La pile à combustible est une solution d'avenir pour produire de l'électricité propre. Cependant des problèmes technologiques limitent pour le moment un déploiement à grande échelle. C’est au cœur de pile et plus particulièrement de la membrane conductrice ionique séparant l’anode et la cathode, que certaines difficultés se posent. Nous pouvons ainsi citer l’impossibilité d’améliorer l’efficacité du catalyseur et le rendement du dispositif en augmentant simplement la température de fonctionnement (100 - 120°C). En effet, la membrane de référence (Nafion) perd ses propriétés thermomécaniques au-delà de 80°C, alors que les membranes alternatives (offrant une meilleure stabilité thermomécanique) sont victimes d’un vieillissement chimique trop rapide qui induit un arrêt inopiné du dispositif. Pour lever ce verrou technologique, nous proposons une nouvelle stratégie qui repose sur le développement de membranes nano-composites constituées d'une matrice ionomère commerciale (non réticulée) dans laquelle nous introduirons des précurseurs aptes à former une phase sol-gel offrant une stabilisation chimique et thermomécanique (réticulée). C'est le contrôle de la chimie de ce réseau, de sa morphologie et de sa localisation dans la membrane hôte qui permettra l'amélioration des propriétés de la membrane hybride ainsi obtenue.Nous avons réalisé une analyse minutieuse de l'effet d’un traitement hydrothermique sur la microstructure des membranes sPEEK. Grâce à cette analyse nous pouvons relier la microstructure avec les propriétés fonctionnelles de l’ionomère pour obtenir des membranes sPEEK mieux nanostructurées et donc plus performantes. Le procédé sol-gel permet la croissance de la phase sol-gel sans perturbation de la nanostructuration initiale de l'ionomère. Cette stratégie permet donc de contrôler la distribution et la morphologie de la phase inorganique.Le processus d'élaboration des membranes hybrides a été étudié. Nous avons étudié l'influence des paramètres de fabrication sur les propriétés des membranes hybrides, et ainsi pu produire des membranes hybrides optimisées. Les propriétés physiques et chimiques de ces membranes ont été évaluées par de nombreuses techniques (SANS, IR, DMA, etc.). L'influence de la structure chimique (degré de réticulation) du réseau sol-gel des membranes hybrides et l'impact de la teneur en sol-gel et de sa distribution (morphologie) dans la membrane hôte sur les propriétés fonctionnelles sont présentés. Nous observons une grande influence du dégrée de réticulation et de la quantité de sol-gel présent dans la membrane qui conditionne les propriétés fonctionnelles de la membrane. / Fuel cell is a promising solution for clean production of hydrogen based energy. However to achieve a large-scale deployment of this technology, issues remain to be addressed. One of the remaining problems concerns the heart of the cell (polymer membrane sandwiched between two electrodes). We can stress the fact that it is impossible to improve the catalyst efficiency and the cell performance by a simple increase of the operating temperature (100-120 °C). Indeed the reference membrane (Nafion) exhibit a step decrease of its thermomechanical properties beyond 80 °C, whereas alternative membranes (with a better thermomechanical stability) are victims of a much faster chemical aging resulting into unexpected failure of the device.Our main objective is to develop novel hybrid membranes consisting of a commercial ionomer matrix in which we will introduce precursors capable to form a sol-gel phase. It will result on membrane composed of two interpenetrating phases, an ion conductive non-crosslinked polymer phase and a crosslinked inorganic phase providing chemical and thermomechanical stabilization. The control of the chemistry of this sol-gel phase, its morphology and its location in the membrane, which will improve the membrane properties, are essential to consider the development of these membranes for fuel cells.A careful analysis of the hydrothermal treatment effect on the microstructure of sPEEK membranes has been performed. Thanks to this analyse we can relate the microstructure with the functional properties of the polymer. The sol-gel process enables the growth of the sol-gel phase without disturbance of the initial nanostructured membrane. This strategy makes possible to control the distribution and morphology of the inorganic phase.The elaboration process of hybrid membrane has been studied. We presented the influence of elaboration parameters regarding the best conditions to prepare an optimized hybrid membrane. The physical and chemical properties of the inorganic phase were evaluated by many techniques (SANS, IR, DMA, etc.). The influence of the chemical structure (cross-linking degree) of the sol-gel network andthe impact of the sol-gel content and its distribution (morphology) into the host membrane on their functional properties is presented. We observed the great influence of cross-linking degree and of the amount of sol-gel present in the membrane which determines the functional properties of the membrane.

Foi projetado e construído um reator eletroquímico de bancada com a finalidade de simular a purificação de efluente industrial contendo íon metálico. As condições levadas em conta no projeto e nos testes de avaliação do reator eram baseadas em dados operacionais reais da indústria. Assim, tratou-se soluções contendo 15.900 ppm de Cu2+ (0,25 M), uma concentração típica de efluentes de cobre, procurando-se chegar o mais perto possível do valor permitido pela CETESB, ou seja 1 ppm (15,7 µM). Foram empregados como eletrodos quatro placas de grafite comercial de 600 X 150 X 10 mm, uma bomba centrífuga de vazão igual a 0,3 L.s-1 para circulação do eletrólito, e fontes de corrente com saída de 0 a 20 A totais. Como foi constatado que os grafites encontráveis no mercado nacional apresentam comportamento bem diverso, realizou-se um estudo do desempenho de materiais de procedência diferentes, em escala de laboratório. Os eletrodos de grafite foram dispostos, guardando entre si um espaçamento de 5 mm, sobre placas de vidro, ligados, eletricamente, no sistema bipolar. Todas as paredes do reator foram feitas de vidro para que se pudesse observar o seu interior durante e após a operação. De cada vez foram tratados 10 litros de solução contendo o íon metálico, e acidulado na base de 10% em H2S04 (v/v), sendo que o eletrólito era reciclado na célula durante um tempo da ordem de 20 horas. Numa comparação das concentrações calculadas, para diversos tempos, e os dados experimentais reais revela certa discrepância. Tal discrepância parece aceitável nesse tipo de operação. Assim, as concentrações de cobre observadas são, quase sempre, superiores às calculadas. Entretanto, os dois valores convergem à medida que decorre o tempo de eletrólise. Por exemplo, após 15 horas de eletrólise, com uma corrente de operação igual a 20 A, deveria reduzir a concentração de 15.900 ppm para 7,2 ppm, quando o valor observado experimentalmente foi de 9 ppm. Obteve-se, assim, uma conversão de 99%, que como revelaram os estudos, parece ser o valor máximo atingível com o reator construido. Embora essa conversão seja considerada excelente, não parece viável atingir os valores da CETESB apenas numa única operação de eletrólise, e no futuro operações complementares deverão ser procuradas. O cobre recuperado apresenta um custo alto comparativamente com o preço de mercado, permanecendo, como principal vantagem do processo, o benefício ecológico. / An electrochemical reactor, with the aim of recovering metallic ions from waste water, was designed, built and evaluated in laboratory scale. The working conditions concerning to the ion concentrations were based in real operational data. Thus, solutions containing 15,900 ppm Cu2+ ions (0.25 M) were electrolysed with the purpose of obtain a final concentration as near as possible to the limiting value which is allowed by CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental), i.e., 1 ppm (15.7 µM). Four commercial graphite plates (600 X 150 X 10 mm), of different origins,were employed as electrodes. A centrifugal pump with capacity equal to 0.3 L.s-1 was used to circulate the electrolyte through the reactor. The electric current was supplied by sources with a maximum output of 20 A. The performance of the different graphite, which are available at the Brazilian market was studied further by means of potentiodynamic experiments, using electrodes with areas of few square millimeters. The reactor was built with glass to make possible visual observations of the inside. Two adjacent electrodes were separated by 5 mm. At each experiment 10 liters of solution containing the metallic ion and 10% H2S04 (v/v) were electrolysed for about 20 hours. The calculated values and the experimental ones, for different electrolysis times, show some deviation. This deviation, however, seems to be reasonable in that kind of experiments. Calculated and experimental values converge to the same limit with time. For example, after 15 hours electrolysis with an operating current of 20 A, the initial concentration, 15,900 ppm, is reduced to 9 ppm, when the calculated value is 7,2 ppm. Thus, a 99% conversion is attained. This is apparently, the limiting value which is attainable with the reactor. Although, this conversion value may be considered very good, it does not seems possible to obtain the limiting value, imposed by CETESS, with a one-step electrochemical operation. The cost of the recovered copper is high compared with the market price. Therefore, the main benefice of process is the ecological one.

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