This thesis examines the policies, positions, and perspectives of developing countries on the emerging norm of humanitarian intervention after the Cold War, focusing on the period between 1991 and 2001. In doing so, it questions the role of opposition that conventional wisdom has allotted to them as parochial defenders of sovereignty. Instead, the thesis reveals variation and complexity, which militates against defining the South, or the issues that humanitarian intervention raises, in simplistic either-or terms. Part I draws on insights about ‘sovereignty as what states make of it’ to break the classic pluralism-solidarism impasse that has otherwise stymied the conversation on humanitarian intervention and confined the South as a whole to a ‘black box’ labelled rejectionism. It reconstructs the empirical record of developing countries at large on six cases of military intervention (northern Iraq, Somalia, Haiti, Sierra Leone, Kosovo, and East Timor), revealing variation that defies easy categorization. It also charts a cumulative and dynamic trend within the South towards a grey area between pluralism and solidarism that shows how these were not diametrically opposed positions. Following from that, Part II looks in-depth at India and Argentina. Whereas Argentina accepted the idea of humanitarian intervention, India remained reluctant to countenance it and persistently objected to the development of a new rule in its favour. Part II argues that the level of congruence between the emerging norm and the two countries’ prevailing values, aspirations, and historically constructed ways of thinking played a key role in determining the different levels of acceptance that the idea found with them. Part III delves deeper into the substance of their views. It shows how neither country constructed mutually exclusive choices between pluralism and solidarism, sovereignty and human rights, and intervention and non-intervention. Rather, both exhibited an acute awareness of the dilemmas of protecting human rights in a society of states, and a wariness of yes-no answers. Cumulatively, this thesis thus points away from thinking about the South itself as a given category with clear, shared or pre-determined ideas, and towards a more nuanced and inclusive conversation on humanitarian intervention.

Chan Ying Yang Emily. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-234). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Some appendixes in Chinese.

The contribution of Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC) in reducing maternal mortality in Ethiopia is very minimal as evidenced by poor provision and low utilization of EmOC. Client centred EmOC provision improves the provision and utilization of EmOC; leading to the treatment of the majority of obstetric complications which are the main causes of maternal mortality. This study describes clients’ views and perspectives concerning the quality of EmOC provision in Ethiopian public health facilities. An explorative and descriptive phenomenological qualitative study design was used in the study in order to explore and describe the lived experiences of clients with EmOC services. Key informant interviews with women who had direct obstetric complications and received EmOC at three public health facilities in Addis Ababa generated rich data on their lived experiences. Content analysis was used to analyze the data as it complies with the phenomenological data analysis and Atlas ti version 6.2 qualitative data analysis software was employed. The findings revealed that quality EmOC is a welcoming, life-saving timely care given in a clean environment with humility, respect, equal treatment and encouragement. It is care that is safe for the client, technically sound, responsive and meets clients’ needs and expectations. Accessibility of life saving care at all time and collaborative and coordinated care created good experiences for the clients. The causes of clients’ disappointment with the provision of EmOC were higher expectations from female providers, underestimation by providers, non responsive providers, and ethical misconduct by providers such as mocking, insulting, yelling, advantage taking providers, undelivered promises by providers, expectation with place of delivery, expectation with newborn care and a limited number of health workers attending delivery. Discrimination, high cost of care and asking client to buy drugs and supplies and referrals from centres, are some of the barriers on r the use of EmOC at public health facilities. The provision of EmOC is constrained by overloaded staffs, shortage of space to accommodate clients and inadequate number of beds. In conclusion, clients have expectations and experiences of provision of EmOC that influence their future decision to seek care. Finally, a client centred guideline for the provision of client centred EmOC provision was developed. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Some 5 million people were classified as internally displaced in Colombia at the end of 2012, which represented about 10 per cent of the population and the highest number in the world at the time. Colombia differs from other countries with high levels of displacement in that it is comparatively politically stable, has effective national institutions, a relatively strong formal economy, and can by no means be described as a ‘failed’ or ‘failing’ state. The displacement literature tends to characterise the phenomenon as a humanitarian crisis and a side effect of the long-running civil war. But Colombians continue to be displaced in very large numbers despite the formal demobilization of the paramilitaries in 2006 and the diminished military capacity and engagement of the guerrillas since about the same period: the same groups that are widely regarded as being the main perpetrators of displacement. This thesis contends that displacement of the civilian population in Colombia is frequently not a consequence of violence, but rather the primary objective, where violence plays a facilitatory role. Moreover, the thesis asserts that these massive levels of displacement are substantively linked to predominantly economically-motivated logics and are regionally specific. By examining an agricultural commodity that has significantly expanded relatively recently in Colombia - African palm oil - this research examines if and how expanded cultivation may be linked to displacement. Using a political economy framework of analysis combined with empirical fieldwork, it explores the ‘localised displacement logics’ whereby land is coercively acquired by powerful local groups. The thesis concludes that the abandonment and dispossession of land from poor and marginalised groups constitutes part of an ongoing process of capitalist expansion and statebuilding in Colombia. Contrary to assertions that it is the intra-state conflict that constitutes the central obstacle to development, Colombia’s current trajectory of capitalist development may actually be a central obstacle to sustainable peace and not lead to an end to displacement.

In the last decade, scholars have recognized economic development and modernization as crucial themes in the history of the twentieth century and the ‘global Cold War.’ Yet while historians have written lucid histories of the role of the social sciences in American foreign policy in the Third World, far less is known on the Soviet Union’s ideological and material support during the same period for countries like Egypt, India, Ethiopia, Angola, or – most prominently – Afghanistan. This dissertation argues that the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan is best understood as the final and most costly of a series developmental interventions staged in that country during the latter half of the twentieth century by Afghans, Soviets, Americans, Germans and others. Cold War-era Afghanistan is best understood as a laboratory for ideas about the nation-state and the idea of a ‘national economy.’ One can best understand Afghanistan during that period less through a common but ahistorical ‘graveyard of empires’ narrative, and more in terms of the history of the social sciences, the state system in South and Central Asia, and the ideological changes in ideas about the state and the economy in 20th century economic thought. Four chapters explore this theme, looking at the history of the Soviet social sciences, developmental interventions in Afghanistan prior to 1978, a case study of Soviet advisors in eastern Afghanistan, and Soviet interventions to protect Afghan women. Making use of new materials from Soviet, German, and American archives, and dozens of interviews with former Soviet advisors, this dissertation makes a new and meaningful contribution to the historical literature on the Soviet Union, Central Asia, and international history.

This thesis challenges the prevailing academic and journalistic consensus that ASEAN states, bound by a cast-iron norm of non-interference, do not intervene in other states’ internal affairs. It argues that ASEAN states have frequently engaged in acts of intervention, often with very serious, negative consequences. Using methods of critical historical sociology, the thesis reconstructs the history of ASEAN’s non-interference principle and interventions from ASEAN’s inception onwards, drawing on sources including ASEAN and UN documents, US and UK archives, and policymaker interviews. It focuses especially on three case studies: East Timor, Cambodia, and Myanmar. The thesis argues that both the emergence of ideologies of non-intervention and their violation can be explained by the social conflicts animating state policies. Non-interference was developed by embattled, authoritarian, capitalist elites in an attempt to bolster their defence of capitalist social order from radical challenges. Where adherence to non-intervention failed to serve this purpose, it was discarded or manipulated to permit cross-border ‘containment’ operations. After communism was defeated in the ASEAN states, foreign policy continued to promote the interests of dominant, state-linked business groups and oligarchic factions. Non-interference shifted to defend domestic power structures from the West’s liberalising agenda. However, ASEAN elites continued meddling in neighbouring states even as containment operations were discarded. This contributed to the collapse of Cambodia’s ruling coalition in 1997, and ASEAN subsequently intervened to restore it. The 1997 Asian financial crisis dealt a crippling blow to ASEAN. To contain domestic unrest in Indonesia, core ASEAN states joined a humanitarian intervention in East Timor in 1999. In the decade since, non-interference has been progressively weakened as the core members struggle to regain domestic legitimacy and lost international political and economic space. This is expressed most clearly in ASEAN’s attempts to insert itself into Myanmar’s democratisation process after decades of failed ‘constructive engagement’.

Introduction : The acute care surgery (ACS) units are dedicated to the prompt management of surgical emergencies. It is a systemic way of organizing on-call services to diminish conflict between urgent care and elective obligations. The aim of this study was to define the characteristics of an ACS unit and to find common criteria in units with reported good functioning. Methods : As of July 1st 2014, 22 Canadian hospitals reported having an ACS unit. A survey with questions about the organization of the ACS units, the population it serves, the number of emergencies and trauma cases treated per year, and the satisfaction about the implementation of this ACS unit was sent to those hospitals. Results : The survey’s response rate was 73%. The majority of hospitals were tertiary or quaternary centers, served a population of more than 200 000 and had their ACS unit for more than three years. The median number of surgeons participating in an ACS unit was 8.5 and the majority were doing seven day rotations. The median number of operating room days was 2.5 per week. Most ACS units (85%) had an estimated annual volume of more than 2500 emergency consultations (including both trauma and non-trauma) and 80% operated over 1000 cases per year. Nearly all the respondents (94%) were satisfied with the implementation of the ACS unit in their hospital. Conclusion : Most surgeons felt that the implementation of an ACS unit resulted in positive outcomes. However, there should be a sizeable catchment population and number of surgical emergencies to justify the resulting financial and human resources. / Introduction : Les unités de soins aigus chirurgicaux (USAC) sont des unités dédiées à la prise en charge rapide des patients se présentant avec des urgences chirurgicales. Elles ont pour rôle de diviser le service de chirurgie générale afin d’organiser le système de garde en diminuant le conflit entre la prise en charge des urgences chirurgicales et les obligations électives. Nous avions pour objectif de définir les caractéristiques des USAC et de trouver des critères communs aux unités ayant rapporté un fonctionnement efficace et une bonne organisation. Méthodes : En date du 1er juillet 2014, vingt-deux hôpitaux canadiens rapportaient posséder une USAC. Un questionnaire comportant des questions sur l’organisation de leur USAC, la population desservie, le nombre d’urgences chirurgicales annuelles et la satisfaction en lien avec l’implantation de leur USAC leur a été envoyé. Résultats : Nous avons obtenu un taux de réponse de 73%. La majorité des hôpitaux étaient des centres tertiaires ou quaternaires, servaient une population de plus de 200 000 personnes et possédaient une USAC depuis plus de trois ans. Un nombre médian de 8,5 chirurgiens participaient à l’USAC et travaillaient en alternance sur une période de 7 jours. Le nombre médian de priorités opératoires était de 2,5 jours par semaine. La plupart des unités (85%) avait un nombre annuel estimé de plus de 2 500 consultations urgentes et 80% des unités opéraient plus de 1 000 cas par année. La grande majorité des répondants (94%) se disait satisfaite de la création d’une USAC dans leur hôpital. Conclusion : La majorité des chirurgiens affirme avoir vu un impact positif depuis la mise en place de l’USAC. Par contre, pour justifier la création d’une USAC, il semble nécessaire que soient présents un certain bassin de population, un nombre minimal annuel d’urgences chirurgicales ainsi qu’un certain nombre de chirurgiens y participant.

According to UNHCR data from 2018, there are approximately seven and a half million school-age child refugees, with only 61% of them having access to primary education (versus 91% of the total child population). In Greece, child migrants have been around for several years, but they have not had access to education for a long time and some children still do not. The situation was dealt with in various alternative ways, through non-profit organizations, volunteers from around the world and refugees themselves. The thesis is conceived theoretically and empirically. The theoretical part of this thesis deals with these issues. It seeks to explore the educational situation of refugee children in the world, describes the recent migration crisis in Greece, deals with the right to educate refugee children at world and European level, and also in Greece, introduces educational opportunities for refugee children in Greece, both formal, provided by the state, and informal, provided by volunteers and non-profit organizations. In the empirical part, qualitative research examines the barriers that non-formal education providers have encountered in trying to deliver education to refugee children and describes the methods overcoming these barriers. Conducted ethnographic research included volunteer observation in...

[pt] Baseada no compromisso com a qualidade de vida das crianças em suas relações com a natureza e nos desafios de uma educação ambiental que seja assegurada como mais um direito humano, no sentido de garantir uma relação ampla dos seres humanos com e enquanto natureza, e mais que isso, de resgatar o direito da própria vida se manter, esta pesquisa focou as relações das crianças da Comunidade das Pedras (Teresópolis-RJ) entre si e na/com a natureza, tanto em sua comunidade e convívio familiar quanto dentro da escola, buscando compreender as atividades propostas que se dedicam a um convívio com o ambiente natural e sua importância curricular. Dessa forma, o objetivo da pesquisa foi, por um lado, compreender, no contexto de uma comunidade rural, como as crianças do campo, que já têm, fora da escola, algum convívio garantido com a natureza, compreendem essa relação, e, por outro, como a escola reconhece e trabalha a partir desta realidade local. A pesquisa se fundamentou teoricamente a partir, principalmente, da articulação de três eixos de referência: o conceito de três ecologias de Félix Guattari e sua influência na discussão atual sobre educação ambiental; a sociologia das ausências e das emergências de Boaventura Sousa Santos; e a defesa do direito à vida e de um meio ambiente saudável na perspectiva da educação em direitos humanos. A partir de uma inspiração etnográfica, a pesquisa se deu de forma imersiva no contexto de uma comunidade rural, entendendo, que, apesar da natureza abundante, a relação dicotômica entre cultura e natureza que construímos a partir da civilização ocidental vem contribuindo para o fortalecimento de uma cultura antropocêntrica que separa os humanos de seu entorno, isolando-os das outras espécies e cultivando atitudes destrutivas em relação a tudo que vive. Apesar da maior inserção da temática ambiental na escola através da educação ambiental e de sua importância anunciada pelos professores, a incorporação desta temática às práticas pedagógicas ainda é frágil, apontando o caráter monocultural da escola e a necessidade de repensar a importância da natureza para o desenvolvimento integral das crianças. / [en] Being based on the commitment to the life quality of children as related to nature and bearing in mind the challenges of an environmental education to be guaranteed as another human right, the research aimed at the way children of Comunidade das Pedras (Teresópolis, in the State of Rio de Janeiro) relate among them as well as with nature, both in their family nucleuses and at school. On the one hand, the chief aim was to investigate from the perspective of a rural community how children from the country envisage this relation, considering that some contact with nature is already guaranteed to them. On the other hand, the aim was to investigate how the school acknowledges this local reality and works based on this local reality. The theoretical basis was the articulation of three reference sources: Felix Guattari’s concept of the three ecologies and its influence on the current discussion of environmental education; Boaventura Sousa Santos’ sociology of absences and emergencies; and the fight for the right to life and for a healthy environment from the perspective of education in human rights. Beginning with an ethnographic inspiration, an immersion was conducted in different contexts, interviews with teachers, group activities with the students and documental analysis. We are convinced that, in spite of the plentiful nature of the context in which the research was conducted, the two-part relationship between culture and nature which we have built based on the western civilization, is contributing to the strengthening of an anthropocentric culture that separates human beings from their surroundings, thus isolating them from other species and cultivating destructive attitudes towards anything that lives. In spite of environmental topics being more present at school and the fact that teachers have declared its importance, the incorporation of such topics to pedagogic practices is still very uncertain. That, in turn, points to the monocultural nature of school and the necessity of revising the importance of nature to the all-inclusive development of children.

A temática da segurança do paciente é uma preocupação antiga, porém, só assumiu relevância nos últimos anos com a divulgação de dados sobre incidentes no cuidado em saúde e suas consequências. Um desses eventos, denominado evento adverso, corresponde à queda. As quedas são eventos não planejados quem levam o paciente ao solo, com ou sem lesão, sendo responsáveis por sofrimento aos pacientes e suas famílias, maior tempo de internação, custos aos sistemas de saúde e até mesmo óbitos. Vários fatores podem levar o paciente ao solo, porém, o foco dos estudos se concentra na população com mais de 65 anos, principalmente em unidades de internação. Embora os padrões de morbimortalidade tenham provocado mudanças na configuração do atendimento em saúde, elevando consideravelmente os casos de urgência e a complexidade da assistência, pouco ainda se sabe sobre quedas em ambientes não hospitalares, especialmente na atenção primária. As alterações nos fluxos de atendimento provocaram transformações nos cenários de trabalho da atenção básica, especialmente para a enfermagem, que realiza a maior parte das ações de cuidado. Estresse, insegurança e falhas estruturais são alguns fatores que contribuem para o comprometimento da segurança do paciente, especialmente na identificação de risco para quedas. Este estudo busca mapear os fatores de risco de quedas identificados por enfermeiros do serviço de urgência pré-hospitalar fixo, profissionais responsáveis pela elaboração, implementação e avaliação de processos para prevenção de incidentes, a partir de importantes instrumentos, como linguagem padronizada em escala mundial North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I) e a Escala de Quedas de Morse (MFS) / The issue of patient safety is an old concern, but it has only become relevant in recent years with the dissemination of data on incidents in health care and its consequences. One of these events, called an adverse event, corresponds to the fall. Falls are unplanned events that take the patient to the ground, with or without injury, being responsible for suffering to patients and their families, longer hospitalization, costs to health systems and even death. Several factors can lead the patient to the ground, however, the focus of the studies is concentrated in the population over 65, mainly in hospitalization units. Although morbidity and mortality patterns have caused changes in the configuration of health care, considerably increasing urgency and complexity of care, little is known about falls in non-hospital settings, especially in primary care. Changes in care flows have led to changes in the work scenarios of primary care, especially for nursing, which performs most of the care actions. Stress, insecurity and structural failures are some factors that contribute to compromising patient safety, especially in identifying a risk for falls. This study seeks to map the risk factors for falls identified by nurses in the fixed prehospital emergency department, professionals responsible for the design, implementation and evaluation of processes for incident prevention, using important instruments such as standardized language on a global scale North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International (NANDA-I) and the Morse Falls Scale (MFS)