The power of abuse, either in childhood or in adulthood, is clear in many cases. Yet certain types of abuse are harder to detect and understand. Emotional invalidation is one type of abuse that is characterized by an incongruence or minimization of another person's emotions. This experimental study explored effects of emotional invalidation and emotional validation on people's level of emotional self-efficacy. Participants (n = 230) were recruited through Quest Mindshare using a survey created through SurveyMonkey, and randomly placed into 3 groups. All participants were given a survey that asked them to choose how certain pictures made them feel. In the experimental groups, experimenter feedback was either validating or invalidating. Following the survey, a measure of emotional self-efficacy was measured through the Emotional Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES). An ANCOVA research design was used in order to determine if differences in participant's ESES scores existed between the 3 groups, while controlling for age. The results revealed that the group receiving the invalidating feedback scored significantly lower than did the control group on the ESES score. This finding supports previous research completed with emotional invalidation and involves an aspect of communication that pertains to many different settings and interpersonal relationships including, but not limited to, teachers and students, family members, and friends. This study also has positive social change implications in the mental health field by illuminating the role of invalidating feedback on emotional self-efficacy, a finding which may inform clinicians' work to bolster mental health in all individuals.

<p>Två studier undersökte hur self-efficacy, individens tro på sin förmåga, inverkar på prosocialt beteende i skolmiljö. I Studie 1 besvarade 121 gymnasieelever en enkät, som mätte akademisk och emotionell self-efficacy samt prosocialt beteende. I Studie 2 besvarade 48 gymnasieelever en enkät, som mätte emotionell self-efficacy och prosocialt beteende. Studie 1 visade att akademisk men inte emotionell self-efficacy korrelerade positivt med prosocialt beteende. I begreppet emotionell self-efficacy finns två känsloreaktioner: själv- och andraorienterade. Studie 1 tog hänsyn enbart till självorienterade reaktioner. Eftersom andraorienterade reaktioner saknades, kan det förklara bristen på samband. I Studie 2 korrelerade emotionell self-efficacy positivt med prosocialt beteende, och andraorienterade känsloreaktioner visade sig ha störst betydelse. Andraorienterad emotionell self-efficacy kan antas vara en kraftfull källa till prosocialt beteende i skolmiljö.</p>

Två studier undersökte hur self-efficacy, individens tro på sin förmåga, inverkar på prosocialt beteende i skolmiljö. I Studie 1 besvarade 121 gymnasieelever en enkät, som mätte akademisk och emotionell self-efficacy samt prosocialt beteende. I Studie 2 besvarade 48 gymnasieelever en enkät, som mätte emotionell self-efficacy och prosocialt beteende. Studie 1 visade att akademisk men inte emotionell self-efficacy korrelerade positivt med prosocialt beteende. I begreppet emotionell self-efficacy finns två känsloreaktioner: själv- och andraorienterade. Studie 1 tog hänsyn enbart till självorienterade reaktioner. Eftersom andraorienterade reaktioner saknades, kan det förklara bristen på samband. I Studie 2 korrelerade emotionell self-efficacy positivt med prosocialt beteende, och andraorienterade känsloreaktioner visade sig ha störst betydelse. Andraorienterad emotionell self-efficacy kan antas vara en kraftfull källa till prosocialt beteende i skolmiljö.

The purpose of the study is to explore the relationship among the employee hostile attributional style, abusive supervision, job engagement and regulatory emotional self-efficacy. The total valid sample consisted of 291 subordinates from Aerospace industrial development, defense technology and system development industry in Taiwan workplace and was analyzed by factor analysis, reliability analysis and hierarchical regression analysis to measure the relationship among the constructs. Research results found that: (1) Subordinates¡¦ hostile attributional style was negatively related to their job engagement and that this effect was stronger when abusive supervision were high. (2) Subordinates¡¦ hostile attribiutional style was positively related to subordinates¡¦ perceptions of abusive supervision and that this effect was attenuated when subordinates were high in perceived self-efficacy in managing anger/irritation.

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Research has shown that self-efficacy is one of the most important personal resources in the work context. However, research on working life has mainly focused on a cognitive and task-oriented dimension of self-efficacy representing employees’ perceptions of their capacity to successfully complete work tasks. Thus, little is known about the influence that believing in one’s social and emotional competence could have. This thesis aims to expand previous theory regarding self-efficacy in the workplace by investigating social, emotional, and cognitive self-efficacy dimensions in relation to leadership, health, and well-being.   The thesis rests on four empirical studies, all related to health and well-being, and including at least one self-efficacy dimension. Study I employed questionnaire data from 169 Swedish high school students. The other three studies were based on questionnaire data obtained during a three-year international health-promoting leadership research project. These participants were employees and leaders from 229 different teams in 12 organizations in Sweden and Germany representing a wide range of occupations. Study I supported the idea that emotional self-efficacy is an important antecedent to prosocial behaviour and also highlighted the value of differentiating between different dimensions of self-efficacy. Study II validated the new work-related Occupational Social and Emotional Self-efficacy Scales; and indicated that these dimensions are positively related to well-being. However, Study III showed that emotional exhaustion in followers crossed over to leaders when the leaders’ emotional self-efficacy was high. Study IV revealed that transformational leadership and social self-efficacy can be positive for team climate. The main theoretical contribution of this thesis is to expand previous theory regarding self-efficacy in the workplace by incorporating social, emotional, and cognitive dimensions. The main practical implication is that the new Occupational Social and Emotional Self-efficacy Scales can be used to promote health and well-being in the workplace through activities such as recruitment, staff development, and team-building. This thesis suggests that (a) training managers to exert transformational leadership behaviours may simultaneously promote team climate, and this process may be mediated by social self-efficacy, (b) it may be counterproductive to enhance leaders’ emotional abilities in a team of exhausted followers, since the result can be an exhausted leader rather than an exhilarated team, (c) interventions aimed at improving health and well-being should be specific to each work setting, and (d) a more holistic approach where the mutual influence between leaders and followers is considered may be beneficial for healthier work environments.

Självmedkänsla och tilltron till de egna förmågorna har visat sig viktiga för välmående i arbetslivet samt för att minska utmattning. Fortfarande sjukskrivs dock många på grund av stress och emotionell utmattning samtidigt som studier kring självmedkänsla i relation till self-efficacy i emotionellt krävande arbeten är få. Denna studie undersökte självmedkänslans relation till emotionell self-efficacy i emotionellt krävande arbeten, samt hur den påverkade nivåerna av upplevd utmattning och välmående. Analyserna (Pearsons korrelation, tvåvägs ANOVA för oberoende mätningar och multipel hierarkisk linjär regressionsanalys) baserades på enkätdata från 154 deltagare, utifrån skalorna Self-compassion scale short form, Scale of Occupational Emotional Self-Efficacy, Emotional Exhaustion samt EPOCH-s välmåendeskala. Resultatet visade att för välmående spelade emotionell self-efficacy en något större roll än självmedkänsla, medan det för utmattning endast var självmedkänsla som kunde bidra med förklarad varians. Intressanta upptäckter gjordes gällande kön, vilket föreslås vidare forskning kring, då variabeln kön var alltför snedfördelad i denna studie.

Questa ricerca ha indagato la relazione tra i videogiochi (VG) e le competenze emotive. Il primo studio, una revisione sistematica della letteratura, ha illustrato lo stato dell’arte sulla ricerca relativa all’utilizzo dei VG per la regolazione emotiva: emerge che i VG, sia commerciali che serious games, influenzano positivamente le competenze emotive dei giocatori. Con il secondo studio si è indagata la relazione tra ore di gioco, autoefficacia emotiva, passione per i VG e benessere. I risultati confermano che videogiocare migliora il benessere dei giocatori, grazie alla maggiore autoefficacia emotiva, a condizione che l’attività di VG sia integrata armoniosamente tra le altre attività della vita. Infine, si è realizzato il progetto EmotivaMente, un percorso per la promozione dell’Intelligenza Emotiva, sviluppato per le scuole secondarie di secondo grado, basato sull’utilizzo dei VG come strumenti di lavoro. Gli studenti, grazie alle esperienze con i VG, hanno sviluppato maggiori capacità di riconoscere e gestire il proprio mondo emotivo e hanno aumentato il ricorso alla rivalutazione cognitiva. I dati, anche se preliminari, confermano che i VG, grazie alle loro caratteristiche di immersività, interattività, presenza e ricchezza narrativa, possiedono potenzialità per accrescere le competenze emotive e aumentare il benessere delle persone ancora inesplorate. / This thesis aimed to investigate the relationship between videogames (VG) and emotional skills. The first study, a systematic literature reviews, investigated the “state of the art” of the research regarding the use of VG for emotional regulation: data confirm that VGs, both commercial and serious games, positively influence the emotional skills of the players. The second study investigated the relationship between hours of play, emotional self-efficacy, passion for VG and well-being. The results confirm that videogaming improves player's well-being, thanks to the effect on the emotional self-efficacy, provided that the videogaming is integrated harmoniously among other life activities. Finally, EmotivaMente, a training aimed to promote of Emotional Intelligence, based on the use of VGs as work tools, was realized in two high schools. Thanks to EmotivaMente, students developed greater capacities to recognize and manage their emotional world and increased the use of cognitive re-evaluation as emotion regulation strategy. The findings, even if preliminary, confirm that the VGs, thanks to their immersivity, interactivity, presence and wealth of narrative, have a unexplored potential to promote emotional skills and increase the well-being of people.

Considérant ses nombreux bénéfices et son faible coût, le feedback de performance est une intervention fréquemment utilisée dans le domaine de la supervision et de la gestion de la performance (London, 2003). Néanmoins, plusieurs études rapportent que les émotions générées par le feedback, tant chez le récepteur que chez la source, entrainent un fort sentiment d’inconfort chez le gestionnaire amenant parfois celui-ci a complètement éviter sa transmission (Cannon et Witherspoon, 2005; Choi et al., 2018; Cox et al., 2011). Ainsi, l’auto-efficacité émotionnelle (AEÉ) du gestionnaire, soit sa confiance envers ses compétences émotionnelles, serait un construit important à étudier afin de favoriser les comportements de transmission de feedback en vue d’une gestion de la performance optimale (Deschênes et al., 2016). Or, à ce jour, il n’existe aucune échelle d’AEÉ spécifique à la transmission de feedback permettant de le faire. L’objectif de la présente thèse est donc d’adapter et de valider une échelle d’AEÉ en contexte de transmission de feedback (AEÉF) afin d’en déterminer les impacts sur les comportements de transmission de feedback. L’objectif du premier article est d’adapter l’échelle d’AEÉ de Deschênes et al. (2016) au contexte de la transmission de feedback, tant dans le contexte de transmission de feedback positif que dans le contexte de transmission de feedback correctif, et d’en vérifier sa validité concomitante. Les résultats des analyses factorielles confirmatoires, obtenus à l’aide d’un échantillon de convenance (n = 311) et de mises en situation, démontrent que l’échelle d’AEÉF ne possède pas la même structure selon la valence du feedback. Seule l’échelle d’AEÉ à transmettre du feedback correctif (AEÉF-) respecte la structure d’origine du construit en sept facteurs, soit l’AEÉ à percevoir, comprendre et gérer ses émotions et celles d’autrui, ainsi que l’AEÉ à utiliser les émotions. Sur le plan de la validité concomitante, l’échelle est également valide. En contexte positif, la structure de l’échelle n’a pu être confirmée. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’AEÉF+ et l’AEÉF- sont deux construits différents, ce qui rappelle l’importance d’en faire la distinction lors de l’étude de l’AEÉF selon la nature du feedback transmis (Ilgen et al., 1979). Reposant sur les constats du premier article et considérant que la transmission de feedback correctif représente un plus grand défi émotionnel, le second article vise à poursuivre la validation de l’échelle d’AEÉF- auprès d’un échantillon de gestionnaires. Plus spécifiquement, la structure factorielle, la validité de construit et la validité incrémentielle de l’échelle sont vérifiées. Les résultats (n = 343) confirment la structure en sept facteurs du construit d’AEÉF-. Comme prévu, les analyses de régression démontrent aussi que plus l’AEÉF- du gestionnaire est forte, moins il évitera de transmettre du feedback correctif lorsque nécessaire. Par ailleurs, si l’on compare avec la mesure d’AEÉ générale ne ciblant pas de contexte précis et avec les traits de personnalité, on n’observe pas d’apport significatif dans la prédiction de l’évitement à transmettre du feedback pour les construits globaux. Cependant, si l’on considère les dimensions particulières de l’AÉEF-, le construit aurait un avantage prédictif, comme stipulé par l’approche de Bandura (1977). La validité incrémentielle de l’échelle d’AEÉF- est donc partiellement confirmée. La présente thèse contribue aux développements des connaissances sur les déterminants influençant les comportements de transmission de feedback. Par ailleurs, la création d’un outil d’AEÉF- validé et possédant de bonnes propriétés psychométriques permet d’ouvrir la porte à l’étude du construit et ces impacts sur le feedback. Les limites et les pistes de recherche sont discutés en conclusion. / Considering its many benefits and its low cost, performance feedback is a frequently used intervention in the field of supervision and performance management (London, 2003). Nevertheless, several studies report that the emotions generated by the feedback, both for the receiver and the source, lead to a strong feeling of discomfort for the manager, sometimes leading him to completely avoid its transmission (Cannon and Witherspoon, 2005; Choi et al., 2018; Cox et al., 2011). Thus, the manager's emotional self-efficacy (ESE), e.g. his confidence in his emotional skills, would be an important construct to study in order to promote feedback transmission behaviors and an optimal performance management (Deschênes et al., 2016). However, to date, there is no ESE scale specific to the transmission of feedback allowing this to be done. The objective of this thesis is therefore to adapt and validate an ESE scale in the context of feedback transmission (ESEF) in order to determine its impact on feedback transmission behaviors. The objective of the first article is to adapt the ESE scale of Deschênes et al. (2016) to the context of the transmission of feedback, both in the context of giving positive feedback and in the context of giving corrective feedback, and to verify its concomitant validity. The results of the confirmatory factor analyses, obtained using a convenience sample (n = 311) and scenarios, show that the ESEF scale does not have the same structure according to the valence of the feedback. Only the ESEF scale to give corrective feedback (ESEF-) respects the original structure of the seven-factors construct, namely the ESE to perceive, understand and manage one's emotions and those of others, as well as the ESE to use emotions. In terms of concomitant validity, the scale is also valid. In positive feedback context, the structure of the scale could not be confirmed. These results suggest that the ESEF+ and the ESEF- are two different constructs, which reminds us of the importance of distinguishing them when studying the ESEF according to the valence of the feedback (Ilgen et al., 1979). Based on the findings of the first article and considering that the transmission of corrective feedback represents a greater emotional challenge, the second article aims to continue the validation of the ESEF- scale with a population of managers. More specifically, the factorial structure, the construct validity and the incremental validity of the scale are verified. The results (n = 343) confirm the seven-factors structure of the scale. As expected, the regression analyzes also show that the stronger the manager's ESEF- is, the less he will avoid giving corrective feedback when required. Moreover, if we compare with the general measure of ESE that does not target a specific context and with personality traits, we do not observe a significant contribution in the prediction of feedback avoidance for global constructs. However, if we consider the particular dimensions of the ESEF- the construct would have a predictive advantage, as stipulated by the approach of Bandura (1977). The incremental validity of the ESEF- scale is therefore partially confirmed. This thesis contributes to the development of the knowledge on the determinants influencing feedback giving behaviors. In addition, the validation of an ESEF- with good psychometric properties opens the door to the study of the construct and its impacts on feedback. Limits and avenues of research are discussed in conclusion.