Die materielle Prozessleitung ist eine richterliche Pflicht. In Erfüllung dieser Pflicht muss der Richter die prozessualen Rechten der Parteien respektieren und fördern. Es ist notwendig, dass die Parteien eine reale Möglichkeit der Auseinandersetzung über Tatsachen und Rechtsgesichtspunkte haben. Aus der materiellen Prozessleitung ergibt sich insofern ein Verbot von Überraschungsentscheidungen. In Brasilien können für die Existenz einer richterlichen Befugnis oder Pflicht zur materiellen Prozessleitung zwei verschiedene Gesichtspunkte angeführt werden. Zuerst durch die Verknüpfung der richterlichen Aufgabe, Hinweispflichten zu geben, mit einer starke Theorie von Verfahrensrechten als Ausfluss eines liberalen Verständnis von Verfahrensgerechtigkeit. Zweitens durch eine vergleichende Perspektive. Das deutsche Zivilprozessrecht stellt sich als Modell eines Systems dar, das diese Erfordernisse erfüllt. Es enthält auch in der ZPO die Aufgabe, den Prozess materiell zu leiten (§ 139, ZPO) und gewährt Rechtsbehelfe gegen die Verletzung der Verfahrensrechte (§ 321a, ZPO). Die brasilianische ZPO kennt keine ausdrückliche Pflicht zur materiellen Prozessleitung. Allerdings kann man diese richterliche Hinweispflicht aus prozessualen Grundrechten, in Verbindung mit dem oben erwähnten theoretischen Rahmen ableiten. Die materielle Prozessleitung kann nur durch einen prozessualen politischen Liberalismus erreicht werden, der die notwendige richterliche Einmischung mit der Würde der Parteien in Einklang setzen kann. / O juiz tem um dever de direção material do processo que consiste em respeitar os direitos processuais das partes e fomentar o seu exercício. A direção material do processo exige real possibilidade de argumentação das partes sobre todas as alegações de fato e sobre todos os pontos de vista jurídicas contidos na decisão. Existe uma proibição de decisões surpresa. É possível afirmar a presença desse dever judicial no Brasil a partir de duas perspectivas diferentes. Em primeiro lugar, a partir da conexão entre o dever de direção material do processo, uma teoria forte dos direitos processuais e uma concepção liberal de justiça processual. Em segundo lugar, a partir de uma perspectiva comparativa. O processo civil alemão apresenta-se como modelo de um sistema que atende aos requisitos teóricos acima mencionados, além de contar expressamente em seu Código de Processo Civil com a direção material do processo (§ 139, ZPO) e com um remédio contra a violação de direitos processuais (§ 321a, ZPO). Embora o Código de Processo Civil brasileiro não contenha tal dever de forma expressa, a interpretação dos direitos processuais fundamentais contidos na Constituição, aliada à visão teórica desenvolvida, impõe a conclusão da existência do dever de direção material do processo. A direção material do processo só é alcançável a partir de uma concepção de liberalismo político processual capaz de legitimamente conjugar o necessário ativismo processual do juiz com a necessidade de tratar as partes com dignidade.

Pas de résumé / Doctorat en sciences politiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This MA thesis titled as - India-U.S. Relations in the Late 1960s and in the First Half of the 1970s - focuses on mutual relations of the U.S. on one side and India on the other. It elaborates various events, which influenced these relations during the late 1960s and in the first half ot the 1970s. The result of this work is the confirmation that the U.S., in its foreign policy strategy, strictly followed the principle of realpolitik. Thanks to that their interests, however, often collided with those of India. Its effort of rapprochment with the PRC, during which Pakistan played an important role as the main communication channel between both countries, was a 'thorn in the side' of India's top officials, including its Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The U.S. foreign policy, which was mainly in hands of the National Security Advisor of President Richard Nixon Henry Kissinger, had to logically prefer an alliance with Pakistan. This, of course, was not welcomed by India because these two Asian countries waged several wars against each other and had strained relations since their birth. Thus, in spite of the fact that India might seem as the best American partner, given its strong democratic principles, the opposite was true. Nixon/Kissinger, in defiance of all obstacles, did not relent and remained firm...

O trabalho trata das situações de incerteza na técnica processual civil, analisando causas, efeitos e, principalmente, meios adequados para o tratamento dessas situações. Defende a idéia de que os litigantes não podem ter seus direitos processuais cerceados pela falta de objetividade na técnica processual, circunstância na qual deverá ser privilegiada a eficácia dos atos das partes. Nos três primeiros capítulos, é estudada a função do processo perante o direito material (aspecto positivo da instrumentalidade do processo), seu formalismo e sua flexibilidade, acentuando-se a aplicação da instrumentalidade das formas e do dever de saneamento das irregularidades processuais (aspecto negativo da instrumentalidade do processo). No capítulo quarto, são identificadas as crises de certeza no direito processual, suas fontes e os melhores meios de se evitá-las. No capítulo quinto, é justificada, à luz do direito processual vigente, a necessidade de manutenção da eficácia dos atos processuais realizados em zonas de incerteza. Por fim, nos capítulos seis e sete, o trabalho trata da fungibilidade recursal e da incerteza relativa aos pressupostos formais da ação rescisória, propondo meios de se permitir que os atos processuais realizados em zonas de incerteza produzam todos os seus efeitos, ainda que a opção dos litigantes divirja daquela adotada pelo juiz. / The present dissertation deals with the uncertainty about Brazilian civil procedure techniques, analyzing causes, effects and, chiefly, adequate means of treatment of such issues. It argues that the litigants may not have their procedural rights suppressed by the lack of objectivity on procedural law, situation in which the efficacy of their acts must be privileged. In the first three chapters, it studies the function of the procedural Law considering the substantive Law (positive aspect of procedural instrumentality), its formalism and its flexibility, enhancing the applicability of the norm of instrumentality of the forms and the judges obligation of remedying procedural irregularities (negative aspect of procedural instrumentality). In chapter four, crises of uncertainty of procedural law are identified, its sources as well as the best ways to avoid them. In chapter five, the needs of maintaining the efficacy of the parties acts in situations of uncertainty are justified considering the current procedural Law. At last, in chapters six and seven, the study addresses the rule of commingling remedies and the matter of uncertainty related to the procedural requisites of the termination action, proposing that the procedural acts performed in zones of uncertainty will produce all their effects, even if the option made by the litigants be different from that made by the judge.

Export is a top priority for Sweden's economy but for Swedish companies it may involve uncomfortable risks of exporting without sincere consideration. When the United Nations Security Council puts an embargo against a country, this often mean an import and export restriction. The thought is to push undemocratic regimes into respecting human rights. When the embargo is in force, however, the parties are not able to fulfill their contractual obligations, which practically means that the agreement will be suspended. The problem is what happens when an embargo is in force for a longer period of time. After the embargo is withdrawn, the price on the market may have changed significantly, which indicates a financial sacrifice for a seller if he has to provide specific performance to the buyer. The question thus is whether the seller, after a prolonged economic sanctions is withdrawn, still is obliged to provide specific performance? The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is applicable where both parties are signatories to CISG or by rules of international private law. To require performance as a buyer is a general right in Article 46 CISG, but there are exceptions to this rule in Article 28 CISG. Article 28 CISG states that if one party is entitled to require performance of any obligation by the other party, a court is not bound to enter a judgment for specific performance unless the court would do so under its own law in respect of similar contracts of sale not governed by this Convention. Since CISG advocates a harmonized application of international trade, the right to specific performance cannot be waived just on the basis of Article 28 CISG alone. With regard to good faith in international trade in Article 7 (1) CISG, the principle of reasonableness, which is a general principle that the CISG is based upon in accordance with Article 7 (2) CISG and 7.2.2 (b) UPICC, and with the support of international usage regularity observed in the trade concerned in Article 9 CISG, the right to specific performance does not exist anymore after a prolonged embargo has been withdrawn. / Export är högprioriterat för Sveriges ekonomi men för svenska företag kan det inne-bära obekväma risker med att exportera utan eftertanke. När Förenta Nationernas säkerhetsråd går in och lägger ett embargo mot en stat innebär detta ofta en import- och export restriktion. Tanken är att pressa odemokratiska regimer att respektera mänskliga rättigheter. När embargot är i kraft kan dock parterna inte uppfylla sina avtalsförpliktelser vilket innebär att avtalet blir suspenderat. Det problematiska är vad som händer då ett embargo är i kraft under en längre tid. Efter det att ett embargo lyfts kan priset på marknaden ändrats avsevärt vilket innebär en ekonomisk uppoffring för en säljare att tvingas fullgöra i natura. Frågan blir då om säljare efter det att en långvarig ekonomisk sanktion lyfts, fortfarande är tvingen att fullgöra i natura? Lag (1987:822) om internationella köp(CISG) blir tillämplig i det fall då båda parters stater är signatärer eller genom privaträttsliga regler. Att kräva fullgörelse som köpare är en generell rätt i artikel 46 CISG men det finns ett explicit undantag till denna regel i artikel 28 CISG. Artikel 28 CISG stadgar att domstol som ska lösa tvisten, inte är skyldig att meddela dom på fullgörelse om domstol enligt egen forumlandets egen lagstiftning inte skulle ha gjort detta. Skulle tvisten lösas i Svensk domstol blir 23 § köplag (1990:931) tillämplig. Eftersom CISG förespråkar en harmoniserad tillämpning inom internationell handel är det inte tillförlitligt att mena på att rätten till fullgörelse bortfaller med stöd av endast artikel 28 CISG. Med beaktande av god sed i internationell handel i artikel 7(1) CISG, principen om rimlighet/förnuftig person som är en generell princip som CISG är baserat på i enlighet med artikel 7(2) CISG och 7.2.2 (b) UPICC, samt med stöd av handelsbruk i artikel 9 CISG, bortfaller rätten till fullgörelse i natura efter det att ett långvarigt embargo har lyfts.

O trabalho trata das situações de incerteza na técnica processual civil, analisando causas, efeitos e, principalmente, meios adequados para o tratamento dessas situações. Defende a idéia de que os litigantes não podem ter seus direitos processuais cerceados pela falta de objetividade na técnica processual, circunstância na qual deverá ser privilegiada a eficácia dos atos das partes. Nos três primeiros capítulos, é estudada a função do processo perante o direito material (aspecto positivo da instrumentalidade do processo), seu formalismo e sua flexibilidade, acentuando-se a aplicação da instrumentalidade das formas e do dever de saneamento das irregularidades processuais (aspecto negativo da instrumentalidade do processo). No capítulo quarto, são identificadas as crises de certeza no direito processual, suas fontes e os melhores meios de se evitá-las. No capítulo quinto, é justificada, à luz do direito processual vigente, a necessidade de manutenção da eficácia dos atos processuais realizados em zonas de incerteza. Por fim, nos capítulos seis e sete, o trabalho trata da fungibilidade recursal e da incerteza relativa aos pressupostos formais da ação rescisória, propondo meios de se permitir que os atos processuais realizados em zonas de incerteza produzam todos os seus efeitos, ainda que a opção dos litigantes divirja daquela adotada pelo juiz. / The present dissertation deals with the uncertainty about Brazilian civil procedure techniques, analyzing causes, effects and, chiefly, adequate means of treatment of such issues. It argues that the litigants may not have their procedural rights suppressed by the lack of objectivity on procedural law, situation in which the efficacy of their acts must be privileged. In the first three chapters, it studies the function of the procedural Law considering the substantive Law (positive aspect of procedural instrumentality), its formalism and its flexibility, enhancing the applicability of the norm of instrumentality of the forms and the judges obligation of remedying procedural irregularities (negative aspect of procedural instrumentality). In chapter four, crises of uncertainty of procedural law are identified, its sources as well as the best ways to avoid them. In chapter five, the needs of maintaining the efficacy of the parties acts in situations of uncertainty are justified considering the current procedural Law. At last, in chapters six and seven, the study addresses the rule of commingling remedies and the matter of uncertainty related to the procedural requisites of the termination action, proposing that the procedural acts performed in zones of uncertainty will produce all their effects, even if the option made by the litigants be different from that made by the judge.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Over the last decade the Catholic Church in Cuba has experienced a changing relationship with the Castro regime. The Church, it seems, has been able to find more space within which to operate despite the historically significant decades of repression after the 1959 Revolution. The Papal Visit of 1998 further enhanced this growth of the Church in Cuban society and acted as an accelerator of positive change. This thesis examines Church-State relations in Cuba from an international, domestic, and individual perspective focusing mainly on events leading up to and after the Papal visit. / Lieutenant, United States Navy

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / This thesis discusses key aspects of the democratization process in post-Castro Cuba following a destructive and chaotic transition of power. The theories of leading democracy and economic theorists are applied to the post-Castro conflict scenario as relevant issues to be addressed by a new Cuban government and the United States in a Cuban transition to democracy. Additionally, the ongoing U.S. efforts in Iraq provided a unique window of opportunity for further scrutiny of democratization theory as select lessons learned from the rebuilding of Iraq are compared to the future democratic transition of Cuba. Even though this thesis took this unique perspective in the democratic transition environment, the resulting research and analysis supported existing theories about the intertwining of political and economic development. The major distinction appears to be the need for greater flexibility in the process, post-conflict, due to the ambiguity involved. What needs to be fixed or rebuilt in Cuba will depend on the severity of damage to the political and economic infrastructure. The theorists selected have been helpful in opening doors for what is relevant during the rebuilding and democratization process, but as was expected, there is not a definitive process to achieving democracy and a free-market economy. / Major, United States Army

Thesis advisor: Paul Gray / Since Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba over fifty years ago, U.S.-Cuban relations have been defined by mutual hostility. As the hegemon of the Western Hemisphere, the United States has labored to combat this repressive force that threatens democracy only ninety miles from its shores. In this paper, I analyze the embargo against Cuba and the Cuban Medical Professional Parole Program, both of which are U.S. government initiatives intended to weaken the Cuban government. I find that neither of these initiatives has been effective and that the United States’ failure to reevaluate longstanding and unsuccessful policies is detrimental to the populations they are intended to serve. In order to create more effective programs, the United States government must consider human rights in its decisions, continuously follow through with and reevaluate its policies, and ensure that initiatives are in the best interest of all parties involved. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: International Studies Honors Program. / Discipline: International Studies.

No description available.