Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-14T14:32:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo De Carvalho Avila.pdf: 727185 bytes, checksum: e3467c1cd45526c365fb5882a2bc98c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T14:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo De Carvalho Avila.pdf: 727185 bytes, checksum: e3467c1cd45526c365fb5882a2bc98c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-17 / Noting that the State exercises a judicial function, provided for in the Federal Constitution, in order to resolve conflicts of interest in the search for social peace and that this exercise occurs through the process that is the civilized substitute for private vengeance; urges analyze today's concept of access to justice as a guarantee of the examination a court claim in an acceptable time and with the security of a proper treatment, reflecting the ethical values of society today. One of the main criticisms that the judiciary suffers today in Brazil is the slowness at the judicial proceedings. Thus, front of the social requirements for reasonable length of proceedings, the legislator, reformer endowed with constituent power, did include among the individual guarantees of the Constitution the forecast of reasonable duration of the process. In this vein, many initiatives have been engendered with the intention of reducing the time of the procedure, through technological advancement in the judiciary. In this context, entered into force the Law n. 11,419, dated December 19, 2006, which deals with computerization of the judicial process. Therefore, this research aims to conduct a systematic review of the standards included in our legal system through the deductive method in order to verify the feasibility of electronic communications and legal procedure's safety. / Verifica-se que o Estado exerce a função jurisdicional prevista na Constituição Federal com a finalidade de resolver os conflitos de interesses e, assim, garantir efetividade ao ordenamento jurídico, afastando a possibilidade indiscriminada de autotutela. É de se observar que este exercício se dá, dentre outras formas, através do processo que é o substituto civilizado da vingança privada. Neste contexto, insta analisar a concepção hodierna do acesso à justiça como garantia do exame de uma pretensão em tempo aceitável e com a segurança de um tratamento adequado, reflexo dos valores éticos da sociedade atual. Uma das principais críticas que o Poder Judiciário sofre hoje no Brasil é a morosidade na prestação da tutela jurisdicional. Assim, diante da atual exigência de celeridade, o legislador, dotado de poder constituinte reformador, fez incluir no rol de garantias individuais da Constituição da República a previsão da duração razoável do processo. A partir destas constatações e ações, muitas iniciativas têm sido engendradas com a intenção de reduzir o tempo da tramitação processual, sendo a telemática uma das mais modernas e promissoras ferramentas neste sentido. Destarte, entrou em vigor a Lei n. 11.419, datada de 19 de dezembro de 2006, que trata da informatização do processo judicial. Portanto, esta pesquisa se propõe a realizar uma avaliação sistemática das normas presentes em nosso ordenamento jurídico através do método dedutivo, a fim de verificar a viabilidade das comunicações eletrônicas e a legitimidade deste procedimento.

Title Consumer in Contracts Concluded on the Electronic Communications Market. Abstract This diploma thesis Consumer in Contracts Concluded on the Electronic Communications Market deals with issues that every consumer might be interested in. Its aim is to make the reader familiar with the de lege lata status focusing on the protection of the rights of the distance contracts participants being consumers. Further, the dissertation deals with its intended amendment having been initiated by the Czech government and the de lege ferenda status. There is also a consideration whether the current level of regulation in place resulted from the act, the regulator and the EU has not exceeded a certain rational limit - in which case it would mean that the regulation itself has become non-efficient and could be regarded as a large further development barrier. The dissertation also involves and mentions the most characteristic institutes which can be found in concluded contracts, e.g. contractual penalty, unilateral changes made by contract provider or withdrawal from the agreement. Such institutes - which cannot be construed as consumer friendly - are sometimes overused by the service providers and thus make the consumers unsatisfied and indignant. As a source for the thesis, I used both domestic and foreign legislation,...

Thesis (LLM. (Development and Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / We live in a Fourth Industrial Revolution(4IR) era where people exchange goods and services through the internet. Such transactions and communications are regulated by the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act (ECTA) 25 of 2002. The ECTA however amongst others, excludes the execution of testamentary wills from its application thus leaving no room for electronic wills. The execution of a valid will in South Africa is governed by the Wills Act 7 of 1953. Against this background, the study investigates whether the presence of enhanced 4IR innovations and methods have the potential to render the Wills Act obsolete and how the exclusion in the ECTA will contribute towards the formation of legal gaps in the law of succession. In confronting these questions, the study seeks to create a synergy between the two abovementioned statutes. The formalities of a valid will are contained in section 2(1) of the Wills Act, it can be deduced from them that a will should be in writing and signed by the testator and two witnesses. Any will not complying with the formalities is dependent upon the discretion of the High Court for validity as per section 2(3) of the Wills Act. The cases of MacDonald v The Master 2002 5 SA 64 (N) and Van der Merwe v The Master 2010 6 SA 546 (SCA) have confronted issues that relate to wills executed in electronic formats. The study interrogates the meaning of ‘writing’ and ‘signature’ and their significance and probes whether they can be fulfilled using electronic means. A comparative approach is adopted to establish the status of electronic wills in the USA and UK. The USA has promulgated legislation to deal with electronic wills and the UK has initiated the process of adopting their own electronic wills legislation in response to the 4IR. With the lessons learned from these jurisdictions the study makes recommendations on how synergy can be created between the Wills Act and the ECTA.

Cette étude envisage le réseau internet comme un nouvel espace invitant à réinterpréter les libertés de la personne physique. Au titre de celles-ci, sont protégées la liberté individuelle, entendue comme le fait de ne pouvoir être arbitrairement détenu et la liberté d’aller et venir. Il doit en aller de même sur le réseau. Etablissant une analogie avec ces libertés, la première partie de la thèse consacre deux libertés : la liberté d’accès au réseau et la liberté de naviguer sur le web. La première implique de définir le contenu d’un service public de l’accès. De plus, il faut affirmer que la coupure d’accès au réseau doit être envisagée comme une mesure privative de liberté ; elle ne peut donc être décidée que par le juge judiciaire. L’affirmation de la liberté de naviguer sur le web conduit à envisager le régime du blocage des sites, une mesure qui ne peut intervenir que dans le cadre d’une police administrative spéciale. Dans la seconde partie il apparaît que ces deux libertés n’ont toutefois de sens que si l’individu a accès au réseau anonymement et n’est pas surveillé arbitrairement quand il navigue sur le web. Cette étude cherche ainsi à préciser le régime devant encadrer le mécanisme d’adressage du réseau. Sont définies les conditions du contrôle de l’identité de l’internaute à partir de son adresse IP. Enfin, il est soutenu qu’un principe général d’effacement des données révélant les sites visités doit être affirmé, principe qui s’applique aux différents acteurs du réseau, notamment les moteurs de recherche. L’interception de ces données ne peut procéder que d’un pouvoir sécuritaire ou hiérarchique sur l’internaute. / This study considers the internet as a new territory where rights guaranteed to each individual in physical space can be promoted; not only free speech and privacy, but also the Habeas Corpus prerogative writ, which protects against unlawful imprisonment, and the right to freedom of movement. Thus, processing by analogy, the dissertation intends to promote two specific digital rights: the freedom to connect to the internet and the freedom to surf on the web. The freedom to connect should be part of a public service which promotes this access through public policies. Moreover, barring someone from using the internet can only be decided by a judge. The freedom to surf should protect the web users against unreasonable restrictions. Thus, measures blocking illegal websites should not come through self-regulation but through a legal framework which defines how administrative authorities are entitled to decide such restrictions. The protection of these two rights entails further obligations. Individuals must access the internet anonymously and they must be aware of how the government monitors their actions on the web. This study tries to outline the content of measures aiming to frame network addressing mechanisms. Identity checks based on the IP address should be subject to a strict legal regime. The study concludes that individuals have to be protected from surveillance when data reveal their choices among websites while they are connected. Internet access providers, but also search engines and browsers, must delete this data. Only special measures taken by a public entity or someone entitled to control the web users may lead to this kind of data retention.

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This thesis addresses the phenomena of Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO): often MVNO do not come from the telecom sector but they rent the network to mobile operators to become fully mobile operators on their own. So they compete directly not only with the other mobile operators but also with their hosting mobile operator.<p><p>Hosting MVNOs, supporting them from both operational and commercial perspectives are new challenges for the mobile operators: they have to set up a specific internal organization because they used to be a vertically integrated industrial structure. All of this represents tremendous changes for them.<p><p>This thesis describes first the strategic models for hosting MVNOs. The regulatory aspects, that are an essential driver for the liberalization of network economies, are then analyzed. The key point is: are the MVNO able to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of mobile markets.<p><p>Another important aspect is the modelling of a mobile network: the MVNOs will use some components while other components are unuseful for them. Without such model, it is impossible to derive the right costs and price to be charged to the MVNO in order to have a win win industrial model for both the MVNO and its hosting operator.<p><p>A case study of a corporate MVNO focusing on needs of multinationals is analyzed. Such case study describes all the steps for an economic actor to become MVNO from scratch. Such MVNO are not yet present although there is a market demand.<p>The last chapter makes a comparative study of the MVNO markets in the European Union.<p><p>Cette étude aborde le phénomène des opérateurs de réseaux mobiles virtuels ;il s’agit d’acteurs économiques - parfois sans lien aucun avec les télécommunications - qui louent le réseau d’opérateurs mobiles ;ils deviennent à leur tour opérateurs à part entière au point de devenir concurrent non seulement des autres opérateurs mobiles mais aussi de l’opérateur mobile qui leur a loué une partie de son réseau.<p><p>L’hébergement technique de l’opérateur virtuel, son support opérationnel et commercial, l’organisation que doit mettre en place l’opérateur mobile pour héberger son opérateur virtuel afin de partager avec lui son réseau sont des nouveaux défis auxquels les opérateurs mobiles, habitués à être des structures industrielles totalement intégrées verticalement, font face pour la première fois.<p><p>Cette étude traite des modèles d’implémentation des opérateurs de réseaux mobiles virtuels :elle aborde d’abord les aspects stratégiques qui fixent le cadre pour les opérateurs mobiles qui veulent ou sont forcés à héberger des opérateurs virtuels. Les aspects réglementaires, une composante essentielle des économies de réseaux en voie de libéralisation, sont ensuite étudiés, en particulier, comment les opérateurs virtuels peuvent contribuer à améliorer la compétitivité et la libéralisation de ces marchés.<p><p>L’étude modélise ensuite le réseau d’un opérateur mobile de façon à mettre en évidence les éléments à partager qui seront utilisés par l’opérateur virtuel. Cette modélisation est essentielle pour déterminer le coût de l’hébergement et du partage du réseau de façon à créer les conditions de rentabilité de ce modèle d’opérateur virtuel.<p><p>On aborde enfin un cas d’étude d’un candidat à devenir opérateur de réseau mobile virtuel qui souhaite répondre à la demande transnationale des grandes entreprises. Ce type d’opérateur virtuel est encore inexistant de nos jours.<p>Enfin, nous terminons par une étude comparée de la situation des opérateurs mobiles virtuels à travers l’Union Européenne.<p><p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La coopération entre les autorités de régulation en matière de communications électroniques et d’énergie s’inscrit dans le contexte de mutation de l’administration européenne qui est intervenue au fil des deux dernières décennies. Son architecture institutionnelle est marquée par la forte européanisation des autorités de régulation,laquelle est le résultat de l’harmonisation opérée par le droit de l’Union européenne et de la diffusion de meilleures pratiques. La coopération entre les autorités de régulation se fonde néanmoins sur des principes juridiques flous en droit primaire. Elle est de plus marquée par l’ambigüité de la délégation des pouvoirs à l’échelle de l’Union européenne. Dans les deux secteurs étudiés, elle traduit l’hybridation des modèles de gouvernance que sont les « agences de l’Union européenne » et les « réseaux d’autorités », car elle a donné naissance à une « agence en réseau » puissante dans le domaine de l’énergie - l’ACRE- et à un « réseau agenciarisé » faible en matière de communications électroniques– l’ORECE.Pour assurer l’effectivité de l’ « Union de droit », les actes de ces organismes de l’Unioneuropéenne sont contrôlés par le juge de l’Union européenne, dont la saisine par lesparticuliers reste malheureusement difficile. Dans ce contexte, le Médiateur européen présente un potentiel fort en tant qu’instance de contrôle complémentaire. Quant au prétendu déficit démocratique souligné par les détracteurs de l’Union européenne, il est ici démenti car le Parlement européen assure un contrôle démocratique efficace sur les organismes étudiés. Si ses moyens de contrôle politique sont largement informels et méritent d’être approfondis, le contrôle qu’il exerce dans le cadre de la procédure de décharge budgétaire peut, quant à lui, déboucher sur une transformation de l’architecture institutionnelle des organismes étudiés. / The cooperation among regulatory authorities in the field of electronic communications and energy takes place against the background of the transformation of the european administration in the last two decades. Its institutional design bears the mark of the europeanisation of regulators through the harmonisation brought about by EU law and the diffusion of best practices. The cooperation among regulatory authorities is formalised on the basis of a primary law that is vague. It is also marked by ambiguity with regard to the delegation of pouvoirs on a European level. In the sectors of energy and electronic communications, it reflects the « hybrisation » of two models of governance, European agencies and networks, giving birth to a powerful « network agency » in the field of energy-the ACER- and a weak « agenciarised network » in the field of electronic communications- the BEREC. The control of the acts of these two organisms in a « Union of law » is ensured by the Cour of justice of the European Union which is, however, difficult to accessfor individuals. In this context, the European Ombudsman demonstrates a real potential as a complementary forum of control. Against a priori hypotheses with respect to the democratic deficit of the European Union, the European Parliament effectively ensures the democratic control of ACER and BEREC. Even if its means of political control are largelyinformal and should be better defined, the control it exercices in the context of the budgetary discharge procedure is capable of transforming the institutional design of the above mentioned organisms.

Le droit à l’information environnementale du public en matière de risques industriels, par le recours aux différentes modalités d’exercice, y compris les supports de communications électroniques, paraît, de prime abord, comme étant « fonction de plusieurs variables ». Cette équation juridique consiste en effet en la mise en question de l’exercice d’un droit au regard de son objet et de ses modalités. L’hypothèse d’une évolution du droit à l’information environnementale nécessite d’analyser, au travers d’une réflexion théorique et juridique centrée sur la création et l’application du droit, l’évolution de ses droits consubstantiels, à savoir le droit d’accès à l’information du public et le droit de la participation du public au processus décisionnel. Le caractère évolutif du droit à l’information environnementale du public est appréhendé en considérant notamment les fonctions opératoires du juge dans l’exercice des droits d’accès à l’information du public et de la participation du public au processus décisionnel, et de la pluralité des modalités d’exercice de ceux-ci. La présence de certains décalages dans l’application de ces droits démontre l’évolution de l’adaptabilité du droit à l’information environnementale à son objet et à ses modalités d’exercice plutôt qu’une évolution propre à ce droit. / At first glance, the public right to environmental information on industrial hazards, by using different modes of exercise, including electronic communications, seems to be a “function of several variables”. In fact, this legal equation consists of challenging the exercise of a right with regard to its object as well as its terms. The hypothesis of evolution of the right to environmental information requires that one examines, through a theoretical and legal reflection centered on the creation and application of law, the evolution of its components, namely the right of access to information and the right to public participation in decision making. The evolving nature of the public right to environmental information is understood in particular by considering the operating functions of the judge in exercising the right of access to public information, the public participation in decision making, and the plurality of their modes of exercise. The presence of discrepancies in the application of these rights demonstrates the evolution of the adaptability of the right to environmental information with regard to its purpose and application rather than the evolution of the right itself.

The practice of spamming (sending unsolicited electronic communications) has been dubbed “the scourge of the 21st century” affecting different stakeholders. This practice is also credited for not only disrupting electronic communications but also, it overloads electronic systems and creates unnecessary costs for those affected than the ones responsible for sending such communications. In trying to address this issue nations have implemented anti-spam laws to combat the scourge. South Africa not lagging behind, has put in place anti-spam provisions to deal with the scourge. The anti-spam provisions are scattered in pieces of legislation dealing with diverse issues including: consumer protection; direct marketing; credit laws; and electronic transactions and communications. In addition to these provisions, an Amendment Bill to one of these laws and two Bills covering cybercrimes and cyber-security issues have been published. In this thesis, a question is asked on whether the current fragmented anti-spam provisions are adequate in protecting consumers. Whether the overlaps between these pieces of legislation are competent to deal with the ever increasing threats on electronic communications at large. Finally, the question as to whether a multi-faceted approach, which includes a Model Law on spam would be a suitable starting point setting out requirements for the sending of unsolicited electronic communications can be sufficient in protecting consumers. And as spam is not only a national but also a global problem, South Africa needs to look at the option of entering into mutual agreements with other countries and organisations in order to combat spam at a global level. / Mercantile Law / LL. D.

In the context of the Internet, spam generally refers to unsolicited and unwanted electronic messages, usually transmitted to a large number of recipients. The problem with spam is that almost all of the related costs are shifted onto the recipients, and many of the messages contain objectionable content. Spam has become a significant problem for network administrators, businesses and individual Internet users that threatens to undermine the usefulness of e-mail. Globally, spam spiralled to account for over 60% of all e-mail near the end of 2004. It is a problem that costs the global economy billions of dollars a year in lost productivity, anti-spam measures and computer resources. It has forced governments to enact legislation against the problem and it has prompted the development of numerous technical countermeasures. Spam can only be defeated by a combination of legal measures, informal measures (including self regulation and social norms), technical measures and consumer education. Because spam is a relatively recent and evolving problem, the application of various common law mechanisms are explored, including the law of privacy and the law of nuisance. Various constitutional concerns may also arise in the context of spam, and the right to freedom of expression must be balanced against other competing rights and values, including the right to privacy. Comparative legislation is examined, because it is important to recognise trends in spam legislation in other jurisdictions so as to ensure a measure of interoperability with those laws. The practical difficulties in identifying spammers, and the lack of jurisdiction over offshore offenders affect the practical implementation of the current protection offered by the ECT Act. In conclusion, this thesis identifies the need for direct anti-spam legislation in South Africa, and suggests various clauses that will need to be catered for in the legislation. It is submitted that "opt-in" legislation should be preferred over "opt-out" legislation. It is further submitted that a definition of spam should be based on the volume and indiscriminate nature of the e-mail, and not only on whether the communication was commercial. Therefore, a definition of bulk unsolicited e-mail is proposed. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LLD