Sistemas silvipastoris (SSPs) apresentam potencial para amenizar o problema do aquecimento global, pelo sequestro de CO2 atmosférico, principalmente na biomassa vegetal. Entretanto, se faz necessário estudar nestas áreas os fluxos de metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O) do solo, para se ter uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica destes gases no sistema solo-atmosfera. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar os fluxos de N2O e CH4 em um solo sob implantação de um sistema silvipastoril com a espécie arbórea leguminosa nativa Parapiptadenia rigida em campo nativo do bioma Pampa e determinar um fator de emissão (FE) de N2O para esta consorciação. O experimento foi conduzido em um Argissolo Vermelho anteriormente utilizado com pastagem nativa no município de São Gabriel, RS, Brasil. Para isso, mudas de P. rigida forram plantadas em outubro de 2012 em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos nas parcelas principais foram: T1: campo nativo (NG); T2: NG + P. rigida com arranjo espacial de 2 x 4 m; e T3: NG + P. rigida com arranjo espacial de linhas duplas 6 x (2 x 2) m. A subdivisão das parcelas (18 x 30 m) constituiu a presença ou ausência de adubação mineral anual (NPK) das forrageiras nativas.Os fluxos de gases de efeito estufa do solo foram coletados a cada quinze dias ou após eventos de fertilização, no decorrer do ano de 2014, através de câmaras estáticas, com seis repetições. As concentrações de N2O e CH4 foram determinadas por cromatografia gasosa. Concomitantemente a cada coleta dos gases foi coletado amostras de solo (0-5 cm) para análise do teor de N-mineral e monitoramento das variáveis climáticas. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey para comparação das médias (P <0,10). As taxas de fluxo diário de CH4 e N2O permaneceram baixa durante o período avaliado, variando de -18,3 para 23,1 μg N2O_N m-2 h-1 e de -40 a 105 μg CH4_C m-2 h-1. A Fertilização mineral elevou a emissão acumulada (P <0,10) apenas para o N2O. Foram observados dois picos de emissão de N2O concomitantemente com o aumento do teor de nitrogênio mineral (NO3- e NH4 +) no solo proporcionado pela adubação mineral. Foi encontrado um FE de N2O de 0,26%, menor que o indicado pelo IPCC para a prática de adubação mineral de pastagens, o qual é de 1%. As maiores taxas de emissões diárias de CH4, por sua vez, coincidiram com aumentos na umidade e temperatura do solo. Assim, a introdução de árvores de P. rigida em campo nativo não alterou significativamente os fluxos de CH4 e N2O do solo, independentemente do espaçamento de plantio após dois anos de plantio das arvores. / Silvopastoral systems (SSPs) can mitigate global warming through atmospheric CO2 sequestration, mainly in plant biomass. However, few is known about their effect on nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate N2O and CH4 fluxes in a soil with native grassland system afforested with native species of the leguminous tree Parapiptadenia rigida in the Brazilian Pampa and determine an N2O emission factor for this intercropping. The experiment was carried out in an Acrisol previously used with native grassland in São Gabriel, RS, Brazil, forested in October 2012. The experiment had a randomized block design, with split plots. Treatments in the main plots were: T1: native grassland (NG); T2: NG + P. rigida with spatial arrangement of 2 x 4 m; and T3: NG + P. rigida with spatial arrangement of double lines 6 x (2 x 2) m. The split plots (18 x 30 m) constituted the presence or absence of annual mineral fertilizer (NPK) for the native forages. Soil greenhouse gases were taken every fortnight or after fertilization events for one year (2014) through static chambers, with six replicates. Concentrations of N2O and CH4 were determined by gas chromatography, concomitantly to the monitoring of soil (0-5 cm) for the analysis of N-mineral content and climate variables. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test to compare means (P<0.10). Daily flux rates of CH4 and N2O remained low during the evaluated period, ranging from -18.3 to 23.1 μg N2O_N m-2 h-1 and from -40 to 105 μg CH4_C m-2 h-1. Mineral fertilization increased the cumulated emission (P < 0.10) only for N2O. Two peaks of N2O emission were observed concomitantly to the increase of mineral nitrogen concentration (NO3- and NH4+) in soil due to mineral fertilization. Was found an emission factor (EF) of 0.26%, smaller than that indicated for the practice of N fertilization on pastures by the IPCC which is 1%. The largest emissions rates of CH4, in turn, coincided with raises in soil moisture and temperature. Thus, the introduction of P. rigida trees in natural grassland did not altered significantly the soil fluxes of CH4 and N2O, independently of their arrangement, after two years from the tree plantation.

This study determined the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/ dibenzo- furans (PCDD/Fs) and 22 metals contents in ash in the super heater (SH), economizer (EC), semi-dryer absorber (SDA), fabric filter (FF), fly ash pit (FAP) and bottom residue (BR) in a municipal solid waste incinerator (KTMSWI). Experimental results showed that average PCDD/FS contents in ash samples from the SH, EC, SDA, FF, FAP and BR were 0.102, 0.788, 0.210, 1.95, 2.04 and 0.0218 ng I-TEQ /g, respectively. PCDD/Fs content was very low in the SH and BR due to high temperatures (around 461¢XC in the SH and 914¢XC in combustion chamber). Conversely, total PCDD/Fs content was significantly high in ash samples from the EC (around 340¢XC), mainly because the temperature is within the favorable range of 250-400¢XC for PCDD/FS formation due to de nova reformation mechanisms. Although the SDA operated at 245¢XC, the PCDD/FS content decreased very significantly, mainly because the temperature was relatively low and because calcium carbonate was introduced into flue gases to dechlorinate and dilute chlorine-containing species. PCDD/Fs were captured by the active carbon in the FF. Furthermore, the duration that fly ash remained in the FF was longer than that for other incinerator units, and thus causing an increasing trend of PCDD/Fs level downstream (except the SDA). Total PCDD/Fs emission factors (£gg /ton-waste; £gg I-TEQ /ton-waste) in ash samples from different units were: SH (42.3; 0.846), EC (326; 6.12 ), SDA (58.1; 1.10), FF (1540; 61.3), FAP (2950; 107) and BR (537; 4.31). Most PCDD/Fs in ash were contributed by the FF (about 56%), and the generation of PCDD/Fs in ash was significant (about 35%) during the transfer process from different units to the FAP. A strong and positive correlation in a logarithmic form existed between PCDD/Fs and chlorine (Cl-) contents in ash. The results showed that principal metals in the incinerator ash were Al, Fe, Zn, Ba, Pb and Cu. On average, these six metals accounted for 96.6%, 96.8%, 97.0%, 94.2% and 96.7% of the total metals in SH, EC, SDA, FF and BR ash, respectively. The emission factors of individual metals from different units were obtained. Volatile metals, such as Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg and Pb, were mostly in fly ash, while lithophilic metals, such as Al, Fe, Ti, V, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sr, Mo, Ag, Ba and Cr+6 were mainly in bottom ash. Distribution ratios for total metals in SH, EC, SDA, FF and BR ash were 4.87%, 4.26%, 2.89%, 8.17% and 79.81%, respectively. That is, about 20.2% of total metals were in fly ash and most metals (about 79.8%) were in bottom ash. The Pb content in EC ash and Hg content in FF ash were between alarm contents and maximum legal limits, while Cd and Pb contents in FF ash exceeded the maximum legal limits. The existing transportation system for transferring fly ash from different units to a fly ash pit should be modified for recycling the valuable metals. Ash with less than the alarm content for metals content, such as ash from the SH, SDA and BR, can be reused. Ash with metals exceeding the alarm contents, such as ash from the EC and FF, should be collected and transferred to a different fly ash pit for further treatment, such as metal recycling.

Agricultural operations across the United States are encountering difficulties complying with current air pollution regulations for particulate matter (PM). PM is currently regulated in terms of particle diameters less than or equal to a nominal 10 μm (PM10); however, current legislation is underway to regulate PM with diameters less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 μm (PM2.5). The goals of this research were to determine the biases and uncertainties associated with current PM10 and PM2.5 sampling methods and to determine the extent to which these errors may impact the determination of cotton gin emission factors. Ideally, PM samplers would produce an accurate measure of the pollutant indicator; for instance, a PM10 sampler would produce an accurate measure of PM less than or equal to 10 μm. However, samplers are not perfect and errors are introduced because of the established tolerances associated with sampler performance characteristics and the interaction of particle size and sampler performance characteristics. Results of this research indicated that a source emitting PM characterized by a mass median diameter (MMD) of 20 μm and a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.5 could be forced to comply with a 3.2 and 14 times more stringent regulation of PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, than a source emitting PM characterized by a MMD of 10 μm and a GSD of 1.5. These estimates are based on both sources emitting the same concentrations of true PM or concentrations corresponding to the particle diameters less than the size of interest. Various methods were used to estimate the true PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors associated with cotton gin exhausts and the extent to which the sampler errors impacted the PM regulation. Results from this research indicated that current cotton gin emission factors could be over-estimated by about 40%. This over-estimation is a consequence of the relatively large PM associated with cotton gin exhausts. These PM sampling errors are contributing to the misappropriation of source emissions in State Implementation Plans, essentially forcing Air Pollution Regulatory Agencies to require additional controls on sources that may be incorrectly classified has high emitters.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-04-13T13:44:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Glaucilene Duarte Carvalho - 2015.pdf: 1802347 bytes, checksum: f9637cc5acb406196d502d1d9c90cffc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-13T14:15:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Glaucilene Duarte Carvalho - 2015.pdf: 1802347 bytes, checksum: f9637cc5acb406196d502d1d9c90cffc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-13T14:15:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Glaucilene Duarte Carvalho - 2015.pdf: 1802347 bytes, checksum: f9637cc5acb406196d502d1d9c90cffc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The objective of this study was to characterize the dynamics of nitrous oxide flows and estimate the loss of nitrogen in the form of nitrous oxide and ammonia derived from nitrogen fertilization in rice cultivation in tropical lowland . The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of Embrapa Rice and Beans, at Palmital Farm, in the municipality of Goianira - Goiás, Brazil. The N2O flow soil alternated between positive (output) and negative (inflow) ranging between -83,67 and 470,84 μg N-N2O m-2 h-1; -168,01 to 113, 46 μg N-N2O m-2 h-1 and -103,54 to 290,08 μg N-N2O m-2 h-1 in the 2011/2012 season, off season and 2012/2013, respectively. N losses by volatilization from the use of nitrogen fertilizer, totaled 210 and 203 mg N-NH3 m-2, T1 and T2, respectively. In the off was, on average, 65,08 mg NNH3 m-2 and 2012/2013 amounted to 218,25; 244,80 e 233,78 mg N-NH3 m-2, at T0, T1 and T2, respectively. Actual values for emission factor for NH3-N and N-N2O were below (max. EF = 0.3%) than recommended by the IPCC. / O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a dinâmica dos fluxos de óxido nitroso e estimar a perda de nitrogênio, na forma de óxido nitroso e amônia, derivada da fertilização nitrogenada em cultivo de arroz irrigado em várzea tropical. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, na Fazenda Palmital, no município de Goianira- Goiás, Brasil. Os fluxos de N2O do solo alternaram entre positivos (emissão) e negativos (influxo), variando entre -83,67 e 470,84 μg N-N2O m-2 h-1; -168,01 a 113, 46 μg N-N2O m-2 h- 1 e -103,54 a 290,08 μg N-N2O m-2 h-1 na safra 2011/2012, entressafra e 2012/2013, respectivamente. As perdas de N por volatilização de amônia decorrentes da utilização de fertilizante nitrogenado, totalizaram 210 mg m-2 e 203 mg m-2 de N-NH3, em T1 e T2, respectivamente. Na entressafra foi, em média, 65,08 mg m-2 de N-NH3 e 2012/2013 totalizaram 218,25 mg m-2, 244,80 mg m-2 e 233,78 de N-NH3, em T0, T1 e T2, respectivamente. Os valores encontrados de fator de emissão para N-NH3 e N-N2O foram abaixo (max. FE = 0,3 %) do preconizado pelo IPCC.

A criação de camarões marinhos em cativeiro tem sido acusada de causar sérios impactos ambientais, sobretudo em função do lançamento de grandes quantidades de nutrientes e metais pesados nas águas estuarinas. Diversos estudos realizados nos principais estados produtores de camarão no Brasil, através do uso de fatores de emissão, estimaram as cargas destes poluentes para seus principais estuários. Neles ficou caracterizada a importância desta atividade como fonte de nutrientes, uma vez que a carcinicultura dominou as emissões de nitrogênio para os estuários dos rios Açu (RN) e Jaguaribe (CE). Ocorre que esses estudos consideraram a forma de cultivo de camarão, predominante há alguns anos, a qual estava baseada em uma produção intensiva. Desta forma, devem ser consideradas as alterações nos processos produtivos dessa atividade, e precisam ser determinados novos fatores de emissão. O estuário do rio Potengi (RN), objeto de estudo, apresenta características que o tornam bastante susceptível a elevadas depreciações da qualidade de suas águas, pelo fato de nessa bacia hidrográfica estar implantada a capital do estado, cidade com maiores contingente populacional e grau de urbanização do RN. O presente trabalho trata da determinação de novos fatores de emissão relativos a nutrientes e a metais pesados para a carcinicultura, com base na realidade atual desta atividade no estuário do rio Potengi e avalia, também a importância da carcinicultura como fonte de nutrientes e metais pesados para o referido estuário. Estes novos fatores de emissão foram determinados e serviram como base para estimativa da carga anual da carcinicultura; também foram determinadas as cargas de outras fontes naturais e antrópicas presentes no ecossistema de estudo o que permitiu verificar que a carcinicultura, apesar de não ser a atividade predominante, constitui fonte ) importante de nitrogênio (5,28%), cobre (10,54%) e zinco (14,04%). / The creation of marine shrimp in captivity has been blamed for causing serious environmental impacts, particularly through the release of large amounts of nutrients and heavy metals in estuarine waters. Several studies in the major shrimp-producing states in Brazil, through the use of emission factors, estimated the loads of these pollutants to their main estuaries. In them was a characteristic aspect of this activity as a source of nutrients, since the carciniculture dominated the emission of nitrogen to the estuaries of the Acu (RN) and Jaguaribe (CE). It turns out that these studies considered the form of shrimp farming, prevalent a few years ago, which was based on an intensive production. Thus, should be considered the changes in production processes of this activity, and need to be certain new emission factors. The estuary Potengi (RN), the object of study, has characteristics which make it very susceptible to high depreciation of the quality of the water, because this basin has been introduced to the state capital city with the highest overall population and degree of urbanization of the RN. This paper deals with the new emission factors for nutrients and heavy metals in the carciniculture, based on the current reality of this activity in the estuary Potengi and evaluates also the importance of carciniculture as a source of nutrients and heavy metals in that estuary. These new emission factors were determined and served as a basis to estimate the annual load of carciniculture, were also determined loads of other natural and anthropogenic sources in the ecosystem of the study that showed that the carciniculture, though not the predominant activity, constitutes an important source of nitrogen (5.28%), copper (10.54%) and zinc (14.04%).

Formaldehyde is a colorless gas that is found naturally in the environment. It is a popular additive in many consumer products including composite wood products. Composite wood products are engineered wood panels produced from pressing pieces, chips, particles, or fibers of wood together at high temperatures held together with a bonding agent. This bonding agent is often formaldehyde-containing resins that are known to release formaldehyde over time. This is concerning because of the carcinogenic classification of formaldehyde, the wide spread application of composite wood products, and the increasing amount of time spent in the indoor environment. In a controlled 0.53 m3 chamber, a panel of medium density fiberboard (MDF) with a surface area of 4.49 m2 was subjected to multiple temperatures to measure formaldehyde emissions. The panels were allowed to acclimate for 48 hours followed by a 72 hour sample period using passive diffusive monitors at temperatures: 26.1, 29.3, 34.1, and 38.9 °C. The results of the study found a strong relationship (R2 = 0.9954) between the emission rate of formaldehyde from MDF and temperature. The emission rate increased 192% between 26.1 °C and 38.9 °C. The results of the study indicate that as temperature increases, the amount of formaldehyde emitted from a panel of MDF also increases. This results in higher airborne concentrations of formaldehyde in environments where the panels are present.

In Tunisia, the National Agency for the Environment is encouraging the creation of a carbon footprint method specifically adapted to the Tunisian context. In cooperation with the French National Agency for the Environment, the adaptation of the French carbon footprint method is realised and has to go along with an adaptation of the emission factors. In this framework, this master thesis aims at presenting the emission factors adaptation process led to adapt the accounting tool. First, a literature review enables to present the main notions useful to understand the precise definition of emission factor. Then, a preliminary study of the main carbon footprint tools is presented so as to identify the main characteristics of a carbon footprint method. A comparison is then done to present the differences which can occur between the previous methods. Finally, for each category of emission factor, the adaptation process is presented showing three different ways to adapt emission factors: a replacing of the data in the calculations, an adaptation based on local studies and a more difficult adaptation requiring to develop a new method.

Vários países têm buscado investigar as emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) e amônia (NH3) na atividade animal para melhor compreensão da dinâmica e excesso desses gases na atmosfera. As informações disponíveis na literatura sobre as emissões de GEE e NH3 em aviários são variáveis e incertas devido à diversidade e condições particulares das instalações, bem como das inúmeras diferenças no sistema de criação e das complexas interações observadas nos dejetos dos animais. A caracterização das emissões do setor avícola normalmente é realizada por monitoramento aéreo das concentrações dos gases dentro das instalações de produção. No entanto, alguns métodos adotados são insuficientes devido às interferências de outros gases, razão por que as medições podem não refletir, com exatidão, as emissões reais. Diante dessa complexidade, nesta pesquisa buscou-se aplicar técnicas que apresentam menores interferências, bem como desenvolver um sistema de amostragem para medir diretamente as emissões de N2O, CH4 e NH3 dos dejetos de frangos de corte. No desenvolvimento do método, utilizou-se como referência o princípio da câmara estática fechada e a análise por cromatografia gasosa (CG), para estimar as emissões de GEE. Para quantificação direta das emissões de NH3, adaptou-se um método semiaberto estático, baseado na captura, em meio ácido, do NH3 volatilizado dos dejetos das aves. Adicionalmente, buscou-se monitorar as emissões diárias de NH3, CH4 e N2O dos dejetos dos frangos, considerando o típico manejo de reutilização da cama de frango. Foram propostos modelos empíricos para as predições das emissões de N2O, CH4 e NH3, em função do número de reutilizações da cama, da idade das aves e de propriedades físico-químicas da cama de frango. As emissões acumuladas por quatro ciclos de criação permitiram calcular perdas anuais de 0,14, 0,35, e 72,0 g de N2O, CH4 e NH3 ave-alojada-1 ano-1, respectivamente. Considerando o número de frangos de corte alojados em 2015, a atividade avícola emitiu cerca de 545,1 Gg CO2eq pelo manejo dos dejetos nos aviários, correspondente a 0,04 kg CO2eq por kg de carne. Reduções de 21, 40 e 78% foram observadas nas emissões anuais de N2O, CH4 e NH3, respectivamente, ao utilizar (seis ciclos) a cama somente em um ciclo de criação. Contudo, um balanço de N foi conduzido para contabilizar as entradas e saídas de N na produção de frangos de corte durante os quatro ciclos de criação avaliados. A principal entrada de N no sistema foi pela ração, como entrada secundária, o N via cama de frango, o qual aumentou consideravelmente a cada ciclo de reutilização. Considerando que esta pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia aplicável e inovadora para determinar os fluxos de GEE em galpões abertos no país, os dados serão úteis para o inventário anual brasileiro das emissões de GEE oriundas dos dejetos da avicultura de corte. Os resultados são úteis também para incentivar novas pesquisas que possam avançar no conhecimento de impactos e alternativas de mitigação de GEE na produção de frangos de corte e, adicionalmente, conferir sustentabilidade à produção de carne no Brasil / Many countries have sought to investigate the emissions of GHG and ammonia (NH3) in livestock production to better understand the dynamics and the excess of these gases in the atmosphere. The information available in the literature on GHG emissions and NH3 in poultry houses are variable and uncertain due to the diversity and particular conditions of the facilities, as well as the numerous differences in the authoring system and the complex interactions observed in animal manure. The characterization of emissions from poultry sector is usually performed by monitoring of gas concentrations in the production facilities. However, some of the methods adopted are inadequated due to interference from other gases, thus, the measurements may not accurately reflect the actual emissions. In this context, this research developed a sampling system with lower interference that directly measure the emissions of N2O, CH4 and NH3 of broiler manure. The proposed methodology includes the principle of static chamber, and gas chromatography (GC) analysis to determine GHG emissions. For the direct quantification of NH3 emissions a semi-open static method was adapted based on the capture of volatilized NH3 from manure of broilers, in an acidic solution. In addition, the daily monitoring of NH3, CH4 and N2O emissions from broiler manure considered the reutilization of poultry litter, which is the usual management. Empirical models were proposed in the study to predict emissions of N2O, CH4 and NH3, depending on the number of reuses of the litter, the age of the birds and physicochemical properties of the litter. Cumulative emissions per production four cycle allowed us to calculate an annual loss of 0.14, 0.35 and 72.0 g N2O, CH4, NH3 bird-place-1 year-1, respectively. Considering the number of broilers grown in 2015, the poultry production chain emitted about 545.1 Gg CO2eq derived from poultry manure management, corresponding to 0.04 kg CO2 eq per kg meat. A reduction of 21, 40 and 78% was observed in the annual emissions of N2O, CH4 and NH3, respectively, when the litter is used in only one breeding cycle instead of six cycles. However, an N balance was conducted to account N inputs and outputs in the production of broiler during the four breeding cycles. The main entrance of N in the production system was the ration, as a secondary input, the N via poultry litter, which increased considerably each reuse cycle. This research presents an applicable and innovative methodology for determining GHG flows in open sheds houses in Brazil. The data presented will be useful to the Brazilian annual inventory of GHG emissions derived from poultry manure. Moreover the present data has the potential to prompt new research that might further the knowledge on the impacts and GHG mitigation alternatives in the production of broiler thus enhancing sustainability in meat production in Brazil

Material av plast är praktiska och användbara, vilket medför att de återfinns i många produkter som används i vardagen. På grund av dess egenskaper har framställning av produkter och användning av plast ökat sedan massproduktionen av plast började. Mikroplast definieras som plastobjekt med en storlek mindre än 5 millimeter. Eftersom att material av plast förekommer i många produkter så har det lett till en spridning av mikroplast som påträffas på flertalet platser i naturen runtom i världen. Svenska Miljöinstitutet, IVL, har granskat kartlagda uppkomstkällor till och spridningen av mikroplaster i Sverige. De två största landbaserade källorna till mikroplast är slitage av vägbanor och däck respektive mikroplast från konstgräsplaner. Utifrån kartläggningen sker spridning vidare till omgivningen och därför är det angeläget att undersöka belastningen som kan förekomma i dagvattnet från dessa källor. I den här studien har mängden mikroplast undersökts med en minsta storleksfraktion på 100 mikrometer i dagvatten från trafikvägen Bolandsgatan och konstgräsplanen Stenhagens IP i Uppsala. Provtagning utfördes på dagvatten i dagvattenbrunnar genom att ta stickprov och med en provtagare som möjliggjorde flödesproportionell provtagning. Insamlade prover filtrerades där mikroplast sedan analyserades visuellt i stereomikroskop. Analysen av mikroplast kombinerades även med ett smälttest. I undersökningen av den trafikerade vägen Bolandsgatan var 98 % av alla partiklar svarta. De svarta partiklarna kategoriserades som mikroplast som har uppkommit i samband med slitage av vägtrafik. Vid undersökning av konstgräsplanen Stenhagens IP påträffades ett gräsfragment som kategoriserades som mikroplast från konstgräsplanen.  Mikroplastmängden i dagvatten från den trafikerade vägen Bolandsgatan erhölls till 33 kg/år. Emissionsfaktorn för blandad trafik beräknades till 2,2∙10-5 kg/fordonskm. Emissionsfaktor för mikroplast från däck, som beräknats utifrån mätningar i dagvatten från vägtrafik, har inte presenterats i tidigare studier. Från vägtrafiken i Uppsala kommun och Sverige erhölls mängden till 27 000 kg/år respektive 1,5∙106 kg/år. Från konstgräsplanen Stenhagens IP var mängden mikroplast 6,3∙10-2 kg/år. Från konstgräsplaner i Uppsala kommun och Sverige erhölls mängden till 0,56 kg/år respektive 48 kg/år. Vid beräkning av mikroplastmängder finns det en osäkerhet i bestämningen av volymen, ökar partikelradien med en faktor 2 så ökar volymen 8 gånger. Enligt den här studien är mikroplastmängder från vägtrafik i Sverige ungefär 5 gånger mindre än Naturvårdsverkets uppskattning, mängder från konstgräsplaner i Sverige är ungefär 30-50 gånger mindre än Naturvårdsverkets resultat. / Materials made from plastic are practical and durable, therefore plastic is found in many every day products. Because of the properties of plastics, the manufacturing of products and usage of the material has increased consequently leading to the creations of microplastics in varying sizes. The definition of microplastics is plastic materials with a size smaller than 5 millimeters. Because of a huge prevalence in products the consequence is microplastics being found on many places in nature around the world. The Swedish Environmental Research Institute, IVL, has been assigned by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency to review identified origins and the pathways of microplastics in Sweden. According to the study the largest source of microplastics from outdoor activities on land is from road wear and the abrasion of tyres followed by artificial turfs. Since microplastics are presumed to be spread to the environment, it is of concern to investigate potential microplastic load in storm water from these sources. The investigation of microplastic amounts has been studied in sizes ≥100 micrometres in storm water from the traffic road Bolandsgatan and the artificial turf Stenhagens IP in Uppsala. Samples were collected, using random sampling and with an automatic sampler enabling flow proportional sampling. Filtration of collected water samples were carried out followed by analysing microplastic visually in a stereo microscope. The analyses of microplastics were also combined with a melting test. In the study of the traffic road Bolandsgatan 98 % of all particles were black colored. The black colored particles were identified as microplastic originated from road wear. When studying the artificial turf Stenhagens IP a grass fragment was identified as microplastic originated from the artifical turf. Microplastic amounts from the traffic road Bolandsgatan are 33 kg/year. The emission factor for mixed fleet is 2.2∙10-5 kg/vehicle km. An emission factor for microplastic from road traffic has not been presented in other studies before. The amount of microplastics from road traffic in Uppsala was estimated to 27 000 kg/year and in Sweden to 1.5∙106 kg/year. From the artificial turf Stenhagens IP the amount was 6.3∙10-2 kg/year. By upscaling the amounts of microplastics from artificial turfs in Uppsala and Sweden the amounts were estimated to 0.56 and 48 kg/year, respectively. According to this study, the spread of microplastic from road traffic in Sweden is 5 times less than the estimated value and the amount from artificial turfs is 30-50 times less compared to the investigation by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

Vários países têm buscado investigar as emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) e amônia (NH3) na atividade animal para melhor compreensão da dinâmica e excesso desses gases na atmosfera. As informações disponíveis na literatura sobre as emissões de GEE e NH3 em aviários são variáveis e incertas devido à diversidade e condições particulares das instalações, bem como das inúmeras diferenças no sistema de criação e das complexas interações observadas nos dejetos dos animais. A caracterização das emissões do setor avícola normalmente é realizada por monitoramento aéreo das concentrações dos gases dentro das instalações de produção. No entanto, alguns métodos adotados são insuficientes devido às interferências de outros gases, razão por que as medições podem não refletir, com exatidão, as emissões reais. Diante dessa complexidade, nesta pesquisa buscou-se aplicar técnicas que apresentam menores interferências, bem como desenvolver um sistema de amostragem para medir diretamente as emissões de N2O, CH4 e NH3 dos dejetos de frangos de corte. No desenvolvimento do método, utilizou-se como referência o princípio da câmara estática fechada e a análise por cromatografia gasosa (CG), para estimar as emissões de GEE. Para quantificação direta das emissões de NH3, adaptou-se um método semiaberto estático, baseado na captura, em meio ácido, do NH3 volatilizado dos dejetos das aves. Adicionalmente, buscou-se monitorar as emissões diárias de NH3, CH4 e N2O dos dejetos dos frangos, considerando o típico manejo de reutilização da cama de frango. Foram propostos modelos empíricos para as predições das emissões de N2O, CH4 e NH3, em função do número de reutilizações da cama, da idade das aves e de propriedades físico-químicas da cama de frango. As emissões acumuladas por quatro ciclos de criação permitiram calcular perdas anuais de 0,14, 0,35, e 72,0 g de N2O, CH4 e NH3 ave-alojada-1 ano-1, respectivamente. Considerando o número de frangos de corte alojados em 2015, a atividade avícola emitiu cerca de 545,1 Gg CO2eq pelo manejo dos dejetos nos aviários, correspondente a 0,04 kg CO2eq por kg de carne. Reduções de 21, 40 e 78% foram observadas nas emissões anuais de N2O, CH4 e NH3, respectivamente, ao utilizar (seis ciclos) a cama somente em um ciclo de criação. Contudo, um balanço de N foi conduzido para contabilizar as entradas e saídas de N na produção de frangos de corte durante os quatro ciclos de criação avaliados. A principal entrada de N no sistema foi pela ração, como entrada secundária, o N via cama de frango, o qual aumentou consideravelmente a cada ciclo de reutilização. Considerando que esta pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia aplicável e inovadora para determinar os fluxos de GEE em galpões abertos no país, os dados serão úteis para o inventário anual brasileiro das emissões de GEE oriundas dos dejetos da avicultura de corte. Os resultados são úteis também para incentivar novas pesquisas que possam avançar no conhecimento de impactos e alternativas de mitigação de GEE na produção de frangos de corte e, adicionalmente, conferir sustentabilidade à produção de carne no Brasil / Many countries have sought to investigate the emissions of GHG and ammonia (NH3) in livestock production to better understand the dynamics and the excess of these gases in the atmosphere. The information available in the literature on GHG emissions and NH3 in poultry houses are variable and uncertain due to the diversity and particular conditions of the facilities, as well as the numerous differences in the authoring system and the complex interactions observed in animal manure. The characterization of emissions from poultry sector is usually performed by monitoring of gas concentrations in the production facilities. However, some of the methods adopted are inadequated due to interference from other gases, thus, the measurements may not accurately reflect the actual emissions. In this context, this research developed a sampling system with lower interference that directly measure the emissions of N2O, CH4 and NH3 of broiler manure. The proposed methodology includes the principle of static chamber, and gas chromatography (GC) analysis to determine GHG emissions. For the direct quantification of NH3 emissions a semi-open static method was adapted based on the capture of volatilized NH3 from manure of broilers, in an acidic solution. In addition, the daily monitoring of NH3, CH4 and N2O emissions from broiler manure considered the reutilization of poultry litter, which is the usual management. Empirical models were proposed in the study to predict emissions of N2O, CH4 and NH3, depending on the number of reuses of the litter, the age of the birds and physicochemical properties of the litter. Cumulative emissions per production four cycle allowed us to calculate an annual loss of 0.14, 0.35 and 72.0 g N2O, CH4, NH3 bird-place-1 year-1, respectively. Considering the number of broilers grown in 2015, the poultry production chain emitted about 545.1 Gg CO2eq derived from poultry manure management, corresponding to 0.04 kg CO2 eq per kg meat. A reduction of 21, 40 and 78% was observed in the annual emissions of N2O, CH4 and NH3, respectively, when the litter is used in only one breeding cycle instead of six cycles. However, an N balance was conducted to account N inputs and outputs in the production of broiler during the four breeding cycles. The main entrance of N in the production system was the ration, as a secondary input, the N via poultry litter, which increased considerably each reuse cycle. This research presents an applicable and innovative methodology for determining GHG flows in open sheds houses in Brazil. The data presented will be useful to the Brazilian annual inventory of GHG emissions derived from poultry manure. Moreover the present data has the potential to prompt new research that might further the knowledge on the impacts and GHG mitigation alternatives in the production of broiler thus enhancing sustainability in meat production in Brazil