M.A. / Questions regarding the possible interrelations of work-related constructs of person-environment congruence, job satisfaction and job involvement were posed in this dissertation. These constructs were defined in terms of three separate theoretical frameworks, namely Holland's (1985b) vocational choice theory, the Theory of Work Adjustment (Lofquist & Dawis, 1984), and Kanungo's (1982b) conceptualisation of job involvement, respectively. In accordance with these theories, the Self-Directed Search questionnaire, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Job Involvement Questionnaire were used to operationalise these variables for the 114 psychologists and 44 optometrists who participated in the study. The person-environment congruence scores were computed by means of the Congruence Index (Brown & Gore, 1994). A secondary aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of environmental codes (one of the components of person-environment congruence) as have been provided by The South African Dictionary of Occupations (1987) for samples of psychologists and optometrists in the South African context. Different research designs were used to accommodate the diversity of the research objectives and hypotheses. A factorial research design was used to determine the potentiality of influences of person-environment congruence and job involvement on overall job satisfaction, intrinsic job satisfaction and extrinsic job satisfaction. Possible differences between the samples of psychologists and optometrists, and males and females were built into the general linear models encompassed by this design. Similarly, this design was used to determine whether job involvement is a function of personenvironment congruence, overall job satisfaction, intrinsic job satisfaction, extrinsic job satisfaction, gender and occupational group. Possible divergent effects of the samples and gender were further probed by means of generalised linear models (regression). Gender and sample-specific differences in terms of the variables of the study separately were examined through inferential statistics (t-tests). The possibility of a significant effect of job involvement on the relationship between person-environment congruence and job satisfaction assumed by Holland (1985b), was investigated by means of correlational analyses to conclude the examination of the relations among these variables. For the secondary aim of this study, the Environment Assessment Technique (Holland, 1985b) was used to calculate the respective environment codes of this sample of optometrists, and samples from four categories of registration of psychologists, namely clinical, counselling, educational and industrial psychologists, and then compared to the codes for these vocations listed in The South African Dictionary of Occupations (1987). The results of this study revealed significant effects of job involvement on overall job satisfaction and intrinsic job satisfaction, but nonsignificant effects of occupational group (or sample) and gender. Of the independent variables, only person-environment congruence had moderately significant effects on extrinsic job satisfaction. When job involvement served as dependent variable, only overall job satisfaction or intrinsic job satisfaction and the occupational group had any significant influence on it. The effect of the psychologist sample on job involvement was greater than that of the optometrist sample. No gender differences were found in terms of these linear models, or in terms of the variables of the study separately. Further findings revealed that job involvement does not have any significant effect on the hypothesised congruence-job satisfaction, congruence-intrinsic job satisfaction, or congruence-extrinsic job satisfaction relationships. When the environmental codes of the various samples were compared to the proposed Holland ISE (investigative-social-enterprising) environment code, vast discrepancies were found. A predominantly social environment code was obtained for clinical, counselling and educational psychologists, but an enterprising code for industrial psychologists. Although the optometrists obtained a predominately investigative code, their environment's subtypes could not be characterised as social and enterprising, but rather as enterprising and realistic. Suggestions were made that research employing sample-specific environmental codes in studies of person-environment congruence and its possible covariates is warranted. A need for empirical examinations of environmental codes of other vocational populations in South Africa was also identified. It was further recommended that the job involvement construct should be included in theories describing the antecedents, correlates and consequences of job satisfaction. This study was then evaluated in terms of criterion validity and external validity requirements, and the conclusion was drawn that within the limitations of the study, the research questions had been answered.

M.Com. / The objective of this study was to address problems pertaining to the effectiveness of hostel representative structures within the mining industry. As part of the study, it was thought pertinent to interview hostel representatives themselves, in order to establish areas in which improvement could be made. The actual approach was to determine the roles and responsibilities of the hostel representatives and gain suggestions from hostel representatives themselves on the causes of inefficiencies of hostel representative structures. In addition, hostel accommodation preferences were determined; by identifying major functions of the hostel representatives, problems reducing their effectiveness, hostel structures which are more effective, and the reasons of their effectiveness. Views of management and representative structures were also determined; this was done by identifying the degree of trust in both mine and hostel management to look after the interests of the hostel representatives. In addition, effectiveness of various hostel representative groupings was determined. Different forms of worker representative structures on the mine were identified and discussed. The theoretical model of forms of worker participation was discussed to further assist in conceptually clarifying the wide field of worker participation. The actual results reported from this study seem to indicate that: hostel representatives' major functions are; disciplinary, communication, domestic, legal, dispute resolution and hostel management deputising functions. Problems that reduce the effectiveness of the hostel representatives were hostel intruders and undisciplined residents, lack of maintenance in the hostel, lack of protective clothing, mine management undermining of the hostel representatives, hostel committee's failure to follow constitution, a lack of promotional opportunities, power struggle union and management structures. In addition, having to consult with other representative structures caused delays in case settlement. Lack of remuneration of the hostel representatives reduced the effectiveness of the hostel representatives. Role conflict between underground work and representative role was also a hindrance to the hostel representatives. Failure of the hostel representatives to attend meetings was also a cause which reduced the effectiveness of the hostel representatives. The Tribal Prefect is considered as more effective than the Block Stewards, the Administration Assistants and the Hostel Committee Members. The Administration Assistants are perceived as most effective in looking after the interests of hostel employees than other hostel representatives.

In the present organisational climate characterised by intense competition, the success of an organisation is increasingly dependent on its employees' expertise and knowledge (Carrel, Elbert, Hatfield, Grobler, Marx & Van der Schyf, 1997). Employees need to be motivated to contribute to the organisation's goals, for their knowledge and expertise to benefit an organisation (Lawler III, 1994). Organisations need to foster a situation in which employees have a positive attitude towards work and are able to benefit personally through directing their effort towards organisational goals. (Robbins, 2000) This study focuses on an organisation that has managed to link job satisfaction with organisational gain, and explores the link between these two subjects. A case study of a South African mining operation is reported on, and examined in-depth. The mine, a successful operation in terms of productivity, is recognised by its holding company as exemplary and is competing with the best base metal producers in the world. The research was conducted in two stages. The first stage consisted of 20 semi-structured individual interviews. Ten employees were selected from both the lower employee-levels and the higher employee-levels. The individual interviews focused on the experience of working at the mine with particular reference to interpersonal dynamics, job satisfaction, leadership style, and reward systems. During the second stage of the research, focus groups were conducted with two groups of seven employees each, one group from the lower-levels and one from the higher-levels. The focus groups aimed at obtaining a deeper understanding of the issues that emerged from the individual interviews. Grounded theory analysis was used during both the first, and second phase of the study. The results indicated that the mine's employees experience a high level fulfilment of higher-order needs, and that this experience is a reaction to the mine's performance enhancing culture. It is further shown that the same factors that create job satisfaction, when applied in excess, or in certain circumstances may lead to dissatisfaction within the same context.

Organisations face many obstacles in maintaining high quality standards and enhancing their competitive positions. It is not just the external factors, such as market fluctuations, but also internal obstacles, that have an effect on the competitiveness of organisations. Most of the internal factors are the result of poor management practices such as insufficient employee development paths, lack of mentorship programmes or job insecurity which results in the poor performance and commitment levels of employees. However employees are more willing to provide efficient and effective practices if they are committed to the organisation. A committed workforce can be created through many practices. Some of these practices include, creating an environment where employees feel as though they are part of the organisation and that their actions directly influence the success of the organisation (Kingston 2007); building long lasting and fair relationships between staff and supervisors (Manetje 2009:50); providing partial organisational ownership for employees through employee share ownership schemes (Employee share ownership plan guidelines 2007:3); creating an organisation structure which binds employees and groups together and removes bureaucratic practices (Brooks 2009:190) and creating management styles that encourage employee involvement (Manetje 2009:51) Unfavourable conditions within the economy are not making it any easier for organisations to become more competitive. Organisations have had to downsize, restructure and transform in order to cut costs as the demands for goods and services slowed down. However, these practices have resulted in an insecure work environment for employees and have posed complex challenges for management. (Coetzee 2005). Employment contracts have therefore become popular tools for managing economic downturns. Organisations opt for more temporary staff so as to easily reduce headcount when costs need to be lowered. Employment contracts give organisations the advantage of flexibility which is a key area for success in turbulent business environments (Krausz, Bizman & Braslavsky 2001:302). Previous research on temporary contracts has revealed lower commitment levels of staff than other types of contracts such as permanent and fixed-term contracts (Guest 2004:12). Therefore, there needs to be a balance between various employment contracts; a balance which brings out the best in organisational performance. The different types of employment contracts are also important tools to use to enhance commitment within the organisation. For that reason, it is essential to understand the linkage between the types of contracts and organisational commitment and whether certain contracts result in higher levels of organisational commitment. The primary objective of the study is to identify factors which influence organisational commitment as well as to investigate whether organisational commitment and the different types of employment contracts can increase employee motivation and job involvement within the automotive industry environment. Given the primary objective of the study, a quantitative research paradigm was followed in testing the relevant hypotheses. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was conducted to gather empirical data from the respondents employed within the automotive industry. The target population of the study was the employees within the automotive industry (Volkswagen of South Africa). A convenience sampling technique was used to distribute the questionnaires and the researcher made use of both manual hand-outs and an online system called the Survey Monkey to gather the data. The sample was restricted to 260 respondents. The main findings of this study revealed that the dimensions, workplace culture, job security, career development and personality were statistically significant and had a positive influence on organisational commitment. Workplace culture proved to be the most significant positive influence on organisational commitment. Thus, if an organisation adjusts this dimension to better suit the employees, the result could be an enhanced level of employee commitment. On the other hand, management style and mentoring were found to be the least important in influencing organisational commitment in the automotive industry. Furthermore, the results illustrated a significant positive relationship between organisational commitment and the dependent variables, employee motivation and job involvement. The study also identified the link between employment contracts and organisational commitment, job involvement and employee motivation. However, a statistically significant relationship only existed between employment contracts and job involvement. Thus the different types of contracts have an effect on the level of employee involvement within an organisation. The implications of the findings are that organisations within the automotive industry should focus on areas that have a substantially greater impact on organisational commitment. These areas include workplace culture, job security, personality and career development. Organisations thus need to find methods or processes which facilitate the development of these areas. In order for organisations to move from good to great, a workforce that is committed to the goals and objectives is required.

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Corporate volunteering as part of corporate social responsibility is gaining in popularity. So far, research has focused on aspects of motivating corporate volunteers or the link between volunteering and social responsibility. The choice of a non-profit organization that the company will support within the framework of corporate volunteering and the activities that are offered to employees to participate are topics that have only been marginally affected by research. Appropriate cooperation with a non-profit organization and the offer of activities are, however, the key to effective volunteering. The research aim of the empirical survey was to find out how companies select non-profit organizations to support in corporate volunteering. The aim was also to identify corporate volunteering activities and communication channels from the perspective of companies and volunteers. The survey was conducted with two groups of respondents, with companies and volunteers. The questionnaire method was used for data collection. Six hypotheses were defined, two of which were confirmed. The results showed that the choice of non-profit organization and activities influence the wishes of employees. Companies select non-profit organizations primarily based on the subject of their activity and most often use manual...

Detta är en fallstudie om personalinflytande på en förskola. Studien belyser vad som möjliggör och vad som förhindrar personalens inflytande i verksamheten. Behovet av kunskap inom detta område är kopplad till frågan om hur tillitsbaserade former, för styrning av de offentliga verksamheterna, ska kunna utvecklas. Inflytande förstås holistiskt som ett sammansatt fenomen som uttrycks i mötet mellan subjektiv vilja och objektiva omständigheter – mellan individuell agens och kollektiva processer. Den metodik som utvecklades för att studera inflytande utifrån dessa premisser utgick från ett verksamhetsteoretiskt och marxistiskt ramverk med en fältstudie som innefattade både observationer av verksamheten likväl som intervjuer med personal och ledning. Resultatet pekar på att resursbrist och instabilitet på en övergripande organisationsnivå dominerar verksamheten på den lokala nivån och utrycker bristande inflytande ur både personalens och ledningens horisonter. Denna brist på inflytande tolkas som ett resultat av hierarkiska organisationsformer som lägger ansvar för övergripande problem på lägre organisatoriska nivåer. Arbetet med att hantera problem på den lokala nivån leder till dilemman mellan personalens möjligheter till egen kontroll och ledningens möjlighet till rationell övergripande resursfördelning. Personalinflytande ses uttryckas i arbetsledande insatser som hanterar akuta problem samt i personalens egna förhållningssätt som innebär ett avvisande av övergripande ansvar och prioritering som lägger fokus på barnen. / This is a case study on employee participation in a preschool. The study explores how employee participation is enabled or prevented in the workplace. A need for knowledge in this area is linked to the question of how trust-based forms for management can be developed in the public sector. Participation is understood as a holistic phenomenon that is expressed in the convergence between subjective will and objective circumstances – between individual agency and collective processes. The methodology of the study was based on activity theory and Marxism – with a field study that included both observations as well as interviews with preschool staff and management. The result highlights how a lack of resources and an instability at an overall organizational level dominates the activities at the local level and expresses a fatal lack of participation from both the staff's and management's point of view. This lack of participation is interpreted as a result of hierarchical organizational structure that place responsibility for overall problems on lower organizational levels. The efforts of dealing with problems at the local level leads to dilemmas between the staff's ability to self-organize and the management's ability to rationally distribute recourses on an overall level. Employee participation is seen to be expressed in cases when work management handles urgent problems and, in the staff’s, own ways of handling the situation that implies a rejection of overall responsibility and a prioritization that enables a focus on children’s needs.

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between participative management and perceived institutional effectiveness in North Carolina community colleges. Along with determining this relationship, the study endeavored to determine perceptions, in the form of desired items, that employees want to see in their colleges that have a bearing on both participative management and institutional effectiveness. This study gathered usable data from 277 (76.9%) respondents assigned to administrative, faculty, and support staff positions. These respondents were a representative sample of the population. A significant relationship was found between participative management and institutional effectiveness. Seventeen of the 23 desired effectiveness practices and seven of the ten desires participative practices included in this study were found to be practices that employees want to see in their colleges. It was also found that length of service in current position does not significantly influence perceptions relative to institutional effectiveness. Although the management of community colleges cannot be entirely relinquished to employees, institutions whose leaders encourage participative management may experience enhanced institutional effectiveness. The expertise of the faculty and staff should be coupled with the talents of administrators in arriving at the proper blend of what is and what ought to be in community colleges. / Ed. D.

A philosophical and historical review of the evolving and growing definition of democratic education through the writings of John Dewey, Nel Noddings, and Joyce Rothschild was accomplished in a literature review that included commentaries from the works of Jesse Goodman, John Goodlad, Amy Gutmann, Hugh Sockett, Kenneth Strike, and Maxine Greene, and others. The review of literature leads up the to the ethnographic case study of an alternative school that has been in existence for twenty-two years and is a member of the National Coalition of Alternative Community Schools. As an ethnographic work, I "write the culture" as I find it at Connectionist School with a special interest in the systemic, organic differences between their democratic organization and traditional bureaucratic public and private schools. The study is a contribution to school reform efforts that are directed toward transformation of schools (Goodlad, 1990; Strike, 1993; Sockett, 1993) and emphasizes the need for a pervasive ethic of care (Noddings, 1984, 1992). / Ed. D.

Self-managing teams (SMTs) are receiving increasing attention from organizations striving for continuous improvement and searching for innovative ways to get their employees involved and empowered. More and more organizations are realizing the significant impact these teams have on quality, productivity, the social circles, worker esteem, and profitability. Consultants and researchers have also paid significant attention to the concept of SMTs, focusing on many aspects of these teams. However, little research has been directed toward the training needs of former supervisors, who, by a plant transitioning to SMTs, have now to take up the role of being coaches of the teams. They invariably are caught in the middle between empowering their teams and satisfying the needs of upper management. The confusion about their new roles may lead to unsuccessful implementation of the teams. This research is an attempt to answer questions related to the training issues of leaders of self-managing teams. The purpose of this study is to help managers and consultants further understand the issues, concern, problems and difficulties faced by the coaches of SMTs. The case study sight for this research was the AT&T plant in Richmond. Some of the outputs of this study are: prioritized lists of the issues and concerns of the coaches at AT&T, a simple cause-effect analysis, important issues and solutions proposed by the coaches, and a list of recommendations based on the overall analysis. / Master of Science