INTRODUÇÃO: Obesidade e doença de Alzheimer afetam um número cada vez maior de pessoas no mundo. Nos últimos anos, surgiram várias evidências de que essas duas doenças estão interligadas, sendo obesidade um fator de risco para a ocorrência de demência. A doença de Alzheimer é de mau prognóstico e de difícil tratamento e estão envolvidos na sua patogênese fatores genéticos e ambientais. A obesidade é encarada como um fator ambiental modificável e, talvez, capaz de mudar a história natural da doença se precocemente controlada. A cirurgia bariátrica é o tratamento mais eficaz para obesidade severa; no entanto, não se sabe claramente o efeito da cirurgia bariátrica sobre o metabolismo cerebral e a função cognitiva. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar prospectivamente o impacto da perda de peso induzida pela cirurgia bariátrica sobre metabolismo cerebral e função cognitiva de obesos; correlacionar metabolismo cerebral e função cognitiva antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica com marcadores metabólicos e inflamatórios. MÉTODOS: 17 mulheres obesas realizaram tomografia computadorizada com emissão de pósitrons com flúor-desoxi-glicose (PET-FDG) para avaliação do metabolismo cerebral de repouso (metabolismo glicolítico regional), testes neuropsicológicos para avaliação da função cognitiva e dosagens de marcadores metabólicos e inflamatórios antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica e, foram comparadas com 16 mulheres de peso normal, eutróficas, pareadas em idade e escolaridade. Foram excluídas da seleção pacientes portadoras de diabetes, usuárias de medicação psicotrópica nos três meses que antecederam as avaliações, portadoras de doença psiquiátrica grave atual ou prévia e mulheres com história de pais acometidos por demência antes dos 70 anos de idade. Nas mulheres obesas as avaliações do metabolismo cerebral, da função cognitiva e das dosagens laboratoriais foram realizadas antes e aproximadamente seis meses após a cirurgia bariátrica, enquanto nas mulheres eutróficas foram realizadas apenas uma vez. Os dados de imagem foram processados através do programa Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM versão 8) e os demais através do Statistical Analysis System (SAS versão 9.3). Os dados encontrados nas obesas antes da cirurgia foram comparados aos obtidos após a perda de peso e, ambos foram comparados aos dados obtidos nas mulheres eutróficas. RESULTADOS: Mulheres com idade média de 40,5±9,1 anos e índice de massa corporal (IMC) médio de 50.1±4,7 kg/m2 quando comparadas a mulheres de mesma faixa etária com IMC médio de 22.3±2,1 kg/m2 apresentaram aumento do metabolismo cerebral em algumas áreas, principalmente do giro cingulado posterior, com valor de p corrigido para comparações múltiplas de 0,004. No entanto, não encontramos diferença no desempenho dos testes neuropsicológicos entre os grupos. Após a perda de peso, o metabolismo cerebral das mulheres obesas ficou semelhante ao das mulheres eutróficas e houve melhora no desempenho de teste que avalia função executiva (Trail Making Test). CONCLUSÃO: Estudos mostram que o giro cingulado posterior é uma das primeiras áreas acometidas pela doença de Alzheimer e que o aumento do metabolismo cerebral regional pode ser deletério. Esta condição encontrada em obesas, parece ser revertida após a perda de peso induzida por cirurgia bariátrica, acompanhando melhora da função executiva e de marcadores metabólicos e inflamatórios / INTRODUCTION: Obesity and Alzheimer\'s disease affect a growing number of people in the world. In recent years, evidence has arisen suggesting that these two illnesses are linked, with obesity being a risk factor for the occurrence of dementia. Alzheimer\'s disease has an unfavorable prognosis, is hard to treat and genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis. Obesity is regarded as a modifiable environmental factor and maybe capable of changing the natural prognosis of the disease if controlled at an early stage. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity, however the effect of bariatric surgery on cerebral metabolism and cognitive function is not clearly known. OBJECTIVES: Prospectively assess the impact of weight loss caused by bariatric surgery on the cerebral metabolism and cognitive function of the obese. Correlate the cerebral metabolism and cognitive function before and after bariatric surgery with metabolic and inflammatory markers. METHODS: 17 obese women performed computerized positron emission tomography with fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG-PET) for the assessment of resting cerebral metabolism (regional glycolytic metabolism), neuropsychological tests to assess cognitive function and doses of metabolic and inflammatory markers before and after bariatric surgery and compared with 16 women of normal weight, eutrophic, paired by age and level of education. Patients with diabetes, those who had used psychotropic medication within three months prior to the assessments, people with current or previous history of severe psychiatric illness and women with a family history of dementia before 70 years of age. The assessments of cerebral metabolism, cognitive function and laboratory doses were conducted before and approximately 6 months after bariatric surgery in the obese women, whereas the women of normal weight were only assessed once. The imaging data was processed using the Statistic Parametric Mapping (SPM version 8) program and the others through the Statistical Analysis System (SAS version 9.3). The data found in the obese women prior to surgery were compared with those after the weight loss, and both were compared to the data taken from the eutrophic women. RESULTS: Women with a mean age of 40.5±9.1 years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 50.1±4.7 kg/m2 when compared to women of the same age group with mean BMI of 22.3±2.1 kg/m2 presented increased cerebral metabolism in some areas, in particular of the posterior cingulate gyrus, with a corrected p value for multiple comparisons of 0.004. However, differences were not found between the groups for the performance of the neuropsychological tests. After weight loss, the cerebral metabolism of the obese women was similar to the eutrophic women and they performed better in the tests to assess executive function (Trail Making Test). CONCLUSION: Studies show that the posterior cingulate gyrus is one of the first areas affected by Alzheimer\'s disease and that having increased regional cerebral metabolism may be deleterious. This condition found in the obese, appears to be reversed after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery, followed by improved executive function and metabolic and inflammatory markers

No Brasil, a difusão de conceitos da física nuclear na área médica ganhou destaque ao longo da última década com o uso do FDG-18F, substância análoga à glicose marcada radioativamente para atuar em procedimentos de diagnóstico e tratamento em oncologia, neurologia e cardiologia. Das três especialidades é no uso oncológico que estão suas aplicações de maior relevância como a detecção precoce de metástase e outras formas de monitoramento tumoral que resultam em maiores chances de sobrevida ao paciente. Estas possibilidades passaram a fazer parte da realidade nacional com a incorporação da tecnologia híbrida de PET-CT, equipamento gerador de imagens anatômicas e metabólicas para mapeamento preciso de lesões por meio da concentração de FDG-18F. O uso médico deste composto ganhou tamanha repercussão que a necessidade de expandir a oferta de FDG-18F para além dos bolsões geográficos contemplados pela produção pública culminou na aprovação de emenda constitucional que abriu o mercado de radiofármacos no país. O presente estudo aborda a formação da cadeia produtiva de radiofármacos irradiados em cíclotron a partir da quebra do monopólio de produção e comercialização de radioisótopos de meia-vida curta, em 2006, para demonstrar que, ao consolidar a cadeia produtiva de FDG-18F, instituições e atores sociais nela envolvidos constituíram um subsistema nacional de inovação em saúde / In Brazil, nuclear physics concepts become prominent in healthcare throughout the last decade with FDG-18F use, a glucose similar substance radioactively marked to be used in diagnosis and treatment procedures in oncology, neurology and cardiology, but it´s in oncology treatments that we can find the biggest relevance application with the early cancer metastasis detection and many other cancerous tumor monitoring forms that may be revert in patient life time gain. PET-CT hybrid technology incorporation made these possibilities become part of national reality. The equipment is able to produce integrated anatomical and metabolic images that shows tiny tissue damages tracking FDG-18F concentration. This medical composition become renowned enough to claim loud for geographic offer expansion until it raised a new law allowing private initiative taking part in radiopharmaceuticals production market. This research intent to describe the cyclotron radiopharmaceuticals irradiated supply chain building up process since productive and commercial public monopoly broke up in 2006, so then it will be able to prove that a new innovative healthcare subsystem has resulted by the social actors and institutions efforts to establish FDG-18F supply chain

L’obésité et le surpoids ont été décrits comme une pandémie. L’obésité et le vieillissement vont conduire à des complications cardiovasculaires. De plus, l’obésité favoriserait un vieillissement cardiaque prématuré chez les adultes jeunes. L’hypothèse de ce travail est qu’un régime riche en graisses, démarré avant l’âge adulte, poursuivi sur une longue durée, pourrait entraîner un vieillissement « accéléré » cardiovasculaire et métabolique. Nous avons démontré, dans un modèle murin vieillissant, qu’un régime riche en graisses conduit à des troubles métaboliques ainsi qu’à une augmentation de la masse grasse et à une détérioration du métabolisme au niveau du tissu adipeux blanc. Ces troubles sont associés à des altérations au niveau cardiaque, malgré l’absence de modifications de la pression artérielle et de la fréquence cardiaque. Le vieillissement, chez les souris obèses, va conduire à un remodelage du ventricule gauche accompagné par une dysfonction systolique. Au niveau tissulaire cardiaque, le vieillissement et le régime précoce conduisent à l’augmentation de l’expression de gènes de fibrose confirmant ainsi le phénotype hypertrophique. Le vieillissement associé à un régime riche en graisses précoce conduit également à une up-régulation de GDF11. GDF11 peut alors être considéré comme un marqueur de vieillissement cardiaque accéléré. Ces résultats peuvent suggérer des voies thérapeutiques ou préventives, où l’inhibition de GDF11 améliorerait le pronostic et la survie cardiovasculaire des sujets obèses. L’étude de ce modèle nous a ainsi permis de mettre en évidence qu’un régime riche en graisses conduit à un vieillissement accéléré au niveau cardiaque / Obesity and being overweight have been described as a global pandemic. Both obesity and aging will lead to cardiovascular complications. In addition, it has been highlighted that obesity promotes premature cardiac aging in young adults. The hypothesis of this work is that a high fat diet begun before adulthood, pursued over a long period of time, could lead to “accelerated” cardiovascular and metabolic aging. We have demonstrated, in an aging mouse model, that an early high fat diet leads to metabolic disorders and to an increase in fat mass and a deterioration in metabolism of white adipose tissue. These disorders are associated with alterations in cardiac morphology and function, despite an absence of changes in blood pressure and heart rate. Ageing, in obese mice, leads to ventricular remodeling accompanied by systolic dysfunction. In cardiac tissue, aging and early diet lead to an increased expression of fibrosis genes confirming the hypertrophic phenotype. Aging associated with an early high fat diet led also to an up-regulation of GDF11. GDF11 may then be considered as a marker of accelerated cardiac aging. These results may suggest therapeutic or preventive pathways, where inhibition of GDF11 improves prognosis and survival in obese subjects with cardiovascular disease. The study of this model has allowed us to demonstrate that a high fat diet leads to accelerated aging at the level of the heart

La tomographie par émission de positons (TEP) est une méthode d’imagerie fonctionnelle, utilisée en particulier lors du développement de nouveaux médicaments et pour imager les tumeurs. En TEP, l’estimation de la concentration plasmatique artérielle d’activité du traceur non métabolisé (nommée « fonction d’entrée ») est nécessaire pour l’extraction des paramètres pharmacocinétiques. Ceux-ci permettent de quantifier le comportement du traceur dans les tissus, ou plus précisément le traitement du traceur par les tissus. Cette thèse constitue une contribution à l’étude de la fonction d’entrée, par l’élaboration d’une méthode d’estimation de la fonction d’entrée peu invasive à partir des images TEP et de prélèvements veineux. L’exemple du traceur FDG (analogue du glucose) dans le cerveau humain a été choisi. La méthode proposée repose sur la modélisation compartimentale de l’organisme : elle déconvolue le modèle à trois compartiments utilisé pour le FDG. L’originalité de la méthode repose sur trois points : l’utilisation d’un grand nombre de régions d’intérêt ; l’utilisation d’un grand nombre de jeux de trois régions d’intérêt différentes; une estimation itérative. Pour la validation de la méthode, un soin particulier a été porté à la simulation d’images TEP (simulation d’acquisition, reconstruction, corrections) de plus en plus réalistes, depuis une image simple simulée avec un simulateur analytique jusqu’à une image la plus proche possible de la réalité, simulée avec simulateur Monte-Carlo. Une chaîne de pré-traitement (segmentation des IRM associés, recalage entre images TEP et IRM et correction de l’effet de volume partiel par une variante de la méthode de Rousset) a ensuite été appliquée à ces images afin d’extraire les cinétiques des régions d’intérêt, données d’entrée de la méthode d’estimation de la fonction d’entrée. L’évaluation de la méthode sur différentes données, simulées et réelles, est présentée, ainsi que l’étude de la sensibilité de la méthode à différents facteurs tels que les erreurs de segmentation, de recalage, de mesure de l’activité des prélèvements sanguins. / Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a method of functional imaging, used in particular for drug development and tumor imaging. In PET, the estimation of the arterial plasmatic activity concentration of the non-metabolized compound (the "input function") is necessary for the extraction of the pharmacokinetic parameters. These parameters enable the quantification of the compound dynamics in the tissues. This PhD thesis contributes to the study of the input function by the development of a minimally invasive method to estimate the input function. This method uses the PET image and a few blood samples. In this work, the example of the FDG tracer is chosen. The proposed method relies on compartmental modeling: it deconvoluates the three-compartment-model. The originality of the method consists in using a large number of regions of interest (ROIs), a large number of sets of three ROIs, and an iterative process. To validate the method, simulations of PET images of increasing complexity have been performed, from a simple image simulated with an analytic simulator to a complex image simulated with a Monte-Carlo simulator. After simulation of the acquisition, reconstruction and corrections, the images were segmented (through segmentation of an IRM image and registration between PET and IRM images) and corrected for partial volume effect by a variant of Rousset’s method, to obtain the kinetics in the ROIs, which are the input data of the estimation method. The evaluation of the method on simulated and real data is presented, as well as a study of the method robustness to different error sources, for example in the segmentation, in the registration or in the activity of the used blood samples.

Le système sérotoninergique, impliqué dans plusieurs pathologies du système nerveux central, peut être exploré in vivo par l’imagerie TEP (tomographie par émission de positons). La recherche et la validation préclinique de radiotraceurs ciblant spécifiquement les récepteurs sérotoninergiques est donc cruciale. Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux récepteurs sérotoninergiques pour lesquels nous avons développé des outils moléculaires pour leur imagerie fonctionnelle: (i) les récepteurs 5-HT1A et (ii) les récepteurs 5-HT7. (i) Les récepteurs 5-HT1A sont parmi les récepteurs à sérotonine les mieux décrits à l’heure actuelle. Cependant, si des radiotraceurs TEP sont déjà disponibles, ceux-ci sont des antagonistes qui se fixent indifféremment aux récepteurs 5-HT1A, couplés aux protéines G et fonctionnels, et aux récepteurs 5-HT1A, découplés et non fonctionnels. Nous avons donc proposé une stratégie originale de développement d’un agoniste 5- HT1A radiomarqué au fluor afin d’accéder à une imagerie des récepteurs fonctionnels. Deux molécules, le F15599 et le F13714, initialement développées pour leurs propriétés antidépressives par un partenaire industriel, ont été radiomarquées au fluor 18 puis ont été évaluées in vitro, ex vivo et in vivo chez le rat et le chat. Nos résultats montrent que le [18F]F13714 permet de visualiser de manière inédite les récepteurs 5- HT1A couplés aux protéines G. (ii) Le deuxième axe de cette thèse concerne les récepteurs 5-HT7, de découverte récente et proposés comme cible thérapeutique antidépressive. A l’inverse des récepteurs 5-HT1A, les récepteurs 5-HT7 ne disposent pas encore de radiotraceur TEP. Notre approche a consisté à sélectionner, à partir du pharmacophore du récepteur, quatre structures d’antagonistes 5-HT7, synthétisées par un laboratoire partenaire de chimie : le 2FP3, le 4FP3, le 2FPMP et le 4FPMP. Nos études radiopharmacologiques in vitro, ex vivo et in vivo nous ont conduit à retenir un radiotraceur, le [18F]2FP3. À l’issue de ce travail de thèse CIFRE, nous pouvons donc proposer deux radiotraceurs TEP originaux, ouvrant des perspectives inédites d’imagerie moléculaires de la neurotransmission 5-HT1A et 5-HT7 et dont nous envisageons la poursuite du développement comme radiopharmaceutiques cliniques / The serotonergic system, implicated in several diseases of central nervous system, can be explored in vivo by PET imaging (positron emission tomography). The research and the preclinical validation of radiotracers that specifically target serotonin are crucial. In this work, we focused on two serotonin receptors for which we have developed molecular tools for functional imaging: (i) the 5-HT1A and (ii) the 5-HT7. (i) 5-HT1A receptors are among the serotonin receptors the best described at present. However, if PET radiotracers are already available, they are antagonists and bind either to 5-HT1A receptors, G protein-coupled and functional, and to 5-HT1A receptors decoupled and non-functional. We therefore proposed an original strategy to develop a 5-HT1A agonist labeled with fluorine to access imagery of functional receptors. Two molecules, the F15599 and F13714, initially developed for their antidepressant properties by an industrial partner, were radiolabeled with fluorine-18 and were evaluated in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo in rats and cats. Our results show that the [18F] F13714 may view in a new way the 5-HT1A G protein-coupled (ii) The second focus of this thesis for the 5-HT7, recently discovered and proposed as a therapeutic target antidepressant. Unlike the 5-HT1A, 5-HT7 receptors do not yet have PET radiotracer. Our approach was to select, from the pharmacophore of the receptor, four structures of 5-HT7 antagonists, synthesized by a lab partner in chemistry: the 2FP3, the 4FP3, the 2FPMP and 4FPMP. Our radiopharmacology in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo led us to retain a radiotracer, the [18F] 2FP3. At the conclusion of this thesis CIFRE, we can propose two originals PET radiotracers , opening new perspectives for molecular imaging of neurotransmission of 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors and which we plan further development as clinical radiopharmaceuticals

No Brasil, a difusão de conceitos da física nuclear na área médica ganhou destaque ao longo da última década com o uso do FDG-18F, substância análoga à glicose marcada radioativamente para atuar em procedimentos de diagnóstico e tratamento em oncologia, neurologia e cardiologia. Das três especialidades é no uso oncológico que estão suas aplicações de maior relevância como a detecção precoce de metástase e outras formas de monitoramento tumoral que resultam em maiores chances de sobrevida ao paciente. Estas possibilidades passaram a fazer parte da realidade nacional com a incorporação da tecnologia híbrida de PET-CT, equipamento gerador de imagens anatômicas e metabólicas para mapeamento preciso de lesões por meio da concentração de FDG-18F. O uso médico deste composto ganhou tamanha repercussão que a necessidade de expandir a oferta de FDG-18F para além dos bolsões geográficos contemplados pela produção pública culminou na aprovação de emenda constitucional que abriu o mercado de radiofármacos no país. O presente estudo aborda a formação da cadeia produtiva de radiofármacos irradiados em cíclotron a partir da quebra do monopólio de produção e comercialização de radioisótopos de meia-vida curta, em 2006, para demonstrar que, ao consolidar a cadeia produtiva de FDG-18F, instituições e atores sociais nela envolvidos constituíram um subsistema nacional de inovação em saúde / In Brazil, nuclear physics concepts become prominent in healthcare throughout the last decade with FDG-18F use, a glucose similar substance radioactively marked to be used in diagnosis and treatment procedures in oncology, neurology and cardiology, but it´s in oncology treatments that we can find the biggest relevance application with the early cancer metastasis detection and many other cancerous tumor monitoring forms that may be revert in patient life time gain. PET-CT hybrid technology incorporation made these possibilities become part of national reality. The equipment is able to produce integrated anatomical and metabolic images that shows tiny tissue damages tracking FDG-18F concentration. This medical composition become renowned enough to claim loud for geographic offer expansion until it raised a new law allowing private initiative taking part in radiopharmaceuticals production market. This research intent to describe the cyclotron radiopharmaceuticals irradiated supply chain building up process since productive and commercial public monopoly broke up in 2006, so then it will be able to prove that a new innovative healthcare subsystem has resulted by the social actors and institutions efforts to establish FDG-18F supply chain

A aterosclerose é caracterizada como uma doença imune-inflamatória crônica das artérias devido ao grande acúmulo de lipídios na íntima. Um dos fatores envolvidos na progressão da aterosclerose é a presença de uma subfração de partículas de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) com um grau mínimo de modificação, denominada LDL eletronegativa [LDL(-)], que possui propriedades pró-inflamatórias, apresenta maior retenção na íntima das artérias e maior tempo de permanência na circulação sanguínea, gerando respostas imuno-inflamatórias. Epítopos de anticorpos monoclonais importantes no reconhecimento das partículas de LDL(-) foram mapeados por phage display, gerando peptídeos mimotopos (P1A3 e P2C7) com potencial para acompanhamento da progressão da aterosclerose, sendo excelentes candidatos como radiotraçadores marcados com emissores de pósitrons para obtenção de imagens moleculares por tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET) associada à tomografia computadorizada (PET/CT). O peptídeo P1A3 foi radiomarcado com 64Cu através da complexação com o quelante DOTA, obtendo-se imagens por PET/CT da captação do peptídeo na região do arco aórtico de camundongos knockout para a apolipoproteína E (Apoe-/-) comparados com animais controle sem lesões ateroscleróticas. Antes da obtenção das imagens PET/CT, os peptídeos radiomarcados foram validados através de estudos de estabilidade e biodistribuição, acumulando-se rapidamente nos rins. Também foi sintetizado um nanocluster de ouro, marcado com 64Cu e funcionalizado com P1A3 em sua superfície, observando-se o maior direcionamento dos nanoclusters de ouro ligados ao P1A3 para a região das lesões ateroscleróticas do arco aórtico de camundongos Apoe-/-, comparado ao nanocluster controle. Os peptídeos P1A3 e P2C7 radiomarcados com 68Ga, foram também avaliados por imagens PET/CT em camundongos knockout para o gene do receptor da LDL (LDLr-/-) tratados ou não com dieta hipercolesterolêmica. As imagens PET/CT mostraram que os peptídeos marcados com 68Ga tiveram um aumento de captação na região do arco aórtico de camundongos LDLr-/- hipercolesterolêmicos em relação ao controle. Além disso, P2C7 foi radiomarcado com 99mTc e sua biodistribuição demonstrou uma relação maior de % atividade injetada (AI)/órgão da aorta/coração nos camundongos hipercolesterolêmicos, em concordância com a imagem obtida por SPECT (tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único) que revelou maior captação no arco aórtico. / Atherosclerosis is characterized as a chronic immune-inflammatory disease of the large arteries due to the accumulation of lipids in the intima. One of the factors involved in the progression of atherosclerosis is the presence of a subfraction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles with a minimum degree of modification, called electronegative LDL [LDL (-)], which has proinflammatory properties, retention in the intima of the arteries and longer residence time in the blood circulation, generating immune-inflammatory responses. Epitopes of monoclonal antibodies important for the recognition of LDL(-) particles were mapped by phage display, generating mimotope peptides (P1A3 and P2C7) with potential to monitor the progression of atherosclerosis. These peptides are excellent candidates as radiotracers labeled with positron emitters to obtain molecular images by positron emission tomography (PET) associated with computed tomography (PET/CT). The P1A3 peptide was radiolabeled with 64Cu by complexation with the DOTA chelator to obtain PET/CT images of the peptide uptake in the aortic arch of apoliprotein E knockout mice (Apoe-/-) compared to control animals without atherosclerotic lesions. Prior to PET/CT imaging, radiolabeled peptides were validated by stability and biodistribution studies that indicated rapid accumulation in the kidneys. It was also synthesized a gold nanocluster, labeled with 64Cu and functionalized with P1A3 on its surface, observing the greater targeting of gold nanoclusters bound to P1A3 in the region of the atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic arch of Apoe-/- mice, compared to control nanocluster. The P1A3 and P2C7 peptides radiolabeled with 68Ga were also evaluated by PET imaging in LDL receptor gene knockout mice (LDLr-/-) treated or not with a hypercholesterolemic diet. PET/CT images showed that the 68Ga-labeled peptides had increased uptake in aortic arch of LDLr-/- hypercholesterolemic mice in relation to the control. Furthermore, the biodistribution of 99mTc-radiolabeled P2C7 showed a higher %ID (injected dose)/organ ratio of aorta/heart in hypercholesterolemic mice that was in accordance to SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) imaging showing its higher uptake in the aortic arch.

<p>Social phobia is a disabling anxiety disorder characterized by an excessive fear of negative evaluation in social situations. The present thesis explored the epidemiology and neurobiology of the disorder. By means of a mailed questionnaire, the point prevalence of social phobia in the Swedish general population was estimated at 15.6%. However, prevalence rates varied between 1.9 and 20.4% across the different levels of distress and impairment used to define cases. Thus, although social anxiety is widespread within the community, the precise diagnostic boundaries for social phobia are difficult to determine. Social phobia was associated with female gender, low educational attainment, psychoactive medication use, and lack of social support. A cluster analysis revealed that subtypes of social phobia mainly differed dimensionally on a mild-moderate-severe continuum, with number of cases declining with increasing severity. Public speaking was the most common social fear in all groups of social phobics and in the population at large.</p><p>In the neurobiological studies, positron emission tomography was used to examine brain serotonin metabolism and changes in the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) response to public speaking stress following treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or cognitive-behavioral group therapy. Social phobics exhibited lowered serotonin turnover, relative to non-phobics, mainly in the medial temporal cortex including the bilateral rhinal and periamygdaloid regions. Symptom improvement with cognitive-behavioral- as well as SSRI-treatment was accompanied by a reduced rCBF-response to public speaking in the amygdala, hippocampus and adjacent temporal cortex, i.e. regions that serve important functions in anxiety. Thorough suppression of rCBF in limbic brain regions was associated with favorable long-term treatment outcome. These results provide neuroimaging evidence for a presynaptic serotonergic dysfunction in social phobia and for a common neural mechanism whereby psychological and pharmacological anti-anxiety treatments act.</p>

<p>This thesis investigates the potential of using positron emission tomography (PET) to study the biosynthesis and release of serotonin (5HT) at the brain serotonergic neuron. As PET requires probe compounds with specific attributes to enable imaging and quantification of biological processes, emphasis was placed on the evaluation of these attributes. </p><p>The experiments established that the 5HT transporter radioligand [¹¹C]-3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-phenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile, [¹¹C]DASB, is suitable for imaging and quantification of transporters in rats and rhesus monkeys. In addition, the binding of [¹¹C]DASB in brain tissue is decreased when 5HT concentrations are increased by tranylcypromine administration. The sensitivity of [¹¹C]DASB binding, under these experimental conditions, to increased endogenous 5HT concentrations demonstrates the potential of in vivo monitoring of 5HT release in rat and monkey models.</p><p>The irreversible binding of 5-hydroxy-L-[β-¹¹C]tryptophan, [¹¹C]HTP, in the monkey brain was lower in the presence of NSD1015, which was used to inhibit the decarboxylase step in 5HT synthesis. [¹¹C]HTP seems thus to have potential for tracking changes in the activity of this biosynthesis enzyme. In contrast, the accumulation of [¹¹C]HTP was unaffected by clorgyline, which was used to inhibit metabolism of the probe in the brain. This appears to indicate that elimination of the main metabolite from the brain could be negligible and thus will not alter [¹¹C]HTP quantification. The extent and distribution of the irreversible binding of a substrate for the first enzyme in 5HT formation, α-[¹¹C]methyl-L-tryptophan, [¹¹C]AMT, was different from those for [¹¹C]HTP. This suggests that the two studied probe compounds provide estimates related to the enzyme activity of different steps in the 5HT biosynthesis pathway. </p><p>A reference tissue version of the Patlak method for the analysis of data obtained by PET was also developed. This approach takes into account irreversible binding in the reference region and appears, therefore, to yield more reliable parameter estimates than the conventional reference Patlak analysis. The method is recommended for parameter estimation of [¹¹C]HTP data when no metabolite-corrected plasma curve is available. </p><p>Knowledge of altered 5HT synthesis and release in disease states and the consequences for effective pharmacotherapy can improve our knowledge of the aetiology of certain psychiatric and neurological diseases and enhance our ability to design more effective drugs.</p>

<p>Wilson’s disease is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by a defect in ATP7B, a protein necessary for proper copper excretion into bile. It is characterised by copper accumulation with hepatic and central nervous system dysfunction.</p><p>We investigated 24 Swedish families with Wilson’s disease by sequencing the entire coding sequence using a new technique called manifold sequencing. Disease causing mutations were found in 44 out of 48 alleles.</p><p>From data obtained in the first study, the two most common mutations (C3207A and C2930T) were sought in 2640 anonymous DNA samples from a Swedish population, using a pooling strategy and solid-phase minisequencing. Four C3207A and one C2930T were found. From the number of C3207A, a prevalence of Wilson’s disease in Sweden of about 1 in 110,000 could be estimated.</p><p>Four groups with three patients each had four different genotypes concerning mutations in ATP7B. The patients’ psychopathological symptoms were investigated, using the Karolinska Scales of Personality rating (KSP) and Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS). A trend towards lower CPRS scores was seen in the groups with mutations known to render ATP7B completely without activity.</p><p>Using ⁶¹Cu liver PET in patients homozygous for mutations in ATP7B, heterozygotes, normal individuals and two patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, significantly slower uptake was seen in the homozygotes as compared to the heterozygotes and normal individuals. The patients with cirrhosis had values in between. This implies that ⁶¹Cu liver PET might be used as an additional rapid and little invasive diagnostic tool in Wilson’s disease.</p><p>In a retrospectively studied cohort consisting of 363 patients followed in Sweden and the UK, nine cases of aggressive intra-abdominal malignancies were seen, which is more than expected. Caution should be taken in the follow-up of Wilson’s disease patients.</p>