de idade distribuÃdas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos de oito repetiÃÃes de oito aves cada. Conforme os resultados, no perÃodo de 1 a 42 dias, com o acrÃscimo do nÃvel de cloro na raÃÃo houve aumento linear no consumo de raÃÃo (g/ave) e no ganho de peso (g/ave) e reduÃÃo linear na relaÃÃo consumo de Ãgua/consumo de raÃÃo e na umidade das excretas. Entretanto, a conversÃo alimentar (g/g), a ingestÃo de Ãgua (ml/ave/dia), os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matÃria seca (CDMS), do nitrogÃnio (CDN) e da energia bruta (CDEB) e os valores de energia metabolizÃvel aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida para nitrogÃnio (EMAn) das raÃÃes nÃo foram influenciados pelo nÃvel de cloro Ainda nesse ensaio, observou-se que os nÃveis de cloro recebido pelas codornas na fase de crescimento nÃo afetaram significativamente o desempenho da fase de postura. No segundo experimento, 288 codornas com dezessete semanas de idade foram distribuÃdas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, oito repetiÃÃes e seis aves por unidade experimental. Os nÃveis de cloro nÃo influenciaram significativamente o consumo de raÃÃo (g/ave/dia), o consumo de Ãgua (ml/ave/dia), a percentagem de postura (%), o peso do ovo (g), a massa de ovo (g/ave/dia), a conversÃo alimentar (g/g), a umidade das excretas, os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matÃria seca (CDMS), nitrogÃnio (CDN) e energia bruta (CDEB), os valores de energia metabolizÃvel aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn), as Unidades Haugh, as percentagens de albÃmen, gema e casca. Entretanto, a gravidade especÃfica aumentou linearmente com o acrÃscimo de cloro na raÃÃo. Considerando os resultados, podese recomendar que as raÃÃes para codornas japonesas na fase de crescimento (1 a 42 dias) e de produÃÃo formuladas com milho e farelo de soja podem conter nÃveis de cloro de atà 0,32% sem prejuÃzo para os parÃmetros de desempenho e qualidade dos ovos. / In order to evaluate the effects of chlorine levels in the diet of growing and production of Japanese quails were conducted two experiments in which we assessed the levels of 0.07, 0.12, 0.17, 0.22, 0.27 and 0.32% chlorine. In the first experiment (growing phase), 384 quail on a day-old distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments of eight replicates of eight birds each. According to the results for the period from 1 to 42 days, with the addition of chlorine level in the diet linearly increased feed intake (g/bird) and weight gain (g/bird) and a linear decrease in the ratio of consumption water/feed intake and excreta moisture. However, feed conversion (g/g), water intake (ml/bird/day), the digestibility of dry matter (CDMS), nitrogen (CDN) and gross energy (GEDC) and the values of metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent nitrogen corrected (AME) of feed were not affected by the level of chlorine still in testing, we found that chlorine levels received by the quails in the growing phase did not significantly affect the performance of phase posture. In the second experiment, 288 quail with seventeen weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments, eight replicates and six birds per experimental unit. Chlorine levels did not significantly influence feed intake (g/bird/day), water consumption (ml/bird/day), the percentage of stance (%), egg weight (g), the mass of egg (g/bird/day), feed conversion (g/g), the moisture of excreta, the digestibility of dry matter (CDMS), nitrogen (CDN) and gross energy (GEDC), the metabolizable energy apparent (AME) and corrected apparent (AME), Haugh Units, the percentages of albumen, yolk and shell. However, the specific gravity increased linearly with the addition of chlorine in the feed. Considering the results, we can recommend diets for Japanese quails in the growing phase (1 to 42 days) and production made with corn and soybean meal can contain chlorine levels up to 0.32% subject to the parameters performance and egg quality

Renal function of fresh water acclimated Glaucous-winged Gulls, Larus qlaucescens, was studied during infusion of hypotonic and hypertonic NaCl. Two experimental protocols were followed. In one, the closed urine collection system (CCS), ureteral urine was collected using catheters glued over ureteral openings of a supine, previously anesthetized gull. In the other, the open urine collection system (OCS), ureteral urine was collected through a funnel placed in the urodeum of a standing, unanesthetized bird. In both protocols, there was continuous saline infusion of hypotonic (hydration) and hypertonic (LOAD) saline at 0.286 ml⋅min⁻¹. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), ml(kg⋅min) ⁻¹, were determined by ¹⁴C-polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ³H-para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearances. Plasma vasotocin (PAVT, pg⋅ml⁻¹) was measured. At the end of 4 h hydration with 0.02 M NaCl, urine flow was high but matched infusion rate only in CCS birds (CCS, 0.29 ± 0.05; OCS, 0.17 ± 0.03 ml⋅min⁻¹), GFR (CCS, 5.56 ± 0.85; OCS, 5.36 ± 0.77) and ERPF (CCS, 15.80 ± 1.60; OCS, 14.35 ± 1.65) were high; urine sodium (UNa+) concentration was low (CCS, 15.0 ± 7.3; OCS, 36.4 ± 6.0 mEq⋅1⁻¹), UNa+ excretion was low (CCS, 6.38 ± 4.2; OCS, 5.19 uEq⋅min⁻¹) ; urine/plasma PEG ratio (U/PPEG) was high (CCS, 22.4 ± 4.4, OCS, 39.6 ± 8.5); free water clearance (CH₂O) was positive (CCS, 0.143 ± 0.011; OCS, 0.052 ± 0.019 ml⋅min⁻¹) , and PAVT was low (ccs,14.7 ± 7.4; OCS, 16.1 ± 2.4) in both groups. Immediately following infusion of 5 M NaCl, GFR, ERPF and urine flow increased for about 10 mins. Fifteen minutes later, the GFR of CCS gulls fell to 70% of pre-load values (P < 0.05) and in OCS gulls, GFR and ERPF fell to 64% (P < 0.01) and 61% (P < 0.05). Eighty mins after infusion of 5 M NaCl, the GFR and ERPF of CCS gulls returned to pre-LOAD levels, but remained low in OCS gulls. Twenty-five minutes after salt load, urine flow had fallen to 49% (P < 0.05) and remained low. In OCS gulls, urine flow had fallen to 13% (P < 0.001) after 185 mins. In both CCS and OCS gulls, UNa+ concentration and excretion increased significantly. Sixty minutes after salt load, UNa+ excretion returned to pre-LOAD levels but UNa+ concentration remained high in CCS (111.7 ± 57.5) and OCS (132.8 ± 12.5) gulls. U/PPEG attained 134.3 ± 26.5 in CCS and 181.2 ± 32.4 in OCS gulls. CH₂O fell significantly (P < 0.05) in CCS gulls but remained unchanged in OCS gulls. Mean PAVT increased to 122.5 ± 5.5 in CCS and 96.0 ± 12.6 in OCS gulls. In both CCS and OCS gulls, salt gland secretion was initiated but ceased 60 mins after 5M NaCl infusion, although 60% of the load was retained in the gull. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Einleitung: Die Kationen-Anionen Bilanz (DCAB) des Futters modifiziert den Säure-Basen Status von Tieren und findet Anwendung in der Prävention von Milchfieber bei Kühen, MMA bei Sauen und Urolithiasis bei Haustieren. Durch die Veränderung des Kationen-Anionen-Verhältnisses in Futterrationen können biologische Prozesse beeinflusst werden, der Stickstoffmetabolismus. Ziel der Untersuchung: Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit der Frage, ob eine kaliumbedingte Variation der DCAB des Futters für wachsende Schweine einen Einfluss auf bestimmte Parameter des Säure-Basen-Haushaltes und möglicherweise auch auf die Stickstoffbilanz hat. Materialien und Methoden: Dem Versuch standen insgesamt 38 männlich kastrierte Mastschweine (Dreirassen-Kreuzung von Pietrain x Deutsches Edelschwein x Deutsche Landrasse) mit einem Einstallungsalter von ca. 12 Wochen und einer Lebendmasse von 17,3 kg bis 30,3 kg zur Verfügung. In randomisierter Reihenfolge erfolgte die Zuteilung der Schweine zu den acht Versuchsfuttern; Rohproteingehalt von 140 g kg-1 Futter und 200 g kg-1 Futter, sowie je 4 g, 10 g, 14 g oder 20 g Kalium kg-1 Futter. Die Versuchsfutter wiesen eine konstante Konzentration an Natrium und Chlorid auf. Die Hauptfutterkomponenten waren Mais und Weizen. Die beiden Rohproteingehalte wurden durch unterschiedliche Sojaextraktionsschrot- und Maisklebermengen gewonnen. Über Kaliumhydrogencarbonat (KHCO3) und Kaliumchlorid (KCl) resultierte die Einstellung der genannten Kaliumkonzentrationen sowie der vier DCAB-Stufen von -125 mEq kg-1, 66 mEq kg-1, 168 mEq kg-1, und 342 mEq kg-1 Futter. In einer Adaptionsphase von 15 Tagen gewöhnten sich die Scheine an das Versuchsfutter und die Umgebung. Die Einstallung erfolgte in Einzelboxen und die Versuchstiere erhielten Wasser ad libitum. Während der anschießenden zwei Bilanzphasen von je fünf Tagen wurden die Schweine in Bilanzkäfigen gehalten. Zwischen den beiden Bilanzphasen kam es zu einer fünftägigen Pause ohne Änderung der Fütterung. In der Bilanzzeit wurden der gesamte Harn und Kot der Tiere gesammelt sowie der dazugehörige pH-Wert kontinuierlich bestimmt. Harn- und Kotaliquots wurden für Stickstoff- und Elektrolytanalysen einbehalten. Jede fünftägige Bilanz endete mit der Gewinnung einer Blutprobe von jedem Schwein aus der Vena jugulares zur Bestimmung von Kalium, Natrium, Chlorid, pH-Wert, Hydrogencarbonat, Basenüberschuss und Aminosäuren. Ergebnisse: Kalium hat einen Einfluss auf den Harn pH-Wert. Analog zur steigenden Kaliumaufnahme (DCAB↑) wurden die Harn pH-Werte basischer (-125 mEq kg-1 Futter = Ø 5,93; 342 mEq kg-1 Futter = Ø 8,37). Die Blut pH-Werte, die im Durchschnitt bei 7,21 lagen, wie auch die Hydrogencarbonat- und Basenüberschusskonzentration, reagierten aufgrund der renalen Kompensation nicht wesentlich auf die unterschiedlichen DCAB im Futter. Die dazugehörigen Kot pH-Werte waren bei -125 mEq kg-1 Futter und 66 mEq kg-1 Futter um 0,16 höher als bei den anderen beiden DCAB-Stufen. Die Stickstoffaufnahme variierte zwischen 0,90 g kg-1KM d-1 und 1,22 g kg-1KM d-1 aufgrund der beiden Rohproteingehalte (14 und 20 %) in den Versuchsrationen. Eine Senkung der DCAB im Futter bewirkte eine Verbesserung der Stickstoffverdaulichkeit von 86,1 % auf 89,9 % (p<0,05). Hingegen zeigten die Diäten mit der kaliumärmsten Konzentration die höchsten renalen Stickstoffexkretionen von 442 mg kg-1KM d-1 gegenüber den anderen drei Kaliumkonzentrationen (345 mg kg-1KM d-1). In Folge dessen ergibt sich eine Stickstoffretentionssteigerung mit zunehmender DCAB im Futter. Jedoch wurde bei 66 mEq kg-1 Futter (Kalium 10 g kg-1 Futter) die höchste Stickstoffretention von 643 mg kg-1KM d-1 festgestellt. Die Untersuchung der Blutproben ergab keine Beeinflussung der Summe aller Aminosäuren, die bei ø 44,66 mg dl-1 lag. Die Summe der essentiellen Aminosäuren war bei einer DCAB von 66 mEq kg-1 Futter im Blut geringer als bei den übrigen Variationen. Einige Parameter der Elektrolytbilanzen waren zwischen den Futtervariationen verschieden: Bei dem Versuchsfutter mit einer DCAB von -125 mEq kg-1 Futter (Kalium 4 g kg-1 Futter) schieden die Schweine Na: 2,83 mg kg-1KM d-1 und Cl: 1,54 mg kg-1KM d 1 weniger mit dem Kot und Na: 7,05 mg kg-1KM d-1 weniger mit dem Harn aus gegenüber den weiteren Versuchsgruppen. Die renale Chloridexkretion zeigte keine Variabilität. Die renale, als auch die fäkale Kaliumausscheidung nahm analog zur DCAB des Futters zu (DCAB im Futter: -125 mEq kg-1; 66 mEq kg-1; 168 mEq kg-1; 342 mEq kg-1; K-Abgabe in mg kg-1KM d-1, renal: 74,0; 273,3; 431,1; 609,1; fäkal: 24,5; 31,2; 32,6; 44,0). In der Gesamtheit betrachtet ergibt sich für die Natrium- und Chloridretention keine richtungsweisende Beeinflussung im Zusammenhang mit der DCAB der Versuchsrationen. Die Kaliumretention hingegen stieg von 66,5 mg kg-1KM d-1 (-125 mEq kg-1 Futter) auf 167,0 mg kg-1KM d-1 (342 mEq kg-1 Futter) an, was nicht von den Kaliumkonzentrationen im Blut wiedergegeben wurde. Entsprechendes gilt für die Natrium- und Chloridkonzentrationen im Blut. Schlussfolgerungen: In der Alkalisierung des Harns zeigt sich, dass der DCAB des Futters Einfluss auf den Säure-Basen Status nimmt. Der systemische pH-Wert blieb aufgrund der Puffersysteme des Organismuses weitestgehend unberührt. Durch die KHCO3-Zulagen wurde das intragastrale bzw. das intestinale pH-Milieu verändert, was sich in der schlechteren Verdaulichkeit von Stickstoff bei höherer DCAB wiederspiegelt. Die Stickstoffretention steht in keinem Zusammenhang mit der Stickstoffverdaulichkeit. Mit dem DCAB von 66 mEq kg-1 Futter bzw. K: 10 g kg-1 Futter wurde die beste Retention für Stickstoff beobachtet. Die täglichen Gewichtszunahmen und die Futterverwertungen der Versuchsschweine konnten dies allerdings nicht reflektieren. Anzumerken sei, dass für einen eindeutigen Effekt auf die tägliche Zunahme eine längere Beobachtungsphase notwendig wäre (Sprung der täglichen Zunahmen von 520 g für -125 mEq kg-1 Futter auf das Niveau von 692 g für 66 mEq kg-1 Futter und mehr). Eine Empfehlung in Anlehnung an diese Studie wäre ein DCAB-Wert um die 66 mEq kg-1 Futter. Wird dieser Wert erhöht sinkt die Stickstoffverdaulichkeit auf der anderen Seite verschlechtert sich die Stickstoffretention bei Verringerung der DCAB. / Initiation: The dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) of the feed modifies the acid-base balance and is used in the prevention of milk fever in cows, MMA in sows and urolithiasis in pets. The modification of the cation-anion ratio in diets can take an impact on biological processes inducting nitrogen metabolism. Objectives of investigations: This study objectively clarifies, whether potassium-based variation of the DCAB of the food has an influence on certain parameters of the nitrogen balance and the acid-base balance. Materials and Methods: The trial covered a total of 38 male castrated pigs (three racial crossing Pietrain x Large White x German Landrace) with a housing-age of approximately 12 weeks and a live weight of 17.3 kg to 30.3 kg. In randomized order, the pigs were allocated to the eight experimental feed: crude protein content of 140 g per kg feed and 200 g per kg feed, as well as 4, 10, 14 or 20 g of potassium per kg feed. The sodium and chloride concentrations in the feed were kept constant. The main food components were corn and wheat. The two crude protein levels were determined by various soybean meal and corn gluten quantities. Potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO3) and potassium chloride (KCl) were used to establish the four DCAB levels of -125 mEq kg-1, 66 mEq kg-1, 168 mEq kg-1, and 342 mEq kg-1 feed. In an adaptation period of 15 days pigs were accustomed to food and environment. They were kept in individual pens and were given water ad libitum. During the following two trial phases of five days each, the pigs were kept in balance cages. Between the two trial periods, there was a break of five days (no diet change). During the trial period all urine and excrement of the animals was collected, and the respective pH-value was continuously measured. Aliquots of urine and faeces were used in nitrogen and electrolyte analyses. At the end of each five-day record a blood sample from the jugular vein was taken from each pig for determination of potassium, sodium, chloride, pH-value, hydrogen carbonate, base excess, and amino acids. Results: Potassium has a significant influence on renal pH values. Analogous to increasing potassium intake (DCAB ↑), the urine pH value turned more basic (-125 mEq kg-1 feed = 5.93; 342 mEq kg-1 feed = 8.37). The blood pH levels, which averaged at 7.21, as well as the hydrogen carbonate concentration and base excess concentration, did not respond to the different DCAB in the feed because of the renal compensation. The associated feces pH values at -125 mEq kg-1 feed and 66 mEq kg-1 feed were higher by 0.16 than at the other two DCAB levels. The nitrogen intake varied between 0.90 g kg-1BM d-1 and 1.22 g kg-1BM d-1, based on both crude proteins (14 % and 20 %) in the experimental feeds. A reduction of DCAB in the feed resulted in an improvement of the nitrogen digestibility from 86.1 % to 89.9 % (< 0.05). However, diets with the lowest concentration of potassium showed the highest renal nitrogen excretions of 442 mg kg-1BM d-1 compared to the other three concentrations of potassium (345 mg kg-1BM d-1). As a consequence, nitrogen retention increases with increasing DCAB in the feed. However, the highest nitrogen retention of 643 mg kg-1KM d-1 was found with a 66 mEq kg-1 diet (potassium 10 g kg-1 feed). The examination of blood samples revealed no influence on the sum of the amino acids, which was 44.66 mg dl-1. The sum of the essential amino acids was reduced at a DCAB of 66 mEq kg-1 in blood, similar to the other variations. Some parameters of the electrolyte balances were different between the feed variations: In the experimental diet with a DCAB of -125 mEq kg-1 diet (potassium 4 g kg-1 feed), the pigs eliminated Na: 2.83 mg kg- 1BM d-1 and Cl: 1.54 mg kg– 1BM d-1 less in the feces and Na: 7.05 mg kg- 1KM d-1 less in the urine with respect to the other experimental groups. Renal chloride excretion showed no variability. The renal and fecal excretion of potassium increased proportionally to the DCAB of the feed (DCAB in the feed: -125 mEq kg-1, 66 mEq kg-1, 168 mEq kg-1; 342 mEq kg-1; K output in mg kg- 1BM d-1, renal: 74.0; 273.3; 431.1; 609.1; fecal: 24.5; 31.2; 32.6; 44.0). When viewed against the totality of results for the sodium and chloride retention, there were no trend-setting influences in connection with the DCAB of the experimental diets. The potassium retention, however, increased from 66.5 mg kg- 1BM d-1 (-125 mEq kg-1 feed) to 167.0 mg kg- 1BM d-1 (342 mEq kg -1 feed), which was not reproduced from the potassium concentrations in the blood. The same applied to the sodium and chloride concentrations in the blood. Conclusions: The alkalization of the urine shows that the DCAB of the feed influences the acid-base status. The systemic pH remained largely unaffected due to the buffer systems of the organism. The intragastric, respectively the intestinal, pH medium was changed by the addition of potassium hydrogen carbonate, which is reflected in the poorer digestibility of nitrogen at higher DCAB. The nitrogen retention is not related to the nitrogen digestibility. The best retention of nitrogen was observed with the DCAB of 66 mEq kg-1 feed (K: 10 g kg-1 feed). The daily weight gain and feed utilizations of the pigs certainly could not reflect this. It should be noted, however, that a longer observation period would be necessary for a clear effect on daily gain (jump of the daily weight gain from 520 g of -125 mEq kg-1 feed to the level of 692 g for 66 mEq kg-1 feed and more). A recommendation based on this study would be a DCAB value of 66 mEq kg-1 feed. If this value increases, the nitrogen digestibility decreases; on the other hand, the nitrogen retention deteriorated with reducing DCAB.

This thesis aimed to, first, examine the effects of the addition of whey protein or casein protein to common carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) solutions on post-exercise rehydration; second, examine the effects of various contents of whey protein in CE solutions on post-exercise rehydration; and third, investigate the mechanisms on the increased fluid retention after the ingestion of CE plus whey protein solutions. / The first study (Chapter 4) of this thesis examined the effects of CE solution added with a certain amount of whey or casein protein on post-exercise rehydration. Ten young healthy males (mean ± SEM, age: 20.7 ± 0.4 years; body weight (BW): 65.4 ± 2.0 kg; maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ₘₐₓ): 60.7 ± 1.9 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) were recruited in this study. Three main experimental trials were conducted in a randomized single-blinded crossover design and separated by at least 7 days between any two of them. In each main trial, subjects ran for 60 min at 65% VO₂ₘₐₓ on a treadmill in a warm and humid environment (24 °C, 60% relative humidity (RH)), which was followed by a 4-hour recovery period. During recovery, the subjects were provided with either a common CE solution, or a CE with whey protein (CW) solution, or a CE with casein protein (CC) solution. The three solutions were matched for energy and electrolyte content and were provided in six equivalent volumes at 30 min intervals with a total volume equivalent to 150% of their BW loss. The nude BW, urine samples, and capillary blood samples were collected before and after exercise and at the end of each hour during recovery. After exercise, the subjects lost approximately 2.3% of their pre-exercise BW in all trials. Total urine volume after recovery was higher in the CE and CC trials than in the CW trial (CE vs. CW vs. CC: 1184 ± 120 mL vs. 1005 ± 68 mL vs. 1256 ± 130 mL, p < 0.05), which induced greater fluid retention in CW trial compared with both CE and CC trials (CE vs. CW vs. CC: 46.9 ± 5.2% vs. 54.9 ± 2.9% vs. 45.8 ± 5.5%, p < 0.05). By the end of recovery, the urine specific gravity (USG) was lower in the CE trial than in both CW and CC trials (CE vs. CW vs. CC: 1.002 ± 0.001 g·mL⁻¹ vs. 1.004 ± 0.001 g·mL⁻¹ vs. 1.004 ± 0.000 g·mL⁻¹, p < 0.05). In addition, the urine osmolality was lower in the CE trial than in both CW and CC trials after recovery (CE vs. CW vs. CC: 111 ± 18 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 181 ± 14 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 195 ± 23 mmol·kg⁻¹, p < 0.05). However, no difference was found in the changes of plasma volume among trials throughout recovery. These results suggested that during a 4-hour recovery after 60 min run which induced about 2% BW loss, the CE plus whey protein solution was more effective in fluid retention compared with the isocaloric CE or CE plus casein protein solution. / The second study (Chapter 5) was conducted to examine the effects of various contents of whey protein in CE solutions on post-exercise rehydration; meanwhile, the mechanisms on the greater fluid retention after the ingestion of CE plus whey protein solutions were investigated as well. Ten young healthy males (mean ± SEM, age: 22.0 ± 0.7 years; BW: 64.5 ± 1.9 kg; VO₂ₘₐₓ: 59.8 ± 1.9 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) finished five main experimental trials in a randomized single-blinded crossover manner and separated by at least 7 days. After a 60-min run at 65% VO₂ₘₐₓ on a treadmill in each main trial, a 4-hour recovery period was carried out. During recovery, five solutions of 1) a CE solution with high CHO content (CE-H); 2) a CE solution with low CHO content (CE-L); 3) a CE solution with high content of whey protein (CW-H); 4) a CE solution with medium content of whey protein (CW-M); and 5) a CE solution with low content of whey protein (CW-L) were consumed by the subjects randomly. The electrolyte content was matched, whereas CE-H, CW-H, CW-M, and CW-L solutions were matched for energy density, CE-L and CW-H solutions were matched for CHO content. The total volume consumed by subjects was 150% of the BW loss, and the solutions were provided in six equal volumes at 30 min intervals during recovery. The nude BW, urine samples, and capillary and venous blood samples were obtained before and after exercise and at the end of each hour during recovery. The results showed that the subjects lost about 2.2% of BW after exercise. By the end of the recovery, the total urine volume was smaller in the CW-M trial than in the CE-H trial (CE-H vs. CW-M: 1295 ± 103 mL vs. 1049 ± 130 mL, p < 0.05), whereas the CW-H trial was smaller than the CE-H, CE-L, and CW-L trials (CE-H vs. CE-L vs. CW-L vs. CW-H: 1295 ± 1033 mL vs. 1284 ± 90 mL vs. 1141 ± 58 mL vs. 891 ± 73 mL, p < 0.01). The less urine production in the CW-M and CW-H trials resulted in a greater fluid retention compared with CE-H, CE-L, and CW-L trials (CE-H vs. CE-L vs. CW-L vs. CW-M vs. CW-H: 38.4 ± 5.2% vs. 36.1 ± 4.3% vs. 43.0 ± 3.8% vs. 51.0 ± 5.7% vs. 55.4 ± 3.8%, p < 0.05). The CE-H and CE-L trials showed lower USG and urine osmolality compared with the CW-L, CW-M, and CW-H trials at the end of recovery (p < 0.05). In addition, the plasma osmolality of the CE-L trial was lower than that of the CW-L, CW-M, and CW-H trials at the 1st hour of recovery (CE-L vs. CW-L vs. CW-M vs. CW-H: 274 ± 4 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 291 ± 4 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 301 ± 6 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 293 ± 6 mmol·kg⁻¹, p < 0.05). The plasma volume was lower in the CE-L trial than that in the CW-H trial at the 2nd and 3rd hour, and the CE-L trial reached the lowest plasma volume than the other four trials by the end of recovery (p < 0.05). The aldosterone concentration was lower in both CE-H and CE-L trials compared with the CW-M and CW-H trials after recovery (CE-H vs. CE-L vs. CW-M vs. CW-H: 228 ± 100 pg·mL⁻¹ vs. 211 ± 51 pg·mL⁻¹ vs. 336 ± 85 pg·mL⁻¹ vs. 333 ± 70 pg·mL⁻¹, p < 0.05). The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentration was also found to be lower in the CE-L trial than in the CW-H trial at the 1st and 2nd hour of recovery (p < 0.05). However, no difference was found in plasma albumin concentrations among trials throughout recovery. The results indicated that the CE solutions with higher whey protein content retained more fluid compared with CE solutions with lower whey protein content or CE solution alone. The greater fluid retention was partly caused by the elevated aldosterone concentrations in the situations of current study. / In summary, the experimental results of this thesis found that the consumption of common CE solution plus whey protein can retain more fluid in body than isocaloric CE or CE plus casein protein solution during post-exercise recovery. CE solutions with relative higher whey protein content were more effective in fluid retention than CE solutions with lower whey protein content. Furthermore, the additive effects on fluid retention caused by whey protein supplementation were induced by the increased concentrations of plasma aldosterone. The elevated plasma osmolality and ADH concentrations maybe also played a role in the greater fluid retention. However, further studies are needed to clarify this issue. The current findings provided more evidences in this research topic and suggested some recommendations to athletes and sports enthusiasts to reach rehydration rapidly and effectively after exercise. / 本論文的研究目的包括：首先，研究在普通的碳水化合物-電解質（CE）飲料中添加乳清蛋白或酪蛋白對運動後復水的影響；其次，研究CE飲料中添加不同劑量的乳清蛋白對運動後復水的影響；再次，闡述飲用CE加乳清蛋白飲料後更能有效的將水分保留在人體內的機制。 / 實驗一（第四章）研究了在CE飲料中加入一定劑量的乳清蛋白或酪蛋白對運動後復水的影響。十位年輕、健康男性受試者（平均值 ± 標準誤，年齡: 20.7 ± 0.4 歲；體重: 65.4 ± 2.0 千克；最大攝氧量: 60.7 ± 1.9 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹）自願參加本項測試。按照隨機單肓交叉設計，他們完成了三次主測試，期中任何兩次測試時間都相隔七天以上。在每一次主測試中，受試者首先在跑臺上以65%最大攝氧量的運動強度完成了60分鐘的跑步運動（運動環境控制在24攝氏度，60%相對濕度），隨後開始4小時的運動後恢復階段。在恢復過程中，受試者會分別飲用三種不同飲料中的一種。三種飲料包括：（1）普通CE飲料（CE組）；（2）普通CE飲料中添加乳清蛋白（CW 組）；（3）普通CE飲料中添加酪蛋白（CC 組）。三種飲料含有相同的能量密度及電解質濃度。受試者在每次主測試中飲用的總飲料體積為1.5倍的體重減少量，這些飲料分為6等份并每隔30分鐘由受試者飲用一份。運動前、後及在恢復階段每隔一小時收集受試者的體重（裸重）、尿液樣本、及血液樣本（指尖取血）。在三次主測試中，受試者在運動結束後減少的體重量約為運動前體重的2.3%。在4小時的恢復階段中，CE組和CC組受試者排出的尿液總體積大於CW組（CE vs. CW vs. CC: 1184 ± 120 mL vs. 1005 ± 68 mL vs. 1256 ± 130 mL, p < 0.05）。所以，恢復結束後，CW組的水分保持比例高於CE組及CC組（CE vs. CW vs. CC:46.9 ± 5.2% vs. 54.9 ± 2.9% vs. 45.8 ± 5.5%, p < 0.05）。在恢復結束時，CE組的尿比重低於CW組及CC組（CE vs. CW vs. CC: 1.002 ± 0.001 g·mL⁻¹ vs. 1.004 ± 0.001g·mL⁻¹ vs. 1.004 ± 0.000 g·mL⁻¹, p < 0.05）。另外，在恢復結束後，CE組尿滲透壓水平低於CW組及CC組（CE vs. CW vs. CC: 111 ± 18 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 181 ± 14mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 195 ± 23 mmol·kg⁻¹, p < 0.05）。但是，在恢復階段，血漿容量的變化在三組中沒有顯著差異。本實驗的結果表明，完成60分鐘跑步後，受試者丟失掉約2%的體重，在之後4小時恢復階段中，飲用添加乳清蛋白的CE飲料比有相同能量密度的普通CE飲料或添加酪蛋白的CE飲料更能有效的將水分保留在體內。 / 實驗二（第五章）研究了在普通CE飲料中添加不同劑量的乳清蛋白對運動後復水的影響；同時，也研究了飲用CE加乳清蛋白飲料後更能有效的將水分保留在人體內的機制。十位年輕、健康男性受試者（平均值 ± 標準誤，年齡: 22.0 ± 0.7 歲；體重: 64.5 ± 1.9 千克；最大攝氧量: 59.8 ± 1.9 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹）自願參加本項測試。按照隨機單肓交叉設計，他們完成了五次主測試，任何兩次測試的時間都相隔七天以上。在每一次主測試中，受試者首先在跑臺上以65%最大攝氧量的運動強度完成了60 分鐘的跑步運動，隨後開始4 小時的運動後恢復階段。在恢復過程中，受試者會飲用五種不同飲料中的一種。五種飲料包括：（1）普通CE飲料，含有較高的CHO濃度（CE-H組）；（2）普通CE飲料，含有較低的CHO濃度（CE-L組）；（3）普通CE飲料添加較高劑量的乳清蛋白（CW-H組）；（4）普通CE飲料添加中等劑量的乳清蛋白（CW-M組）；（5）普通CE飲料添加較低劑量的乳清蛋白（CW-L組）。五種飲料含有相同濃度的電解質，其中，CE-H，CW-H，CW-M，及CW-L組有相同的能量密度，CE-L 及CW-H 組有相同的CHO含量。在每次主測試的恢復階段，受試者飲用的飲料總體積為1.5倍的體重減少量，這些飲料分為6等份并每隔30分鐘由受試者飲用一份。運動前、後及在恢復階段每隔一小時收集受試者的體重（裸重）、尿液樣本、及血液樣本（指尖取血及靜脈取血）。運動結束後，受試者的體重減少量約為運動前體重的2.2%，五組測試中沒有顯著差異。在4小時的恢復階段後，CW-M 組受試者的尿液總體積小於CE-H組（CE-H vs. CW-M:1295 ± 103 mL vs. 1049 ± 130 mL, p < 0.05）；同時，CW-H組的尿量低於CE-H，CE-L，及CW-L組（CE-H vs. CE-L vs. CW-L vs. CW-H: 1295 ± 103 mL vs. 1284 ± 90mL vs. 1141 ± 58 mL vs. 891 ± 73 mL, p < 0.01）。相對於CE-H，CE-L，及CW-L組，較少的尿液排出量使CW-M及CW-H組能將更多的水分保留在體內（CE-H vs.CE-L vs. CW-L vs. CW-M vs. CW-H: 38.4 ± 5.2% vs. 36.1 ± 4.3% vs. 43.0 ± 3.8% vs.51.0 ± 5.7% vs. 55.4 ± 3.8%, p < 0.05）。在恢復結束後，CE-H及CE-L組的尿比重水平及尿滲透壓水平低於CW-L，CW-M，及CW-H組（p < 0.05）。另外，在恢復階段的第1小時，CE-L組的血漿滲透壓水平低於CW-L，CW-M，及CW-H組（CE-L vs. CW-L vs. CW-M vs. CW-H: 274 ± 4 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 291 ± 4 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 301 ± 6 mmol·kg⁻¹ vs. 293 ± 6 mmol·kg⁻¹, p < 0.05）。在恢復階段的第2及3小時，CE-L組的血漿容量低於CW-H組；在恢復結束時，CE-L組的血漿容量低於其它四組（p <0.05）。對于兩種體液平衡調節激素，在恢復結束時，CE-H及CE-L組的醛固酮水平低於CW-M及CW-H組（CE-H vs. CE-L vs. CW-M vs. CW-H: 228 ± 100 pg·mL⁻¹ vs. 211 ± 51 pg·mL⁻¹ vs. 336 ± 85 pg·mL⁻¹ vs. 333 ± 70 pg·mL⁻¹, p < 0.05）。在恢復階段的第1及2小時，CE-L組的抗利尿激素水平低於CW-H組（p < 0.05）。然而，五組測試中，血漿白蛋白水平在恢復階段沒有顯著差異。本實驗的研究結果表明，普通CE飲料中加入較高劑量的乳清蛋白比較低劑量的乳清蛋白更能有效的將水分保留在人體內。這種較高水平的水分保留能力與醛固酮激素水平的升高有關。 / 綜上所述，本論文的研究結果發現，在運動後的恢復階段飲用添加乳清蛋白的CE飲料比有相同能量密度的普通CE飲料或添加酪蛋白的CE飲料更能有效的將水分保留在人體內。並且，在CE飲料中加入較高劑量的乳清蛋白比較低劑量的乳清蛋白對人體內水分的保留更加有效。另外，這種較高水平的水分保留能力是由醛固酮激素水平的升高引起的。同時，較高的血漿滲透壓及抗利尿激素水平可能對這種高效的水分保留能力也有一定的促進作用，但需要更多的研究來闡述這一觀點。本論文的研究結果為運動後復水的相關研究提供了更多的理論證據，並且對運動員及運動愛好者在運動結束後如何進行快速有效的復水提出了指導及建議。 / Li, Liang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-149). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes includes Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 01, November, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-11-19T18:59:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Atila dos Santos Batista. Papel dos receptores....pdf: 4517971 bytes, checksum: 2d9cb0d434dcb66027ca90861bbd1a75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-19T18:59:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Atila dos Santos Batista. Papel dos receptores....pdf: 4517971 bytes, checksum: 2d9cb0d434dcb66027ca90861bbd1a75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / Diferentes áreas do sistema nervoso central que participam da regulação cardiovascular recebem projeções de núcleos da rafe produtores de 5-HT. Diversos estudos têm também demonstrado a participação dos receptores serotoninérgicos nas respostas neuroendócrinas e emocionais ao estresse e no equilíbrio hidrossalino, assim os objetivos do referido trabalho foram: a) estudar o papel dos receptores do tipo 5-HT3 presentes na ASM (área septal medial) sobre as respostas cardiovasculares ao estresse de contenção em ratos; b) verificar a possível interação entre os receptores colinérgicos muscarínicos e 5-HT3 presentes na ASM no controle cardiovascular; c) verificar o papel dos receptores do tipo 5-HT3 na ASM sobre o controle hidrossalino. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar (280-300g) submetidos ao implante de uma cânula guia na ASM. Os animais destinados aos estudos cardiovasculares receberam implante de catéter carotídeo para análise da PA. No momento do experimento referente ao estresse os animais receberam injeção de m-CPBG e ondansetrona na ASM e 15 min após a microinjeção foram submetidos ao estresse de contenção com registro da PA. Para análise da interação entre os receptores muscarínicos e os receptores serotoninérgicos do tipo 5-HT3 os animais receberam previamente atropina, antagonista colinérgico muscarínico, e após 10 min receberam ondansetrona com registro constante da PA por mais 110min. No protocolo experimental para depleção de sódio os animais receberam microinjeções de furosemida 24h antes do experimento tendo disponíveis bebedouros de água destilada. No momento do experimento os animais receberam microinjeções de m-CPBG e ondansetrona e após 15 min os volumes de água e salina 1,5% foram registrados por 2h. Para análise do efeito do bloqueio dos receptores 5-HT3 sobre o comportamento de ingestão de água os animais foram submetidos a privação hídrica por 24h. No momento do experimento microinjeções de salina, m-CPBG ondansetrona foram feitas na ASM com medida dos volumes ingeridos ao longo de 2h. Verificamos que os receptores serotoninérgicos do tipo 5-HT3 presentes na ASM inibem o aumento da PA em animais submetidos ao estresse, além disso, verificamos também que a resposta hipertensiva decorrente do bloqueio dos receptores serotoninérgicos do tipo 5- HT3 depende da integridade funcional dos receptores colinérgicos muscarínicos. Por outro lado, tanto a ativação, quanto o bloqueio dos receptores serotoninérgicos do tipo 5-HT3 presentes na ASM parecem não mediar a ingestão de sódio em animais sódio-depletados nem a ingestão de água em animais sob privação hídrica. / Different areas of the central nervous system that participate in cardiovascular regulation receive the projections of rafe nuclei that product 5-HT. Several studies have also demonstrated the participation of serotoninergic receptors in neuroendocrine and emotional responses for stress and in fluid and electrolyte balance. Thus, the objectives of this work were: a) to study the role of type 5-HT3 receptors present in MSA (medial septal area) on the cardiovascular responses to stress of restraint in rats; b) to verify the possible interaction between muscarinic cholinergic receptors and 5-HT3 present in MSA in cardiovascular control; c) to verify the role of type 5-HT3 receptors in MSA on fluid and electrolyte control. There were used Wistar rats (280-300g) submitted to a guide cannula implant in MSA. The animals for cardiovascular studies received carotid catheter implant to AP analyses. At the time of stress experiment the animals received m-CPBG and ondansetron injection in MSA and, 15 minutes after microinjection were submitted to stress of restraint with the AP register. To analyses the interaction between the muscarinic receptors and 5-HT3 serotoninergic receptors, the animals previously received atropine, cholinergic muscarinic antagonist, and 10 minutes after received ondansetron with the constant register of AP for 110 minutes more. In the experimental protocol for sodium depletion animals received furosemide microinjections 24 hours before the experiment with distilled water drinking fountains available. At the time of the experiment the animals received m-CPBG and ondansetron injection and after 15 minutes the volumes of water and 1,5% saline were registered for two hours. To analyses the effect of 5-HT3 receptors blockade on the water ingestion behavior the animals had been submitted to water privation by 24 hours. At the time of the experiment microinjections of saline, m-CPBG and ondansetron were made in MSA with measurement of ingested volumes during two hours. We verified that the type 5-HT3 serotoninergic receptors present in MSA inhibit the increase of AP in animals on stress. In addition, we also verified that the hypertensive response due to the type 5-HT3 serotoninergic receptors blockade depends on the functional integrity of the muscarinic cholinergic receptors. On the other hand, both the activation as the blocking of type 5-HT3 serotoninergic receptors presents in MSA seem not to mediate sodium ingest in sodium-depleted animals nor the water ingestion in animals on water deprivation.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jason C. Woodworth / A total of 6,465 nursery pigs were used in 8 experiments. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) or fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on nursery pig growth performance. A LP × FSBM interaction was detected for G:F, where LP and FSBM individually improved G:F, but the effect was not additive. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of increasing levels of LP on nursery pig performance. No evidence for differences in growth performance were observed among dietary treatments. Experiment 3 and 4 examined the effects of fish meal source and level on nursery pig growth performance. Overall, a source × level interaction for ADG, G:F and final BW was observed as increasing fish meal source 1 improved ADG and G:F; however, pigs fed fish meal source 2 had improved ADG and G:F at 3%, but decreased at 6%. Pigs fed fish meal source 3 had no further improvements in ADG and G:F beyond the 3% inclusion. No evidence for differences were detected between the dietary treatments for ADFI. Experiment 5 evaluated the effects of feeding fish solubles on nursery pig performance. Pigs fed diets with fish meal had increased ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed the control diet. There was no evidence for differences in growth performance as fish solubles increased. Experiment 6 and 7 investigated the effects of enzymatically-treated soybean meal (ESBM) on nursery pig performance. Results indicated that nursery pigs fed diets with greater than 9% of ESBM resulted in decreased ADFI and final BW. Experiment 8 evaluated the effects of dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) on nursery pig performance. Increasing dEB in diets from weaning to 21-d after weaning resulted in an increase in ADG and BW, which was the result of a marginally significant improvement in ADFI and G:F. Finally, an experiment was conducted to determine the optimal strategy for collecting and submitting samples that adequately describe the nutrient levels in diets collected from a commercial swine facility. Sampling feeders with a probe resulted in less variability on an individual basis, but seemed to get washed out when individual samples were pooled to form a composite sample.

Submitted by Ubirajara Cruz (ubirajara.cruz@gmail.com) on 2017-06-22T15:22:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Alegani_Monteiro.pdf: 764840 bytes, checksum: cb7bb9af2ba94346a4c59b246f7283b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-22T20:37:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Alegani_Monteiro.pdf: 764840 bytes, checksum: cb7bb9af2ba94346a4c59b246f7283b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T20:37:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Alegani_Monteiro.pdf: 764840 bytes, checksum: cb7bb9af2ba94346a4c59b246f7283b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / Sem bolsa / Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de água durante a ordenha sobre a hemogasometria e parâmetros metabólicos de vacas leiteiras em diferentes estágios de lactação. Foram utilizados 40 animais de terceira lactação, mantidos em sistema semi-intensivo de criação e distribuídos ao acaso nos tratamentos, permanecendo 10 animais em cada um. Os fatores experimentais foram representados pelos os dias em lactação (DEL), com animais entre 60-120 (DEL60-120) ou acima de 150 (DEL>150), e pelo fornecimento de água durante a ordenha (AOD), formando-se os seguintes grupos experimentais: CA: DEL60-120, sem AOD; CB: DEL>150vacas, sem AOD; TA: DEL60-120, com AOD; TB: DEL>150vacas, com AOD. A água foi ofertada durante as duas ordenhas diárias através bebedouros móveis posicionados em frente às vacas dos grupos TA e TB, e de bebedouros vazios para as vacas do CA e CB, registrando-se o consumo (sim ou não) dos animais suplementados. Foram coletadas amostras de leite e sangue nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28, para determinação dos teores de gordura, proteína bruta, lactose, sólidos totais e ureia no leite e análises bioquímicas e hemogasométricas. A pressão parcial de oxigênio (pCO2) diferiu entre os tratamentos CA e TA em todo o período experimental. Os valores fisiológicos da pCO2 para bovinos variaram de 35 a 44 mmHg, observando-se que as amostras do TB ficaram ligeiramente abaixo dos parâmetros fisiológicos. Os valores de tCO2 estavam dentro dos padrões fisiológicos. Não foram observadas alterações nas variáveis ligadas ao equilíbrio eletrolítico do sangue. Os resultados de BE, pO2, sO2, Na, K não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Os níveis de ureia não diferiram entre CA e TA, mas diferiram entre CB e TB. Os parâmetros qualitativos do leite não foram alterados pelos tratamentos. A suplementação de água durante a ordenha não influenciou o equilíbrio eletrolítico em vacas leiteiras em diferentes estágios de lactação. A redução da pCO2 observada no grupo TA não foi suficiente para alterar o equilíbrio eletrolítico sanguíneo. / This study aimed to evaluate the water consumption during milking on blood gas analysis and metabolic parameters of dairy cows at different stages of lactation. 40 third lactation animals were kept in semi-intensive system and randomly assigned to the treatments, remaining 10 animals in each. The experimental factors were represented by the days in milk (DIM) with animals between 60-120 (DIM 60-120) or above 150 (DIM > 150), and providing water during milking (WDM). The groups remained as: CA: DIM 60-120 without WDM; CB: DIM > 150 without WDM; TA: DIM 60-120 with WDM; TB: DIM > 150 with WDM. The water was supplied during the two daily milkings through mobile drinkers positioned in front of the cows of the TA and TB groups, and empty water drinkers for cows CA and CB, recording the consumption (yes or no). Milk and blood samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 to determine the levels of fat, protein, lactose, total solids and urea in milk and biochemical and blood gas analysis. The oxygen partial pressure (pCO2) differed between CA and TA treatments throughout the experimental period. The physiological pCO2 values for cattle ranged 35 to 44 mmHg, observing that samples TB were slightly below physiological parameters. The tCO2 values were within the physiological patterns. No changes were observed in the variables related to the electrolyte balance of the blood. The results of BE, pO2 and Be, SO2, Na, K did not differ between treatments. Urea levels did not differ between CA and TA, but differed between CB and TB. The qualitative milk parameters were not affected by treatments. Supplementation of water for milking did not affect the electrolyte balance in dairy cows in different stages of lactation. The reduction of pCO2 seen in the TA group was not enough to alter blood electrolyte balance.

Adolescent athletes of this era are more pressurized than adolescents of previous generations to perform at an optimum level (Micheli & Jenkins 2001, p49). The importance of winning can result in adolescent athletes developing inappropriate nutritional practices such as neglecting hydration and consuming insufficient carbohydrate (Micheli & Jenkins 2001, p57). Consuming insufficient fluid leads to dehydration which reduces a soccer player’s ability to continue training. Consuming inadequate carbohydrate reduces performance and blood glucose levels during training. This study aimed to determine the hydration status, fluid and carbohydrate intake of male, adolescent soccer players during training. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 122 amateur male, adolescent soccer players (mean age = 15.8 ± 0.8 years; mean BMI = 20.4 ± 2.0 kg/m2). The players’ hydration status before and after training, was measured using urine specific gravity and percent loss of body weight. Their carbohydrate intake, as well as the type and amount of fluid consumed, were assessed before, during and after training. A questionnaire was administered to determine the players’ knowledge regarding the importance of fluid and carbohydrate for soccer training. The study had an 87.1% response rate. The mean environmental conditions did not predispose players to heat illness. However, the players were at risk of developing heat illness during six of the 14 training sessions. Although the mean urine specific gravity indicated that players were slightly dehydrated before and after training, 43.8% of players were very or extremely dehydrated before training and 53.6% after training. A few (3.3%) were extremely hyperhydrated before training and after training (7.0%). On average players lost less than 1% of body weight during training and less than 3% of players dehydrated more than 2%. Players consumed mainly water before (289.17 ± 206.37 ml), during (183.20 ± 158.35 ml) and after (259.09 ± 192.29 ml) training. More than 90% stated that water was the most important fluid to consume before, during and after training. Very few (4.7%) correctly stated that carbohydrate should be consumed before, during and after training. Players were found to be slightly dehydrated before and after training and therefore were not consuming enough fluids during training. Players consumed inadequate amounts and types of fluid and carbohydrate. This not only compromises their performance but also health. Players were not aware of the importance of fluid and carbohydrate for soccer training. This study is unique in that it focused on the carbohydrate and hydration practices of socioeconomically disadvantaged adolescent soccer players during training. The study sample therefore represents a high risk group about which there is limited published data both locally and internationally. This study generated important baseline information which was lacking before on the hydration status, fluid and carbohydrate intake of adolescent soccer players in South Africa. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

BEZERRA, Roseane Madeira. Níveis de cloro para codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) nas fases de crescimento e produção. 2010. 64 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia. Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T13:32:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_rmbezerra.pdf: 314058 bytes, checksum: 7b30479bbaf907c17b54b3a8a3526f71 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T15:17:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_rmbezerra.pdf: 314058 bytes, checksum: 7b30479bbaf907c17b54b3a8a3526f71 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T15:17:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_rmbezerra.pdf: 314058 bytes, checksum: 7b30479bbaf907c17b54b3a8a3526f71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / In order to evaluate the effects of chlorine levels in the diet of growing and production of Japanese quails were conducted two experiments in which we assessed the levels of 0.07, 0.12, 0.17, 0.22, 0.27 and 0.32% chlorine. In the first experiment (growing phase), 384 quail on a day-old distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments of eight replicates of eight birds each. According to the results for the period from 1 to 42 days, with the addition of chlorine level in the diet linearly increased feed intake (g/bird) and weight gain (g/bird) and a linear decrease in the ratio of consumption water/feed intake and excreta moisture. However, feed conversion (g/g), water intake (ml/bird/day), the digestibility of dry matter (CDMS), nitrogen (CDN) and gross energy (GEDC) and the values of metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent nitrogen corrected (AME) of feed were not affected by the level of chlorine still in testing, we found that chlorine levels received by the quails in the growing phase did not significantly affect the performance of phase posture. In the second experiment, 288 quail with seventeen weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments, eight replicates and six birds per experimental unit. Chlorine levels did not significantly influence feed intake (g/bird/day), water consumption (ml/bird/day), the percentage of stance (%), egg weight (g), the mass of egg (g/bird/day), feed conversion (g/g), the moisture of excreta, the digestibility of dry matter (CDMS), nitrogen (CDN) and gross energy (GEDC), the metabolizable energy apparent (AME) and corrected apparent (AME), Haugh Units, the percentages of albumen, yolk and shell. However, the specific gravity increased linearly with the addition of chlorine in the feed. Considering the results, we can recommend diets for Japanese quails in the growing phase (1 to 42 days) and production made with corn and soybean meal can contain chlorine levels up to 0.32% subject to the parameters performance and egg quality / Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de cloro da ração nas fases de crescimento e produção de codornas japonesas foram realizados dois experimentos, nos quais, foram avaliados os níveis de 0,07; 0,12; 0,17; 0,22; 0,27 e 0,32% de cloro. No primeiro experimento (fase de crescimento), 384 codornas com um dia de idade distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos de oito repetições de oito aves cada. Conforme os resultados, no período de 1 a 42 dias, com o acréscimo do nível de cloro na ração houve aumento linear no consumo de ração (g/ave) e no ganho de peso (g/ave) e redução linear na relação consumo de água/consumo de ração e na umidade das excretas. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar (g/g), a ingestão de água (ml/ave/dia), os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS), do nitrogênio (CDN) e da energia bruta (CDEB) e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn) das rações não foram influenciados pelo nível de cloro Ainda nesse ensaio, observou-se que os níveis de cloro recebido pelas codornas na fase de crescimento não afetaram significativamente o desempenho da fase de postura. No segundo experimento, 288 codornas com dezessete semanas de idade foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, oito repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de cloro não influenciaram significativamente o consumo de ração (g/ave/dia), o consumo de água (ml/ave/dia), a percentagem de postura (%), o peso do ovo (g), a massa de ovo (g/ave/dia), a conversão alimentar (g/g), a umidade das excretas, os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS), nitrogênio (CDN) e energia bruta (CDEB), os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn), as Unidades Haugh, as percentagens de albúmen, gema e casca. Entretanto, a gravidade específica aumentou linearmente com o acréscimo de cloro na ração. Considerando os resultados, podese recomendar que as rações para codornas japonesas na fase de crescimento (1 a 42 dias) e de produção formuladas com milho e farelo de soja podem conter níveis de cloro de até 0,32% sem prejuízo para os parâmetros de desempenho e qualidade dos ovos.