In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einsatz von Positronenemittern zur Bestimmung der Dichte eines zweiphasigen Mediums beschrieben. Zur Messung wird die Dichteabhängigkeit der Positronenreichweite ausgenutzt. Die Realisierbarkeit des Verfahrens wird zunächst in einer Computersimulation geprüft. Danach werden Experimente an einem hochauflösenden PET-Scanner vorgestellt. Bei diesen Experimenten wird die Dichteabhängigkeit der Reichweite von Positronen anhand von Modellmedien aus festen Schaumstoffen untersucht. Dabei werden die in der Computersimulation erzielten Ergebnisse bestätigt. Aus den experimentellen Ergebnissen wird ein Modell zur Beschreibung der Abnahme der Koinzidenzrate in Abhängigkeit von der Entfernung des Detektors von der Positronenquelle und der Mediendichte entwikkelt. Auf der Basis des Modells erfolgt die Konzipierung einer für die Dichtemessung optimierten Detektoranordnung. Die Funktionsweise dieses Detektorsystems wird in Form technischer Unterlagen und experimenteller Ergebnisse beschrieben. Mit dem optimierten Detektorsystem werden die Untersuchungen an den Modellmedien nochmals durchgeführt, wobei die bisherigen Ergebnisse bestätigt werden. Das beschriebene Meßverfahren dient der Bestimmung der mittleren Dichte in einem überwiegend gasförmigen Medium, wobei eine Mittelwertbildung über das Meßvolumen erfolgt. Das Verfahren kombiniert die Vorteile bekannter densitometrischer Meßmethoden auf der Basis einer Schwächung von Strahlung, indem die hohe Dichtesensitivität der Positronenstrahlung mit der relativ geringen Absorption der energiereichen Annihilationsquanten kombiniert wird.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:31:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HudsonSMV_DISSERT.pdf: 1941556 bytes, checksum: 23c50ca0585d589afc959b537ecef150 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The population growth and intense urbanization process, coupled with the excessive consumption of natural resources, are responsible for the exponential increase in the quantities of solid urban waste generated. The arrangement of these in landfills is a common practice; however, this provision requires environmental protection measures, including the treatment of leachate liquid. Due to the scarcity of water in semiarid of northeast, the use of this percolate in agriculture through drip irrigation systems becomes an effective strategy for this region. Considering that, the work aimed to analyze the effect of different service pressures in the performance of drip irrigation systems operating with landfill leachate diluted in water supply. To conduct the tests, it was mounted an experimental bench in the Experimental Unit of Water Reuse (EUWR), which has a total area of 793.13 m2, installed on the Zoo and Botanical Park located at the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró Campus. The hydraulic performance and the levels of obstruction of the units irrigation applying landfill leachate diluted in water supply were evaluated for 160 h; for that, was mounted an experimental with two factors, the first factor being the three types of emitters (G1, G2 and G3) and the second factor the four operating pressures (P1 - 70 kPa, 140 kPa -P2, P3 - 210 kPa and 280 kPa - P4) in three replicates (three lateral lines by dripper type in each irrigation unit). In every 20 hours of the system s operation it was evaluated the CUC, CUD, CVQ, Us, Q, QR, RQR, APQ and RPQ. The data were submitted to analysis of simple and multiple regression and parametric test of Pearson correlations. The results evidenced that the formation of biofouling resulting from the interaction between the physical, chemical and biological agents occasioned to partial and total clogging of the drippers and consequently reducing in the hydraulic performance of irrigation units which operate with landfill leachate diluted in water supply. The greater susceptibility to clogging was observed for the dripper G2, operating at service pressure P1 (70 kPa). The dripper G3 operating at pressures of service P1 (70 kPa) and P2 (140 kPa) were the combinations that best attenuated clogging. The empirical models null, linear and square root were the best fit to the relation between the variables of hydraulic performance and operation time of units irrigation, for the combinations between types of drippers and service pressures of units irrigation / O crescimento populacional e o intenso processo de urbanização, aliado ao consumo exagerado dos recursos naturais, são responsáveis pelo aumento exponencial das quantidades geradas de resíduos sólidos urbanos. A disposição destes em aterros sanitários é prática comum; entretanto, esta disposição requer medidas de proteção ambiental, incluindo o tratamento do líquido percolado. Em virtude da escassez de água no semiárido nordestino, a utilização deste percolado na agricultura via sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento torna-se uma estratégia eficaz para essa região. Diante do exposto, o trabalho objetivou analisar o efeito de distintas pressões de serviço no desempenho de sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento operando com percolado de aterro sanitário diluído em água de abastecimento. Para a condução dos ensaios, montou-se uma bancada experimental na Unidade Experimental de Reuso de Água (UERA), a qual apresenta uma área de 793,13 m2, instalada no Parque Zoobotânico da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Campus Mossoró. O desempenho hidráulico e os níveis de obstrução das unidades de irrigação aplicando percolado de aterro sanitário diluído em água de abastecimento foram avaliados durante 160 h; para isso, montou-se um experimento com dois fatores, sendo o primeiro fator os três tipos de gotejadores (G1, G2 e G3) e o segundo fator as quatro pressões de serviço (P1 - 70 kPa, P2 - 140 kPa, P3 - 210 kPa e P4 - 280 kPa) em três repetições (três linhas laterais por tipo de gotejador em cada unidade de irrigação). A cada 20 h de operação do sistema avaliou-se o CUC, CUD, CVQ, Us, Q, QR, RQR, RPQ e APQ. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de regressão simples e múltipla e teste de correlações paramétricas de Pearson. Os resultados evidenciaram que a formação de bioincrustação resultante da interação entre os agentes físico-químicos e biológicos ocasionou entupimento parcial e total dos gotejadores e, consequentemente, redução no desempenho hidráulico das unidades de irrigação que operaram com percolado de aterro sanitário diluído em água de abastecimento. A maior suscetibilidade ao entupimento foi verificada para o gotejador G2, operando na pressão de serviço P1 (70 kPa). O gotejador G3 operando nas pressões de serviço P1 (70 kPa) e P2 (140 kPa) foram as combinações que melhor atenuaram o entupimento. Os modelos empíricos nulo, linear e raiz quadrada foram os que melhor se ajustaram à relação entre as variáveis de desempenho hidráulico e o tempo de operação das unidades de irrigação, para as combinações entre tipos de gotejadores e pressões de serviço das unidades de irrigação

<div> <div> <div> <p>In this thesis work, we propose computer vision techniques for 3D reconstruction and object height measurement using a single camera and multi-laser emitters, which have an intersection on the projected image plane. Time-division and color division methods are first investigated for our structured light system. Although the color division method offers better accuracy for object height measurement, it requires the laser emitters equipped with different color lights. Furthermore, the color division method is sensitive to light exposure in the measurement environment. Next, a new multi-level random sample consensus (MLRANSAC) algorithm has been developed. The proposed MLRANSAC method not only offers high accuracy for object height measurement but also eliminates the requirement for the laser emitters with different colors. Our experiment results have validated the effectiveness of the MLRANSAC algorithm. </p> </div> </div> </div>

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einsatz von Positronenemittern zur Bestimmung der Dichte eines zweiphasigen Mediums beschrieben. Zur Messung wird die Dichteabhängigkeit der Positronenreichweite ausgenutzt. Die Realisierbarkeit des Verfahrens wird zunächst in einer Computersimulation geprüft. Danach werden Experimente an einem hochauflösenden PET-Scanner vorgestellt. Bei diesen Experimenten wird die Dichteabhängigkeit der Reichweite von Positronen anhand von Modellmedien aus festen Schaumstoffen untersucht. Dabei werden die in der Computersimulation erzielten Ergebnisse bestätigt. Aus den experimentellen Ergebnissen wird ein Modell zur Beschreibung der Abnahme der Koinzidenzrate in Abhängigkeit von der Entfernung des Detektors von der Positronenquelle und der Mediendichte entwikkelt. Auf der Basis des Modells erfolgt die Konzipierung einer für die Dichtemessung optimierten Detektoranordnung. Die Funktionsweise dieses Detektorsystems wird in Form technischer Unterlagen und experimenteller Ergebnisse beschrieben. Mit dem optimierten Detektorsystem werden die Untersuchungen an den Modellmedien nochmals durchgeführt, wobei die bisherigen Ergebnisse bestätigt werden. Das beschriebene Meßverfahren dient der Bestimmung der mittleren Dichte in einem überwiegend gasförmigen Medium, wobei eine Mittelwertbildung über das Meßvolumen erfolgt. Das Verfahren kombiniert die Vorteile bekannter densitometrischer Meßmethoden auf der Basis einer Schwächung von Strahlung, indem die hohe Dichtesensitivität der Positronenstrahlung mit der relativ geringen Absorption der energiereichen Annihilationsquanten kombiniert wird.

We report on the systematic characterization of the optical properties of diamond color centers based on Pb impurities. An ensemble photoluminescence analysis of their spectral emission was performed at different excitation wavelengths in the 405–520 nm range and at different temperatures in the 4–300 K range. The series of observed spectral features consist of different emission lines associated with Pb-related defects. Finally, a room-temperature investigation of single-photon emitters under 490.5 nm laser excitation is reported, revealing different spectral signatures with respect to those already reported under 514 nm excitation. This work represents a substantial progress with respect to previous studies on Pb-related color centers, both in the attribution of an articulated series of spectral features and in the understanding of the formation process of this type of defect, thus clarifying the potential of this system for high-impact applications in quantum technologies.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24903号 / 工博第5183号 / 新制||工||1989(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科分子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 梶 弘典, 教授 関 修平, 教授 寺村 謙太郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Nanotechnology is the science and engineering of creating functional materials by precise control of matter at nanometer (nm) length scale and exploring novel properties at that scale. It is vital to understand the quantum mechanical phenomena manifested at nanometer scale dimensions since that will enable us to precisely engineer quantum mechanical properties to realize novel device functionalities. This dissertation investigates optical and electronic properties of compound and transition metal doped compound semiconductor nanowires with a view to exploiting them for a wide range of applications in semiconductor electronic and optical devices. In this dissertation work, basic concepts of optical and electronic properties at low dimensional structures will be discussed in chapter 1. Chapter 2 discusses the nanofabrication technique employed to fabricate highly ordered nanowires. Using this method, which is based on electrochemical self-assembly techniques, we can fabricate highly ordered and size controlled nanowires and quantum dots of different materials. In Chapter 3, we report size dependent fluorescence spectroscopy of ZnSe and Mn doped ZnSe nanowires fabricated by the above method. The nanowires exhibit blue shift in the emission spectrum due to quantum confinement effect, which increases the effective bandgap of the semiconductor. We found that the fluorescence spectrum of Mn doped ZnSe nanowires shows high luminescence efficiency, which seems to increase with increasing Mn concentration. These results are highly encouraging for applications in multi spectral displays. Chapter 4 investigates field emission results of highly ordered 50 nm tapered ZnO nanowires that were also fabricated by electrochemical self-assembly. Subsequent to fabrication, the nanowires tips are exposed by chemical etching which renders the tips conical in shape. This tapered shape concentrates the electric field lines at the tip of the wires, and that, in turn, increases the emission current density while lowering the threshold field for the onset of field emission. Measurement of the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling current carried out in partial vacuum indicates that the threshold electric field for field emission in 50-nm diameter ZnO nanowires is 15 V/µm. In this study we identified the key constraint that can increase the threshold field and reduce emission current density. In Chapter 5 we report optical and magnetic measurement of Mn-doped ZnO nanowires. Hysterisis measurements carried out at various temperatures show a ferromagnetic behavior with a Curie temperature of ~ 200 K. We also studied Mn-doping of the ZnO nanowires. The room temperature fluorescence spectroscopy of Mn-doped ZnO nanowires shows a red-shift in the spectra compared to the undoped ZnO nanowires possibly due to strain introduced by the dopants in the nanowires. Finally, in Chapter 6, we report our study of the ensemble averaged transverse spin relaxation time (T2*) in InSb thin films and nanowires using electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement. Unfortunately, the nanowires contained too few spins to produce a detectable signal in our apparatus, but the thin films contained enough spins (> 109/cm2) to produce a measurable ESR signal. We found that the T2* decreases rapidly with increasing temperature between 3.5 K and 20 K, which indicates that spin-dephasing is primarily caused by spin-phonon interactions.

Briser la frontière observationnelle de l’Univers lointain suscite de nombreux axes de recherches dans la cosmologie moderne. Exigeantes par la sensibilité demandée, ces observations constituent aussi bien un défi technologique pour les prochaines générations d’instruments qu’une étape nécessaire à la compréhension des différentes étapes d’évolution de l’Univers. Une des étapes importantes est la réionisation du milieu intergalactique, époque charnière marquant la fin des “Âges Sombres”. Déterminer quand et comment ce processus s’est déroulé et quelles ont été les sources l’ayant déclenché et entretenu sont les principales questions motivant ces recherches. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse participent à l’effort de la communauté scientifique internationale dans la caractérisation de l’histoire de l’époque de la réionisation en recherchant des galaxies à grand décalage spectral vers le rouge (redshift). Après un panorama complet des contraintes observationnelles actuelles sur l’époque de la réionisation, sont ensuite présentés les deux projets ayant fournis les données constituant la matière première de cette analyse. En utilisant une même technique d’imagerie en bande étroite dans le domaine de longueurs d’onde proche-infrarouge, des observations avec l’instrument WIRCAM (CFHT) et d’autres avec l’instrument HAWK-I (VLT) ont permis d’établir des contraintes robustes sur la fonction deluminosité des Emetteurs Lyman-α au redshift z = 7.7. A l’occasion de la présentation du second projet, la problématique de la stratégie observationnelle est abordée, notamment via l’utilisation des amas de galaxies comme lentilles gravitationnelles amplifiant le flux des sources d’arrière-plan. L’absence de confirmation spectroscopique des Emetteurs Lyman-– sélectionnés durant l’analyse des données WIRCAM et l’absence de candidats dans le sondage HAWK-I suggèrent une évolution de la fonction de luminosité des Emetteurs Lyman-– entre les redshifts z = 6.5, telle quedéterminée dans d’autres études, et z = 7.7. La tendance de cette évolution, en luminosité ou en densité de galaxies, ne peut pas encore être déterminée compte tenu de la variabilité des résultats obtenus à plus bas redshift. Si cette évolutions’effectuait en luminosité, ce pourrait être le signe d’une augmentation de l’opacité du milieu intergalactique au rayonnement Lyman-α causée par une plus importante fraction d’hydrogène neutre, ce qui est une signature attendue de la réionisation. / Breaking through the observational frontier of the distant universe motivates numerous scientific cases in modern cosmology. Demanding by the required sensitivity, high-redshift observations provide both a technological challenge for next generation instruments and a necessary step toward the understanding of cosmic evolution. One critical epoch is the reionization of the intergalactic medium bringing to light the end of the so-called “Dark Ages”. Determine when and how this process took place and what were the sources that started and maintained the reionization are the mainquestions motivating this research. The work presented in this thesis contributes to the effort of the internationalscientific community in characterizing the reionization epoch history by searching for galaxies at high redshift. First, I describe the current observational constraints in a comprehensive chapter. Then the two datasets used in that work are presented. From narrow-band observations in the near-infrared with WIRCAM at the CFHT and HAWK-I at the VLT, I put strong constraints on the luminosity function of Lyman-α Emitters at z = 7.7. The best strategy for this type of survey is discussed, in particular with the use of massive galaxy clusters acting as gravitational lenses that amplify the flux from background sources. The lack of spectroscopic confirmation of candidates found with WIRCAM and the lack of candidates found with HAWK-I suggest an evolution of the luminosity function from z = 6.5. This evolution could be either in luminosity or in number density but somewhat discrepant results at lower redshift prevent any definitive answer to this question. If the evolution was mostly in luminosity, it could be interpreted as an increase in the opacity of the intergalactic medium caused by an increased fraction of neutral hydrogen, which is an expected signature of reionization.

Dans les dernières années nombre de matériaux lamellaires à dimensions réduites ont démontré des propriétés optiques remarquables. Cependant, la plupart des études ont porté sur le système parfait et le rôle des défauts en tant que centres optiques actifs restent encore largement inexploré. Le nitrure de bore hexagonal (h-BN) est l'un des candidats les plus prometteurs pour les dispositifs émetteurs de lumière dans la région de l’UV lointain, présentant une forte émission excitonique à 5,8 eV. Cependant, émission n’apparaît uniquement que dans des monocristaux très purs qui peuvent difficilement être obtenus que par des procédés de synthèse complexes. Les échantillons ordinaires de h-BN présentent des spectres d'émission plus complexes qui ont été généralement été attribuée à la présence de défauts structuraux. Malgré un grand nombre d'études expérimentales jusqu'à présent il n'a pas été possible d'attribuer cette émission additionnelle à des défauts structuraux bien définis. Nous abordons ici cette question fondamentale en adoptant une approche théorique et expérimentale combinant une technique de cathodoluminescence nanométriquement résolu avec une caractérisation structural résolu atomiquement par microscopie électronique a transmission et de l'état de l'art de simulations excitoniques. Très récemment, l'équipe d'Orsay a mis au point un système de détection de cathodoluminescence intégré au sein d'un microscope électronique à transmission à balayage. Cette expérience unique est maintenant en mesure de fournir des spectres d'émission complet avec une résolution aussi faible que quelques dizaines de MeV associés à une taille de sonde électronique du nanomètre. Une image hyper-spectrale cathodoluminescence peut donc être enregistrée en parallèle avec une image HAADF. La cathodoluminescence résolu au nanomètre sur quelques-couche chimiquement exfoliée de h-BN a montré que les spectres d'émission sont fortement inhomogènes dans les feuillets individuels. Les pics d'émission à proximité de l'exciton libre apparaissent dans des régions étendues. Les examens complémentaires par microscopie électronique à transmission à haute résolution permettent d'associer ces raies d'émission avec des défauts étendue dans le cristal tels que les défauts d'empilement et les plis des facetter. Au moyen de calculs ab-initio dans le cadre de la « Many Body perturbation theory » (GW) et l'équation de Bethe-Salpeter nous fournissons une description détaillée de la structure électronique et la réponse spectroscopique du nitrure de bore hexagonal en présence de défaut d’empilements. En particulier, nous montrons un bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux, les excitons supplémentaires sont associées à des changements de symétrie locaux qui se produisent par des fautes d'empilement dans le cristal. Ce résultat sera ensuite étendu à des nanotubes de BN à parois multiples. Des émissions supplémentaires qui apparaissent à l'intérieur du gap présentent une localisation spatiale élevée, typiquement inférieure à 100 nm, et par conséquent ils peuvent être liés à des défauts ponctuels individuels. Lorsqu’ils sont adressés individuellement à travers une sonde électronique très ciblé, ils pourraient avoir un caractère d’émetteur de photon unique. Cette hypothèse a été récemment confirmée par des expériences combinant notre système de cathodoluminescence avec un interféromètre Handburry-Brown et Twiss (HBT). / Within the latest years number of layered materials at reduced dimensions have demonstrated remarkable optical properties. However most studies focused on perfect system and the role of defects as optical active centers remain still largely unexplored. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is one of the most promising candidates for light emitting devices in the far UV region, presenting a single strong excitonic emission at 5.8 eV. However, a single line appears only in extremely pure mono-crystals that can hardly be obtained only though complex synthesis processes. Common h-BN samples present more complex emission spectra that have been generally attributed to the presence of structural defects. Despite a large number of experimental studies up to now it was not possible to attribute specific emission features to well identify defective structures. Here we address this fundamental question by adopting a theoretical and experimental approach combining few nanometer resolved cathodoluminescence techniques with high resolution transmission electron microscopy images and state of the art quantum mechanical simulations. Very recently, the Orsay team has developed a cathodoluminescence detection system integrated within a scanning transmission electron microscope. This unique experimental set up is now able to provide full emission spectra with a resolution as low as few tens of meV associated with an electron probe size of one nanometer. A cathodoluminescence hyper-spectral image can thus be recorded in parallel with an HAADF image. Nanometric resolved cathodoluminescence on few-layer chemically exfoliated h-BN crystals have shown that emission spectra are strongly inhomogeneous within individual flakes. Emission peaks close to the free exciton appear in extended regions. Complementary investigations through high resolution transmission electron microscopy allow to associate these emission lines with extended crystal deformation such as stacking faults and folds of the planes. By means of ab-initio calculations in the framework of Many Body Perturbation Theory (GW) approximation and Bethe-Salpeter equation) we provide an in-depth description of the electronic structure and spectroscopic response of bulk hexagonal boron nitride in the presence of extended morphological modifications. In particular we show that, in a good agreement with the experimental results, additional excitons are associated to local symmetry changes occurring at crystal stacking faults. These result will then be extended to faceted multiwalled BN nanotubes, they display additional emission at the same energy as characterized within the flakes.

In the past few years, intensive research efforts have been devoted to studying new approaches to controlling the photon emission of quantum emitters (QEs), especially for telecommunication applications. These approaches rely on tailoring the QE\'s radiation, usually assessed via well-known figures-of-merit such as lifetime (&tau;) and quantum efficiency (&eta;). Controlling the QE\'s photon emission is important because the faster its photons are emitted, the greater is the number of times it returns to the excited state per second. Therefore, it is crucial to create additional decay channels to reduce &tau;, which necessarily requires increasing the Purcell factor (P). One of the most promising approaches to increase P involves a new class of metamaterials, known as hyperbolic metamaterials (HMM). This class of materials exhibits pronounced anisotropy, with the parallel and perpendicular permittivity tensor elements (with respect to the anisotropy axis) presenting opposite signs, resulting in an open hyperboloidal isofrequency surface (IS). This unusual IS shape leads to the most outstanding feature of HMMs, namely, the existence of photonic modes with wavenumber (k) much larger than those in free-space (k0), known as high-k modes. By engineering these modes, it is possible to manipulate the HMM photonic density of states (PDoS), thus controlling the QE\'s radiation parameters. The simplest approach to designing HMM is by means of a planar stack of alternating thin metal and dielectric layers. However, the finite thickness of these layers induces spatial dispersion, making the extraction of effective parameters (homogenization) of these media a challenging task. In this context, we propose in this thesis a new constitutive parameter retrieval approach that takes spatial dispersion into account for all electromagnetic parameters of the medium. We demonstrate that the real part of the dispersion curve flattens out (correspondingly with a large imaginary part) because of the absence of propagating modes inside the metamaterial. This flat region is strongly dependent on the layer thicknesses and is a direct manifestation of spatial dispersion. Moreover, we demonstrate that the QE\'s lifetime calculation is overestimated if this effect is not taken into account in the homogenization procedure, which is detrimental for telecommunication applications. Moreover, we demonstrate how to enhance P by a factor greater than 100 with the use of HMMs. However, most of the QE dissipated power couples into the HMM as high-k modes (which do not propagate in free-space). Therefore, the energy is thermally dissipated inside the HMM with a consequent reduction of &eta; . Some authors have resorted to nano-patterned HMMs (NPHM) to convert the high-k modes into free-space modes (k&#8804;k0) aiming at increasing &eta;. However, much of the NPHMs designs still rely on computationally costly three dimensional (3D) numerical simulations. Thus, we also propose in this thesis a new semi-analytical method to model, both in two- and three-dimensions (2D and 3D, respectively), the radiation emission of QEs interacting with nano-patterned structures. The low computational cost of this method makes it attractive for mapping P and &eta; as function of the QE and NPHM relative position. This mapping is a helpful tool to understand the decay behavior of the whole system since QEs are arbitrarily distributed and oriented inside the NPHM. The analytically calculated decay curve allows the systems effective quantum efficiency (&eta;eff) and Purcell factor (Peff) to be directly obtained assuming multiple arbitrarily distributed electromagnetic sources. In this sense, we propose here a new procedure to optimize the NPHM geometrical parameters to maximize &eta;eff while achieving the desired Peff. We apply the proposed model to an NPHM composed of nine Ag/SiO2 layers, with the polymer host layer embedded with Rhodamine 6G, to maximize &eta;eff for a specified tenfold increase of Peff. This procedure allowed &eta;eff to be increased by 69% and 170% for one- and two-dimensional nano-patterning, respectively. Moreover, the time required to build the P and &eta; maps (used in the calculation of the decay behavior) is reduced by approximately 96% when compared to those numerically calculated via FDTD. This procedure paves the way to the realization of new high-speed and efficient light sources for telecommunication applications. / Nos últimos anos, intensivo esforço tem sido devotado para o estudo de novas método para o controla da missão de fótons de emissores quânticos (EQs), especialmente para aplicações em telecomunicações. Estes métodos dependem da adaptação da radiação dos EQs, geralmente avaliadas por meio das bem conhecidas figuras de mérito, como o tempo de meia vida (&tau;) e a eficiência quântica (&eta;). O controle da emissão de fótons é importante pois quanto mais rápido os fótons são emitidos, maior é o número de vezes que o EQ retorna ao seu estado excitado por segundo. Portanto, é crucial criar canais de decaimento adicionais para reduzir &tau;, o que necessariamente requer o aumento do fator de Purcell (P). Uma das abordagens mais promissoras para aumentar P envolve uma nova classe de metamateriais, conhecida como metamateriais hiperbólicos (MHs). Esta classe de materiais apresenta pronunciada anisotropia, onde os elementos paralelo e perpendicular do tensor de permissividade (em relação ao eixo de anisotropia) apresentam sinais opostos, resultando em uma superfície de isofrequência (SI) hiperboloidal aberta (IS). Essa forma incomum de SI leva à característica mais marcante dos MHs, a existência de modos fotônicos com número de onda (k) muito maior do que aqueles no espaço livre (k0), conhecidos como modos alto-k. Ao manipular esses modos, é possível manipular a densidade de estados fotônicos (DES) dos MHs, controlando assim os parâmetros de radiação do QE. A abordagem mais simples para a criação de MHs é por meio de uma pilha plana de camadas metálicas e dielétricas alternadas. Entretanto, a espessura finita dessas camadas induz a dispersão espacial, tornando a extração de parâmetros efetivos (homogeneização) destes meios uma tarefa desafiadora. Neste contexto, propomos nesta tese uma nova abordagem de recuperação de parâmetros constitutivos a dispersão espacial de todos os parâmetros eletromagnéticos do meio é levada em consideração. Nós demonstramos que a parte real da curva de dispersão se aplaina (correspondentemente com uma grande parte imaginária) devido à ausência de modos propagantes dentro do metamaterial. Esta região plana é fortemente dependente das espessuras das camadas e é uma manifestação direta da dispersão espacial Além disso, nós mostramos que se a dispersão espacial não for corretamente considerada no processo de homogeneização, o tempo de meia vida do EQ pode ser superestimado, o que é prejudicial para aplicações de telecomunicações. Além disso, demonstramos como melhorar P por um fator maior que 100 com o uso de MHs. a maior parte da potência dissipada pelos EQs são acopladas nos MHs como modos de alto-k (que não se propagam no espaço livre). Portanto, a energia é dissipada termicamente no interior do MH, resultando em uma redução de &eta;. Alguns autores recorreram a MHs nano-estruturados (MHNE) para converter os modos alto-k em modos de espaço livre (k&#8804;k0) visando o aumento de &eta;. No entanto, muitos dos projetos do NPHM ainda dependem de simulações numéricas tridimensionais (3D) computacionalmente dispendiosas. Assim, também propomos nesta tese um novo método semi-analítico para modelar, tanto em duas como em três dimensões (2D e 3D, respectivamente), a emissão de radiação de EQs interagindo com estruturas nano-estruturadas. O baixo custo computacional deste método faz com que seja atrativo para o mapeamento de P e &eta; em função da posição relativa do EQ e do MHNE. Esse mapeamento é uma ferramenta útil para entender o comportamento de decaimento de todo o sistema, já que os EQs são arbitrariamente distribuídos e orientados dentro do MHNE. A curva de decaimento calculada analiticamente permite que a eficiência quântica efetiva do sistema (&eta;eff) e o fator de Purcell (Peff) sejam obtidos diretamente, assumindo múltiplas fontes eletromagnéticas arbitrariamente distribuídas. Neste sentido, propomos aqui um novo procedimento para otimizar os parâmetros geométricos do MHNE visando a maximização de &eta;eff enquanto Peff é aumentado à um valor desejado. Aplicamos o modelo proposto a um MHNE composto por nove camadas de Ag/SiO2, com a camada de polímero embutida com Rodamina 6G, visando maximizar &eta;eff para um aumento de dez vezes de Peff. Este procedimento permitiu que o &eta;eff fosse incrementado em 69% e 170% para nano-estruturas uni e bidimensionais, respectivamente. Além disso, o tempo necessário para construir os mapas P e &eta; (utilizados no cálculo da curva de decaimento) é reduzido em aproximadamente 96% quando comparado com os calculados numericamente via FDTD. Este procedimento abre caminho para o desenvolvimento de novas fontes de luz de alta velocidade e eficiência para aplicações de telecomunicações.