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Dans ce travail de recherche, nous sommes parti du constat que l’humain est de plus en plus souvent inscrit dans des contextes où lui est accessible un savoir nouveau – permis par les avancées technologiques et scientifiques – portant sur sa vie biologique. A portées de mains ou de clics, de plus en plus de données objectivantes sur son intériorité biologique éprouvent l’individu confronté à de nouvelles inquiétudes qu’il doit traverser. Nous avons interrogé ce phénomène de société en cherchant à préciser la variété des mouvements lui permettant d’intégrer ces données qui s’accompagnent d’une prétention à un réalisme fort. Nous proposons une approche sociologique renouvelant l’analyse des usages individuels de trois médiations situées dans le champ de la santé (consultation médicale, l’usage du web en matière de santé, l’usage de tests génomiques). Notre approche s’articule à un questionnement anthropologique singulier :Comment la personne s’arrange-t-elle de situations dans lesquelles elle est mise en relation non plus seulement avec d’autres humains mais au premier titre avec des données objectivantes relatives à son intériorité biologique ?Cette question anthropologique invite à porter au moins autant d’attention à ce qui nous relie à autrui et à notre environnement, qu’aux façons dont l’humain assure une continuité avec lui-même dans des situations où le vivant pose question. Nous privilégions l’usage d’outils sociologiques qui sous-tendent une conception plurielle du sujet et qui ne circonscrivent pas trop vite l’analyse à une conception de l’action et de la subjectivité comme d’emblée écrasée par une présomption stratégique ou managériale. Notre analyse pragmatique de l’exposition de l’inquiétude du sujet en train de se faire et de se défaire met notamment en exergue le caractère marginal de l’autonomie – comme prise en charge de soi éclairée par une connaissance partagée qui le rend disponible pour le débat public. Sur les trois sites enquêtés, l’examen attentif du maintien du sujet mis à l’épreuve de l’inquiétude tire l’analyse vers la nature composite des conduites. Plutôt que de considérer le caractère ambivalent, équivoque et parfois carrément ambigu de l’action comme un échec de l’analyse, ce travail de recherche contribue à une approche de la composition dans le rapport à soi et à autrui. / This work originates in the observation that individuals are more than ever before involved in contexts where new knowledge about their biological life – produced by the technological and scientific progresses – are directly accessible to them (about their bodies, neurons, genes). Within easy reach, an ever-growing number of objectifying signs and data related to the biological self puts the individuals to test. They are confronted to inquietudes they have to cope with. We are investigating this societal phenomenon in a manner that the very diverse movements allowing the individual to integrate these data can be precised. Building on an anthropological problematic questioning how human beings find arrangements with situations in which they are not only confronted to others but also with objectifying data related to their biological life, the research focuses on the dynamics of individual users integrating the findings made while using three different health-related mediations (the classic medical examination, health-related information on the Internet, health-related direct-to- consumer genomic tests). We adopt a set of complementary sociological tools based on a plural conception of the subject; which do not limit the analysis of the action ‘taking place’ in a situation as guided only by a strategic or a managerial assumption.Through a pragmatic approach of the uneasiness exposed, we shed light on insightful dynamics irreducible to the often expected autonomy of an individual taking decisions informed by a shared knowledge required to participate to public debates. A careful analysis of the subject’s action highlights dynamics that have received little attention with regards to ‘what is worth in a given situation’. Moving from a fieldwork to another, we did not focus on the action’s heterogeneity as much as the way the individual brings together different positions that s/he can hold in order to arrange with these discoveries related to one’s biology. On the three sites investigated, the examination of the subject’s consistence draws the analysis toward the composite nature of the action. Rather than considering the equivocal features and sometimes the outright ambiguity of the conducts as a failure of the analysis, our research effort contributes achieving a better understanding of the pervasiveness of composition in our relationship to our self and the others in the social context related to biology. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis investigates what it means to view disruptive innovation as a political problem. I take my point of departure in the tendency for controversial disruptions in heavily regulated sectors, such as electronic cigarettes or hydraulic fracturing, to open regulatory spaces by challenging established expectations about how they ought to be governed. In the wake of such disruption, policy actors with a stake in the matter engage in sensemaking and discursive contests to control the meaning of the innovations in order to close the regulatory spaces by aligning them with one set of laws instead of another. I study these contests in two recent legislative initiatives of the European Union to address the disruptive potential of e-cigarettes and fracking: the 2014 revision of the Tobacco Products Directive and the 2014 Commission recommendations on unconventional fossil fuels. The research draws on 51 interviews carried out with key policy actors during and after the policy debates. I bolster this with an analysis of policy documents, press releases and scientific studies, as well as a content and network analysis of position statements in newspaper articles. I find that the strategic use of rhetoric and framing plays an important part in creating, maintaining, and entrenching opposed coalitions in both policy debates. In both case studies, the policy solution is accompanied by deteriorating levels of trust among participants, leading coalitions to engage in strategies of venue-shopping to circumvent their opponents. This underscores the significant challenges there are for policymakers to address disruptions while maintaining legitimacy. The original contribution of the thesis lies in its novel conceptualization of disruptive innovation as a political problem, its application of micro-sociological approaches to the politics of expertise and European public policy, and its practical and theoretical suggestions for how to better study periods of disruption and govern through them. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished