This master’s thesis is focusing on the research of chosen smoking types and their comparison in regard to emitted particles. Aerosol created during smoking represents a serious threat for human health. For purposes of this work an experimental set-up was constructed in the Laboratory of Aerosol Research at BUT FME and experiments simulating smoking process were carried out. The results of these experiments are presenting objective information about the constitution of produced aerosol which enters smoker’s lungs. There are many myths about the harmful effects of different types of smoking. The goal of this work is to verify and resolve these myths and set the foundation for possible upcoming research in this area.

Submitted by Lígia Ângelo Tavares (ligia.atavares@gmail.com) on 2018-05-25T15:51:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERAÇÃO - LIGIA SCHWARZMEIER - MESTRADO.pdf: 3091413 bytes, checksum: 654a7ae7d828dff5e2f782ebb4eb3c96 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Silvana Alvarez null (silvana@ict.unesp.br) on 2018-05-25T19:44:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 schwarzmeier_la_me_sjc.pdf: 3091413 bytes, checksum: 654a7ae7d828dff5e2f782ebb4eb3c96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-25T19:44:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 schwarzmeier_la_me_sjc.pdf: 3091413 bytes, checksum: 654a7ae7d828dff5e2f782ebb4eb3c96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a frequência de micronúcleos e anomalias metanucleares na mucosa bucal de vaporizadores de cigarro eletrônico e de fumantes de cigarro industrializado, e comparar com ex-fumantes e não fumantes para determinar se existe diferença no dano citogenético e citotóxico, bem como se o dano diminui após a cessação tabágica. Os pacientes foram divididos em 4 grupos: Controle; E-cig; Fumante e Ex-fumante. Os critérios de inclusão adotados foram: ausência de histórico de neoplasia maligna bucal e ausência de quaisquer sinais clínicos visíveis de alteração no local avaliado. Foi realizada avaliação quanto ao grau de dependência nicotínica, por meio do Teste de Fagerström para Dependênca à Cigarro e Escore de Consumo Situacional Issa, e quanto ao perfil tabágico dos pacientes. A mensuração de CO expirado foi utilizada como critério objetivo de avaliação de consumo de tabaco, bem como a concentração de cotinina no sangue capilar dos pacientes avaliados. As amostras foram coletadas por meio de citologia esfoliativa da região de bordo lateral de língua e soalho bucal. Os esfregaços obtidos foram fixados com spray alcoólico e as lâminas coradas pelo método de Feulgen. Posteriormente, foi realizada a investigação dos micronúcleos e das anomalias metanucleares. Para a comparação dos dados não paramétricos foram utilizados os testes Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. Já para as correlações e associações entre os dados, foram utilizados o teste da correlação de Spearman e o Teste Exato de Fisher, respectivamente. Foi adotado um nível de significância de 5% para todos os testes. A partir dos resultados, observou-se diferença significante entre os grupos E-cig e Controle (p=0,0072), e também entre os grupos Fumante e Controle (p=0,0004), no total de MN. Em contrapartida os grupos E-cig e Ex-fumante foram semelhantes, enquanto que o grupo Fumante foi significativamente maior que o grupo Ex-fumante (p=0,0370) também no total de MN. Também foi possível observar diferença significante entre os grupos E-cig e Ex-fumante, bem como entre os grupos E-cig e Controle em todas as anomalias metanucleares, exceto cariorrexe. Os grupos Fumante e Ex-fumante foram diferentes em cariorrexe (p=0,0517), e nuclear bud (p=0,0470) apenas, e o grupo Fumante foi significativamente maior que o grupo Controle em todas as anomalias metanucleares. A comparação entre os grupos E-cig e Fumante não foi realizada, devido à ingestão de altas doses de bebidas alcoólicas no grupo E-cig. O tabagismo promove danos citotóxicos e citogenéticos e o uso de E-cig associado ao álcool parece causar genotoxicidade e citotoxicidade. A cessação tabágica promove reversibilidade dos danos causados anteriormente. / The objective of this research was to investigate the frequency of micronuclei and metanuclear anomalies in the oral mucosa of electronic cigarette vaporizers and smokers of industrialized cigarettes and to compare with former smokers and nonsmokers to determine if there is a difference in cytogenetic and cytotoxic damage, as well as if it decreases after smoking cessation. The patients were divided into 4 groups: Control; E-cig; Smoker; and Former smoker. The inclusion criteria adopted were: absence of a history of oral malignancy and absence of any visible clinical signs of alteration at the evaluated site. An assessment was made of the degree of nicotinic dependence, using the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence and the Issa Situational Consumption Score, and of the smoking profile of the patients. Measurement of expired CO was used as the objective criterion for the evaluation of tobacco consumption as well as the concentration of cotinine in the capillary blood of the evaluated patients. The samples were collected from the tongue lateral region and floor of the mouth by means of exfoliative cytology. The smears obtained were fixed with alcoholic spray and the slides were stained by the Feulgen method. Subsequently, the investigation of the micronuclei (MN) and metanuclear anomalies was carried out. For the non-parametric data, the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were performed. For the correlations and associations between the data, the Spearman correlation test and the Fisher Exact Test were respectively used. A significance level of 5% was adopted for all tests. From the results, we observed a significant difference between groups E-cig and Control (p = 0.0072), and also between groups Smoker and Control (p = 0.0004), in the total of MN. In contrast, groups E-cig and Former smoker were similar, whereas the group of Smoker was significantly higher than Former smoker (p = 0.0370) also in the total of MN. It was also possible to observe a significant difference between E-cig and Former smoker, as well as between E-cig and Control in all metanuclear anomalies, except for karyorrhexis. Already Smoker and Former smoker, they were different in karyorrhexis (p = 0.0517), and nuclear bud (p = 0.0470) only, and Smoker was significantly higher than Control in all metanuclear abnormalities. The comparison between groups E-cig and Smoker could not be performed due to the ingestion of high doses of alcoholic beverages in E-cig group. Smoking promotes cytotoxic and cytogenetic damage and the use of alcohol-associated electronic cigarettes appears to cause genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Smoking cessation promotes reversibility of previously caused harm.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Smoke-free legislation in the United States has unintentionally resulted in a decline in alcohol consumption. However, more recently electronic-cigarettes (e-cigs), which are associated with alcohol use, are reportedly being used to circumvent smoking bans. The present study surveyed community dwelling individuals in the United States reporting e-cigs may be used where they drink (N=365, mean age=33.63, SD=9.91, 53.2% female, 78.9% Caucasian) to examine how e-cig use and alcohol consumption varies by the presence of smoking prohibition where one consumes alcohol. Results indicated that smoking prohibition was associated with a greater likelihood of being an ecig user than a cigarette user (OR=3.40, p<.001) and a higher likelihood of being an e-cig user than a dual user (OR=3.37, p<.001). Smoking prohibition was not associated with AUDIT scores (B=-0.06, p=.21), total drinks (B=-.07, p=.19), or average drinks (B=-0.02, p=.76). E-cig users reported significantly fewer average drinks when smoking is prohibited as compared to allowed, t(55)=3.26, p=.002. Overall, current results suggest smoking prohibition is associated with a greater likelihood of being an e-cig user; however, smoking prohibitions are not associated with alcohol consumption and related problems in the current participants, who all reported being able to use e-cigs where they consume alcohol. Future research should address potential conceptual, methodological, and sample limitations in order to better discern this relationship, as this line of research could have important implications for e-cig policy and alcohol use treatment

Abstract Aim of the work: The aim of this work was based on a questionnaire survey to find out the respondents' views on whether smoking cigarettes, electronic cigarettes and the use of heated tobacco affects body weight, including gender differences. The secondary aim was determined with any likelihood of replacing respondents who vape EC or use heated tobacco according to a variable flavor, food, or snack of EC or heated tobacco. Methods: An anonymous online questionnaire consisting of 18 questions was spreaded via Facebook in the Spolucestování, Kolej 17. listopadů and 1. LF UK Nutriční terapeuti interest groups from 21 April 2021 to 31 March 2021, as well as through the discussion forums of the eMimino and Mamaguru websites. Only individuals who smoke cigarettes, vape electronic cigarettes with nicotine or use heated tobacco could participate in the questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was completed by 190 respondents. , while 6 respondents were excluded due to incomplete answers or failure to meet the entry criteria. The final set includes 184 respondents. Results: The group of 184 respondents consisted of 101 women and 83 men. Average age of the group was 27.63 ± 8.20 years, average age of women 27.10 ± 7.53 years, average age of men 28.27 ± 8.96 years. The result shows that 34% of...

This thesis investigates what it means to view disruptive innovation as a political problem. I take my point of departure in the tendency for controversial disruptions in heavily regulated sectors, such as electronic cigarettes or hydraulic fracturing, to open regulatory spaces by challenging established expectations about how they ought to be governed. In the wake of such disruption, policy actors with a stake in the matter engage in sensemaking and discursive contests to control the meaning of the innovations in order to close the regulatory spaces by aligning them with one set of laws instead of another. I study these contests in two recent legislative initiatives of the European Union to address the disruptive potential of e-cigarettes and fracking: the 2014 revision of the Tobacco Products Directive and the 2014 Commission recommendations on unconventional fossil fuels. The research draws on 51 interviews carried out with key policy actors during and after the policy debates. I bolster this with an analysis of policy documents, press releases and scientific studies, as well as a content and network analysis of position statements in newspaper articles. I find that the strategic use of rhetoric and framing plays an important part in creating, maintaining, and entrenching opposed coalitions in both policy debates. In both case studies, the policy solution is accompanied by deteriorating levels of trust among participants, leading coalitions to engage in strategies of venue-shopping to circumvent their opponents. This underscores the significant challenges there are for policymakers to address disruptions while maintaining legitimacy. The original contribution of the thesis lies in its novel conceptualization of disruptive innovation as a political problem, its application of micro-sociological approaches to the politics of expertise and European public policy, and its practical and theoretical suggestions for how to better study periods of disruption and govern through them. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished