Resumo: A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de um sistema de aeração, decantação e filtragem, quanto à prevenção de entupimento dos emissores e avaliar uniformidade de distribuição da água no sistema de irrigação por gotejamento na época de sua implantação e após um ano de utilização do sistema de prevenção. O trabalho foi realizado na Fazenda Estância Tropical, no município de Barretos - SP, no período de março de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009, realizando-se determinações físicas e químicas da água, ao longo do sistema de aeração, decantação e filtragem, que foi eficiente para a melhoria da qualidade de água, reduzindo os níveis de risco de entupimento de severo para médio e de médio para baixo. Todas as variáveis analisadas diferenciaram a qualidade da água entre os pontos de amostragem do sistema de tratamento, com exceção do Fe+2. Para sólidos em suspensão, turbidez, sólidos dissolvidos e ferro total, os valores reduziram-se pelo uso do sistema proposto, melhorando a qualidade da água. Após um ano de funcionamento do sistema de prevenção, os coeficientes utilizados para determinar a uniformidade de distribuição de água apresentaram valores acima de 80%, sendo classificados como excelente, bom e muito bom / Abstract: The research aimed to evaluate the performance of aeration, sedimentation and filtration system for the prevention of emitters clogging and evaluate the water distribution uniformity of one drip irrigation system at the time of its implementation and after a year using the prevention system. The research was conducted in the Estancia Tropical farm, in the municipality of Barretos - SP, Brazil, from March 2008 to February 2009, carrying out physical and chemical determinations of water along the aeration, sedimentation and filtration system, which was efficient for improving water quality by reducing levels of risk of clogging of severe to medium and medium to low. All variables differed water quality between the collection points of the treatment system with the exception of Fe+2. For suspended solids, turbidity, dissolved solids and total iron values were reduced by the use of the proposed system, improving water quality. After a year of prevention, the coefficients used to determine the uniformity of water distribution had values above 80%, being classified as excellent, good and very good / Orientador: José Renato Zanini / Coorientador: Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta / Banca: Luiz Carlos Pavani / Banca: Rubens Duarte Coelho / Mestre

Neste trabalho foi padronizada uma solução de 14C emissor beta puro com energia máxima de 156 keV, por meio de três diferentes métodos: CIEMAT/NIST e TDCR (triple-to-double coincidence ratio) em sistemas de cintilação líquida e pelo método do traçador, em sistema de coincidências 4πβ-γ. O sistema de cintilação líquida TRICARB, equipado com dois tubos fotomultiplicadores, foi usado para aplicação do método CIEMAT/NIST, usando um padrão de 3H emissor beta puro com energia máxima de 18,7 keV como traçador de eficiência. O sistema de cintilação líquida HIDEX 300SL, equipado com três tubos fotomultiplicadores, foi utilizado para as medidas pelo método TDCR. As amostras de 14C e 3H, medidas nos sistemas de cintilação foram preparadas usando-se três coquetéis cintiladores comerciais Ultima Gold, Optiphase Hisafe3 e InstaGel-Plus a fim de comparar seu desempenho nas medidas.Todas as amostras foram preparadas com 15 mL de coquetel cintilador, em frascos de vidro com baixa concentração de potássio. Alíquotas conhecidas de solução radioativa foram depositadas nos coquetéis cintiladores. Para a variação do parâmetro indicador de quenching, foram utilizados: um carregador de nitro metano e 1 mL de água destilada. Para a padronização pelo método do traçador no sistema de coincidências 4πβ-γ, foi utilizado 60Co como emissor beta gama. As medidas foram feitas no sistema de coincidências por software SCS, usando discriminação eletrônica para alterar a eficiência beta. O comportamento da curva de extrapolação foi predito por meio do código Esquema, que utiliza a técnica de Monte Carlo. Os resultados da atividade da solução de 14C obtida pelos três métodos utilizados mostraram uma boa concordância dentro da incerteza experimental. / In this work, the primary standardization of 14C solution, which emits beta particles of maximum energy 156 keV, was made by means of three different methods: CIEMAT/NIST and TDCR (triple-to-double coincidence ratio) methods in liquid scintillation systems and the tracing method, in the 4πβ-γ coincidence system. TRICARB LSC (Liquid Scintillator Counting) system, equipped with two photomultipliers tubes, was used for CIEMAT/NIST method, using a 3H standard that emits beta particles with maximum energy of 18.7 keV, as efficiency tracing. HIDEX 300SL LSC system, equipped with three photomultipliers tubes, was used for TDCR method. Samples of 14C and 3H, for the liquid scintillator system, were prepared using three commercial scintillation cocktails, UltimaGold, Optiphase Hisafe3 and InstaGel-Plus, in order to compare the performance in the measurements. All samples were prepared with 15 mL scintillators, in glass vials with low potassium concentration. Known aliquots of radioactive solution were dropped onto the cocktail scintillators. In order to obtain the quenching parameter curve, a nitro methane carrier solution and 1 mL of distilled water were used. For measurements in the 4πβ-γ system, 60Co was used as beta gamma emitter. SCS (software coincidence system) was applied and the beta efficiency was changed by using electronic discrimination. The behavior of the extrapolation curve was predicted with code ESQUEMA, using Monte Carlo technique. The 14C activity obtained by the three methods applied in this work was compared and the results showed to be in agreement, within the experimental uncertainty.

Este projeto de pesquisa foi desenvolvido visando quantificar possíveis distúrbios de vazão em emissores do tipo gotejador (irrigação localizada) submetidos à aplicação de cloro livre e acidificação em condições estática e dinâmica de fluxo de água no sistema. O experimento foi realizado no período de setembro de 2005 a junho de 2006, utilizando-se 14 modelos de gotejadores autocompensantes com suas respectivas linhas gotejadoras montadas em uma bancada de ensaios em estrutura metálica. Os tratamentos utilizados no experimento foram: a) aplicação dinâmica de 100 mg L-1 de cloro livre com pH na faixa de 5,5 a 6,0; b) aplicação estática de 100 mg L-1 de cloro livre com pH na faixa de 5,5 a 6,0; c) aplicação de ácido nítrico com pH na faixa de 2,0 a 3,0 durante ½ h (sistema pressurizado); d) aplicação de ácido nítrico com pH na faixa de 2,0 a 3,0 durante 12 h (sistema pressurizado). Foram realizadas curvas vazão versus pressão para cada tratamento em três diferentes temperaturas da água (15, 25 e 40° C). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente aleatorizado em esquema fatorial, com utilização dos testes ?F? para análise de variância e Tuckey, a 5% de significância, para comparação de médias e análise de regressão. Os resultados obtidos mostram que para o tratamento da água com 100 mg L-1 de cloro livre em condição dinâmica, ocorreu um decréscimo de 10 a 20% em média da vazão (L h-1) para alguns modelos de gotejadores mais sensíveis aos produtos químicos, sendo que o modelo I apresentou redução drástica de vazão na ordem de 100% em virtude do bloqueio total do labirinto do emissor, em decorrência do aumento de 112% do volume da membrana após 2688 h de aplicação contínua de cloro. Os tratamentos estáticos não apresentaram variações acentuadas de vazão média (L h-1), coeficiente de variação (%), uniformidade de distribuição (%), Vazão Relativa (%) e Grau de Entupimento (%). Verificou-se relação linear entre a vazão e a temperatura da água para os gotejadores novos, sendo que após a aplicação dos diferentes tratamentos, as curvas vazão versus pressão para cada modelo de gotejador sofreram influência tanto da pressão quanto da temperatura de maneira distinta. / This research project was developed to quantify possible flow rate variation in emitters (drip irrigation) submitted to the application of free chlorine and acidification under static and dynamics conditions of water flow. The experiment was accomplished in the period of September, 2005 to June, 2006, being analyzed 14 models of pressure compensating emitters set up in a metallic bench. The treatments used in the experiment were the following ones: a) dynamic application of 100 mg L-1 of free chlorine with pH 5,5 to 6,0; b) static application of 100 mg L-1 of free chlorine with pH 5,5 to 6,0; c) application of acid nitric with pH 2,0 to 3,0 during ½ h (pressurized system); d) application of acid nitric with pH 2,0 to 3,0 during 12 h (pressurized system). The operating pressures and emitter model combination were: 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 kPa for emitters A to N, in three different water temperatures (15, 25 and 40° C). The obtained values of flow rate were used to calculate the CUD, CV, relative flow rate, the percentage of drippers in each flow rate range, and the number of the drippers completely clogged. The statistical analysis of the treatments were accomplished by Tukey test at 5% probability. The obtained results show that for the treatment of the water with 100 mg L-1 of free chlorine in dynamic condition, a reduction from 10 to 20% of the flow rate (L h-1) occurred for some models more sensitive to chemical products. Model I presented drastic reduction of flow rate in the order of 100% by total blockade of the labyrinth of the emitter, due to the increase of 112% of the volume of the membrane after 2688 h of continuous application of 100 mg L-1 of chlorine free with pH 5,5 to 6,0. The static treatments didn\'t present accentuated variations of medium flow rate (L h-1), variation coefficient (%), distribution uniformity (%), relative flow rate (%) and degree of blockage (%). For pressure compensating emitters, where the discharge sensitivity to temperature is insignificant, after the application of the different treatments, the measured discharge/pressure relationship for each emitter model was sensitive to pressure as well to temperature.

The Terahertz (1012 Hz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the frequency range from roughly 300 GHz to 10 THz, which is in between the microwave and infrared regimes. The increasing interest in the development of ultra-compact, tunable room temperature Terahertz (THz) emitters with wide-range tunability has stimulated in-depth studies of different mechanisms of THz generation in the past decade due to its various potential applications such as biomedical diagnosis, security screening, chemical identification, life sciences and very high speed wireless communication. Despite the tremendous research and development efforts, all the available state-of-the-art THz emitters suffer from either being large, complex and costly, or operating at low temperatures, lacking tunability, having a very short spectral range and a low output power. Hence, the major objective of this research was to develop simple, inexpensive, compact, room temperature THz sources with wide-range tunability. We investigated THz radiation in a hybrid optical and THz micro-ring resonators system. For the first time, we were able to satisfy the DFG phase matching condition for the above-mentioned THz range in one single device geometry by employing a modal phase matching technique and using two separately designed resonators capable of oscillating at input optical waves and generated THz waves. In chapter 6, we proposed a novel plasmonic antenna geometry – the dimer rod-tapered antenna (DRTA), where we created a hot-spot in the nanogap between the dimer arms with a very large intensity enhancement of 4.1×105 at optical resonant wavelength. Then, we investigated DFG operation in the antenna geometry by incorporating a nonlinear nanodot in the hot-spot of the antenna and achieved continuously tunable enhanced THz radiation across 0.5-10 THz range. In chapter 8, we designed a multi-metallic resonators providing an ultrasharp toroidal response at THz frequency, then fabricated and experimentally demonstrated an efficient polarization dependent plasmonic toroid switch operating at THz frequency. In summary, we have successfully designed, analytically and numerically investigated novel THz emitters with the advantages of wide range tunability, compactness, room temperature operation, fast modulation and the possibility for monolithic integration, which are the most sought after properties in the new generation THz sources.

The aim of this research was to demonstrate a high current and stable field emission (FE) source based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and electron multiplier microchannel plate (MCP) and design efficient field emitters. In recent years various CNT based FE devices have been demonstrated including field emission displays, x-ray source and many more. However to use CNTs as source in high powered microwave (HPM) devices higher and stable current in the range of few milli-amperes to amperes is required. To achieve such high current we developed a novel technique of introducing a MCP between CNT cathode and anode. MCP is an array of electron multipliers; it operates by avalanche multiplication of secondary electrons, which are generated when electrons strike channel walls of MCP. FE current from CNTs is enhanced due to avalanche multiplication of secondary electrons and in addition MCP also protects CNTs from irreversible damage during vacuum arcing. Conventional MCP is not suitable for this purpose due to the lower secondary emission properties of their materials. To achieve higher and stable currents we have designed and fabricated a unique ceramic MCP consisting of high SEY materials. The MCP was fabricated utilizing optimum design parameters, which include channel dimensions and material properties obtained from charged particle optics (CPO) simulation. Child Langmuir law, which gives the optimum current density from an electron source, was taken into account during the system design and experiments. Each MCP channel consisted of MgO coated CNTs which was chosen from various material systems due to its very high SEY. With MCP inserted between CNT cathode and anode stable and higher emission current was achieved. It was ~25 times higher than without MCP. A brighter emission image was also evidenced due to enhanced emission current. The obtained results are a significant technological advance and this research holds promise for electron source in new generation lightweight, efficient and compact microwave devices for telecommunications in satellites or space applications. As part of this work novel emitters consisting of multistage geometry with improved FE properties were was also developed.

<p>This thesis reports work targeting the integration of Si light emitters with optical waveguides. Such integrated devices would find utility in a number of applications including telecommunications, optical interconnects, and biological and chemical sensors. Much research has been directed by others on how to improve the emission efficiency and achieve lasing in VLSI (very large scale integration) compatible sources. Here, the focus is on how such devices can be integrated with planar waveguides. Two enhancement techniques were selected for potential integration; defect engineering (DE), and Si nanocrystals (Si-nc) embedded in Si02• Defect engineered light emitting diodes (LEDs) made on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and emitting at 1.1 μm were successfully demonstrated. In addition, surface photoluminescence from SOI was analyzed to account for interference from the SOI cavity. However, it was determined that the emission efficiency of defect engineered LEDs studied during the course of this work is below that which was reported previously, and that the fabrication procedure thus suffers from irreproducibility. Barring an enormous advancement in the DE technique, it is concluded that the emission efficiency is too small to make use of its integration potential. </p><p>A more successful approach was obtained from the Si-nc system fabricated using electron-cyclotron resonance plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (ECR-PECVD). Optically pumped edge emitting devices were designed, fabricated and characterized. The devices are comprised of Si-ncs emitting at 800 nm, integrated with slab silicon nitride waveguides. This work is the first report of edge emission from Si-ncs integrated with silicon nitride waveguides. Edge emission and waveguide properties were characterized in the ~850 nm emission band of the Si-ncs. The edge emission was well described as a propagating mode, attenuated primarily by the Si-nc film. Propagation losses of a typical air/Si-nc/SiNx/Si02 waveguide were measured to be 11 ± 2 dB/cm and 20 ± 2 dB/cm at 850 nm in the TE and TM polarizations respectively. A wavelength dependent loss of -0.14 ± 0.03 dB/(cm*nm) was found to exist in the material loss of Si-nc films. In addition, the Si-nc films were found to undergo a partially recoverable photo-induced degradation of PL efficiency during exposure to pump light. Processing techniques compatible with both high efficiency Si-nc and low loss silicon nitride were developed and described. A two-sectioned photonic device was also designed, fabricated and characterized. The device contained an optically pumped Si-nc emitting waveguide section integrated with a low loss silicon nitride slab waveguide. The potential for optically pumped Si-nc emitters integrated with silicon nitride photonic circuits thus appears promising.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

Le cancer de l’ovaire est la première cause de décès par cancer gynécologique en France et il présente un fort taux de récidive justifiant la recherche de nouvelles thérapeutiques. Notre projet consiste à développer et à explorer sur des modèles expérimentaux précliniques de carcinose péritonéale de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques radiopharmaceutiques et des voies d’administration innovantes ciblant plus particulièrement la maladie résiduelle micro-métastatique présente après chirurgie de cytoréduction. Nous utilisons des anticorps monoclonaux internalisants spécifiques d’un récepteur membranaire surexprimé dans le cancer de l’ovaire et d’autres cancers gynécologiques, le récepteur de type 2 de l’hormone anti-müllerienne (AMHR2). Ces anticorps sont couplés à des radionucléides aux propriétés thérapeutiques : le Lutecium-177 (un émetteur de particules beta moins) et le Bismuth-213 (un émetteur de particules alpha) réalisant un traitement de radioimmunothérapie. Ils sont évalués après injection intrapéritonéale mais également en utilisant la technique RadioImmunoThérapie Intrapéritonéale Brève (BIP-RIT) consistant à instiller de fortes activités d’anticorps radiomarqués dans le péritoine avant d’en réaliser un rinçage abondant, à l’image de la chimiothérapie hyperthermique intrapéritonéale (CHIP). Sont étudiés sur différents modèles la biodistribution, la dosimétrie, la toxicité et l’efficacité thérapeutique des différentes combinaisons de radionucléides et de voies d’administration. La BIP-RIT présente un profil de biodistribution et de dosimétrie toujours favorable, quel que soit le radionucléide utilisé même si l’utilisation du Bismuth-213 apparait plus particulièrement adaptée à cette technique (bonne efficacité thérapeutique avec absence de toxicité). L’imagerie PET/CT de la biodistribution in-vivo de ces anticorps a été réalisée à l’aide de l’émetteur de positrons Zirconium-89 ouvrant la voie à une approche théragnostique du traitement des cancers gynécologiques AMHR2+ par (radio)immunothérapie. Les mécanismes d’action thérapeutique d’une version humanisée de l’anticorps anti-AMHR2 sont également étudiés. Ce travail ouvre des perspectives cliniques intéressantes dans la prise en charge du cancer de l’ovaire. / Ovarian cancer is the first cause of cancer death from gynaecologic malignancy in France and it has high rate of recurrence justifying the development of new therapeutic tools. Our project aims at developing new radiopharmaceuticals and innovative route of administration to target the small volume residual disease after complete cytoreductive surgery of peritoneal carcinomatosis on preclinical models. We use internalising monoclonal antibodies specific of the anti-müllerian hormone type 2 receptor (AMHR2), overexpressed in ovarian cancer and gynaecologic malignancies. Antibodies are radiolabelled with Lutecium-177, a beta minus emitter, and Bismuth-213, an alpha emitter, to perform radioimmunotherapy. Radiolabelled antibodies are injected intraperitoneally but also after Brief IntraPeritoneal RadioImmunoTherapy (BIP-RIT), a technique delivering high activities in the peritoneal cavity for a short time before washing, like Hyperthermic IntraPEritoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC). We studied biodistribution, dosimetry, toxicity and therapeutic efficacy on various models and combinaison of radionuclides and route of administration. BIP-RIT appears to be always favourable in term of biodistribution and dosimetry (especially for the tumour-over-blood ratio) whatever the radionuclide used. Bismuth-213 is particularly adapted for radioimmunotherapy of small residual tumours, showing therapeutic efficacy with no toxicity. PET/CT imaging of radiolabelled antibodies with Zirconium-89 was performed and may be used as a theranostic tool for (radio)immunotherapy with anti-AMHR2 antibodies. The anti-tumour efficacy mechanisms of a humanized version of anti-AMHR2 antibody are also presented. This work may lead to realistic theranostic options in ovarian cancer in clinic.

Les polymères de coordination (PCs) à base de thiolates de métaux monétaires sont bien connus pour leurs propriétés luminescentes. Cependant, leurs structures sont sous-explorées. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une étude pionnière visant la compréhension de la formation de la structure et de la corrélation ‘structure-propriétés’ des PCs homoleptiques neutres, [M(SR)]n, M = Cu(I), Ag(I), Au(I). Les composés avec les dérivés du thiophénolate étudiés dans ce travail, illustrent comment l'utilisation de certains ligands organiques fonctionnalisés conduit à la formation de réseaux 2D étendus ou de colonnes 1D par l'addition d'un encombrement stérique. De plus, la première étude structurelle comparative des PCs thiolées amorphes a été réalisée par analyse PDF. Les études photophysiques ont montré la diversité des propriétés luminescentes des PCs à base de thiolates de métaux monétaires. Des pics d'émission doubles ou multiples, un rendement quantique élevé, des émetteurs orange à proche infrarouge, des variations significatives de durée de vie en fonction de la température... toutes ces propriétés intrinsèques révèlent le potentiel élevé de ces composés pour diverses applications optiques / The coordination polymers (CPs) based on thiolates of coinage metals are well known for their luminescence properties. However, their structures stayed underexplored. In the thesis we present a pioneering study targeting the understanding of the structure formation and the ‘structure-properties’ correlation for neutral homoleptic CPs, [M(SR)]n, M = Cu(I), Ag(I), Au(I). The compounds with thiophenolate derivatives studied in the work, illustrate how the use of some functionalized organic ligands leads to the formation of extended 2D networks or 1D columns by addition of some steric hindrance. The first comparative structural study of amorphous thiolated CPs was performed by PDF analysis. The photophysical studies showed the diversity of luminescent properties of the CPs based on thiolates of coinage metals. Double or multiple emission peaks, high quantum yield of orange-toinfrared emitters, significant lifetime variation with temperature… all of these intrinsic properties reveal the high potential of these compounds for diverse optical applications

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad evaluar el impacto tributario que tiene el uso de los sistemas de emisión electrónica a partir de la aplicación y evaluación de cada sistema para ver sus efectos tributarios, así como los efectos por la ausencia del uso del sistema y todo ello en las empresas ganaderas de Lurín para efectos del 2018 proyectando el impacto a final del año. De acuerdo con la última Resolución de Superintendencia N°254-2018/SUNAT, las empresas que han sido mencionadas en la Resolución de Superintendencia N°300-2014/SUNAT, serán obligadas a emitir facturas electrónicas a partir del año 2019. Por lo que proporciona dudas sobre qué sistema escoger o entender la diferencia entre cada una ya que SUNAT emite diversas resoluciones que llega confundir a los emisores electrónicos y otros usuarios podrían hasta no darle importancia al tema. Es por ello que las empresas deben considerar los cambios que surgirán en este nuevo proceso de facturación electrónica, y que se desarrollarán a partir de nuestra investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. Como parte de la metodología de investigación, hemos logrado recabar opiniones importantes de expertos y colaboradores que laboran o tienen experiencia en el sector de ganadería, a través de entrevistas a profundidad y encuestas. Del mismo modo, se desarrolló un caso práctico con el fin de evaluar los impactos tributarios y operativos en la empresa por cada SEE. Después de haber analizado los datos recolectados y haber identificado cómo es el impacto en las empresas, se exponen las conclusiones y recomendaciones que beneficiarán a las empresas del sector ganadero con el propósito de que elijan o empleen el mejor SEE para su negocio. Palabras Claves: Impacto Tributario; Sistema de Emisión Electrónica; Facturas Electrónicas; Emisores Electrónicos. / The purpose of this research work is to evaluate the tax impact of the use of electronic emission systems from the application and evaluation of each system to see their tax effects, as well as the effects of the absence of the use of the system and all this in the Lurin livestock companies for the purposes of 2018 projecting the impact at the end of the year. In accordance with the latest Superintendency Resolution No. 254-2018/SUNAT, the companies that have been mentioned in Superintendency Resolution No. 300-2014/SUNAT will be obliged to issue electronic invoices as of 2019. Provides doubts about which system to choose or understand the difference between each one since SUNAT issues various resolutions that confuses the electronic issuers and other users could not even give importance to the issue. That is why companies must consider the changes that will arise in this new electronic invoicing process, and that will be developed from our qualitative and quantitative research. As part of the research methodology, we have managed to gather important opinions from experts and collaborators who work or have experience in the livestock sector, through in-depth interviews and surveys. In the same way, a case study was developed in order to evaluate the tax and operational impacts on the company by each ESS. After analyzing the data collected and having identified what is the impact on the companies, the conclusions and recommendations that will benefit the companies of the livestock sector with the purpose of choosing or using the best ESS for their business are exposed. / Tesis