Private labels play an increasingly important role in the current food retail sector and the growth is driven partially by self-interest from retailers who sees private labels as a strong contributor to the profitability and return on sales. On many of the stores' private labels it does’nt show who the underlying provider is, it only says that the product is made for the store. This leads to the aim of the essay, which is examining whether the grocery stores' customers are aware or not aware of who produces the stores' private labels, if it matters to customers who it is, and if the potential unaware customers choose manufacturer brands in front of private labels and if so, why. Essay problem is: Are grocery stores customers aware of that the stores' private labels have underlying suppliers? If there is a lack of awareness on the issue, will the customers' trust and loyalty to the store and its products change if they become aware? Do the potential unaware customers choose manufacturer brands in front of private labels and if so, why? The authors have used theories in the field of marketing, especially theories of consumer behavior and relationship marketing. The study is based on a quantitative method with a digital questionnaire survey tool to collect data. The survey is based on a convenience sample. The study shows that there is a lack of awareness among the respondents about who produce stores' private labels. The majority of the respondents who were unaware has not change their view on the product or the brands after becoming aware, and they will not change brand. However, more than a fifth of the respondents will vary more, and one-tenth do not know what their choices in the future will look like. This shows that the underlying providers can have a significant role for some, but the majority will stand by its election of manufacturer brands or private labels.

Syfte med uppsatsen är att ur ett konsumentperspektiv: Analysera vilka faktorer som är av betydelse vid köp av kött. Klargöra sambandet mellan köpfrekvens samt kundernas krav på produkten. Tydliggöra varumärkets roll i köpprocessen av kött. Vi har i denna uppsats valt att göra en kvantitativ studie som kommit att anta en deduktiv karaktär. Det empiriska materialet bygger på en enkät bestående av sex frågor, 15 påståenden samt möjlighet att ge övriga kommentarer. Detta för att undersöka, ur ett konsumentperspektiv, faktorer som är av betydelse vid köp av kött. Vi valde att komplettera det empiriska materialet med två djupintervjuer med respondenter som besitter stor kunskap inom ämnet. Vi har genom analys och slutsatsarbete identifierat att konsumenter som befinner sig på matmötesplatser värderar faktorer som smak, kvalitet, pris samt ursprung när de köper kött. Det har även framkommit att de konsumenter som köper kött mer frekvent värderar smak och kvalitet högre än de konsumenter som köper kött mer sällan. Däremot värdesätter de konsumenter som köper kött mer sällan EMV högre. Studien visar att varumärket inte har någon avgörande roll i beslutsprocessen, men att konsumenterna ändå känner tillit till det varumärke de väljer att köpa.

The gambling industry goes from a national matter towards an international market. Since more and more members of EU does liberalise the gambling reforms and introduces a license system more participants will get an EU license for online gambling. With an EU license it is difficult for members of the EU to refuse a company to offer a gambling supply on the Internet if they don’t have an open license system. This paper tries to acknowledge the problem regarding the monopoly Sweden has today and calculate the effect if Sweden would move to a license system regarding online gambling by doing a cost benefit analysis. Unfortunately the result from the cost benefit analysis was that more research is needed in the area to make a correct conclusion. If the effect from public health regarding compulsive gambling is ignored the conclusion is that a license system is gainful.

EMV est la norme implémentée pour sécuriser une transaction d'achat avec contact ou sans contact (NFC) entre un appareil de paiement d'un client et un PoS. Elle représente un ensemble de messages de sécurité échangés entre les acteurs de la transaction, garantissant plusieurs propriétés de sécurité importantes. En effet, plusieurs chercheurs ont analysé le fonctionnement de la norme EMV afin de vérifier sa fiabilité: ils ont identifié plusieurs vulnérabilités de sécurité qui représentent aujourd'hui des risques majeurs pour notre sécurité au quotidien. Par conséquent, nous sommes intéressés à proposer de nouvelles solutions qui visent à améliorer la fiabilité d’EMV. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons un aperçu du système de sécurité EMV et nous étudions ses vulnérabilités identifiées dans la littérature. En particulier, il existe deux vulnérabilités de sécurité EMV, qui mènent à des risques dangereux menaçant à la fois les clients et les commerçants. Par conséquent, nous sommes intéressés dans la deuxième étape à répondre à ces deux faiblesses. Nous examinons d'abord une sélection des travaux qui ont été conçus pour résoudre ces vulnérabilités. Ensuite, afin d'obtenir de meilleurs résultats par rapport à ces travaux, nous proposons un nouveau système pour le paiement avec contact et NFC qui intègre 4 mécanismes de sécurité innovants. Enfin, dans la troisième étape, nous adaptons notre premier mécanisme de sécurité dans le contexte d'une nouvelle architecture de paiement NFC. Cette architecture est particulièrement destinée aux petits commerçants, leur permettant de profiter de leurs smartphones NFC pour une utilisation directe en tant que des lecteurs NFC. / EMV is the standard implemented to secure the communication, between a client’s payment device and a PoS, during a contact or NFC purchase transaction. It represents a set of security messages, exchanged between the transaction actors, guaranteeing several important security properties. Indeed, researchers in various studies, have analyzed the operation of this standard in order to verify its reliability: unfortunately, they have identified several security vulnerabilities that, today, represent major risks for our day to day safety. Consequently, in this thesis, we are interested in proposing new solutions that improve the reliability of this standard. In the first stage, we introduce an overview of the EMV security payment system and we survey its vulnerabilities identified in literature. In particular, there are two EMV security vulnerabilities that lead to dangerous risks threatening both clients and merchants: (1) the confidentiality of banking data is not guaranteed, (2) the authentication of the PoS is not ensured to the client’s device. Therefore, our interests move in the second stage to address these two weaknesses. We first review a selection of the related works that have been implemented to solve these vulnerabilities, and then, in order to obtain better results than the related works, we propose a new secure contact and NFC payment system that includes four innovative security mechanisms. Finally, in the third stage, we adapt our first security mechanism in the context of a new NFC payment architecture. This architecture is especially destined for small merchants, allowing them to take advantage of their NFC smartphones for use directly as NFC readers.

<p>Recently, retailers within the Swedish grocery retail sector have launched lines of products under its own brand, quite often produced by manufactures within the same category of products. The common term of this phenomenon is called private labels. Therefore, private labels could be seen as competitors against branded goods, despite the fact that it is, in several cases, the same manufacturer who produces each of the products.</p><p>The main purpose of this study is to provide understanding of how the manufacturers choose to position themselves, formulate their strategies and compete on the market among private labels, also to examine the motive behind the manufacturer's choice to produce private labels. The study intends to provide a broader view of how the interaction between manufacturers, retailers, private labels and branded goods appears on the Swedish market. We decided to use a qualitative research method and personal interviews to approach the study. After having identified the manufacturers that produces private labels, five semi-structured interviews were held with key people representing each manufacturer.</p><p>The survey showed that manufacturers are largely interested in the production of private label. It has mainly to do with the excess capacity in the manufacturer’s factories. The retailer’s procurement methods in negotiations have led the manufacturers to produce private labels at the limit of what is profitable. The investigation concluded that the producers must be innovative marketers to meet the competition of private labels.</p>

<p>The Swedish retail business has been characterized by a small number of ruling distributors. These distributors have been affected negatively by the internationalization which has made it possible for international distributors to establish their stores in the Swedish market. These international distributors are focused on low price stores. Their establishment on the Swedish market has led to a decrease in market shares for the Swedish distributors, which has damaged their profitability. Another change that has affected the Swedish distributors is that the behavior and needs of the customers has changed. To defend themselves against the new competition and the new customer behavior they introduced their own brands in their stores to create customer loyalty and increase their profitability.</p><p>The purpose of this essay is to analyze and evaluate the requirements to create customer loyalty with branding strategies by introducing their own brands in the Swedish retail business. It was examined through a quantitative customer survey which was made on the customer of Coop Forum and Ica Maxi. The result along with the theories and their variables could then give the answer to if the Swedish distributors own brands had managed to create a long term exchange where the customer is involved in the purchase of the commodities and if the customers have experienced any added values along with the purchase. These factors are the foundation of whether the distributors own brands will manage to create customer loyalty or not.</p><p>From a perspective of relationship marketing the Swedish retail distributors are lacking in their ability of building relationships which means that they have not succeeded in creating customer loyalty. Which also means that it is not possible to answer the question at issue, which factors is important to create customer loyalty in the Swedish retail business through their own brands.</p> / <p>Den svenska dagligvaruhandeln har i många år karaktäriserats av att ett fåtal stora livsmedelsdistributörer har regerat på marknaden. Livsmedelsdistributörer har påverkats negativt av internationaliseringen då denna har möjliggjort internationella distributörers etablering på marknaden. Lågprisbutikernas inträde har medfört att de svenska livsmedelsdistributörerna tappat marknadsandelar vilket har påverkat deras lönsamhet. Även kundernas förändrade köpbeteende har påverkat livsmedelsdistributörerna på så vis att nya krav har börjat ställas på livsmedelsvaror. För att försvara sig gentemot den hårda konkurrensen och det nya kundbeteendet introducerade livsmedelsdistributörerna egna märkesvaror, EMV, för att skapa kundlojalitet och öka deras lönsamhet.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera och utvärdera förutsättningarna för att skapa kundlojalitet med varumärkesstrategier genom införandet av EMV inom den svenska dagligvaruhandeln. Detta undersöktes genom en kvantitativ kundundersökning som utfördes på kunder till Coop Forum och Ica Maxi. Utifrån de utvalda teorierna och variablerna kunde sedan resultatet från undersökningen mätas och svara på om EMV lyckats skapa ett långsiktigt utbyte där kunden är involverad i köpet av varorna samt om de har upplevt mervärde. Dessa faktorer ligger till grund för huruvida EMV kan skapa kundlojalitet eller inte.</p><p>Slutsatsen utifrån undersökningens relationsmarknadsföringsperspektiv är att de svenska livsmedelsdistributörernas EMV brister i sitt relationsskapande vilket innebär att de inte har lyckats skapa kundlojalitet. Detta innebär i sin tur att det heller inte är möjligt att svara på problemformuleringen, vilka faktorer är viktiga för att skapa kundlojalitet inom den svenska dagligvaruhandeln genom användningen av EMV.</p>

Recently, retailers within the Swedish grocery retail sector have launched lines of products under its own brand, quite often produced by manufactures within the same category of products. The common term of this phenomenon is called private labels. Therefore, private labels could be seen as competitors against branded goods, despite the fact that it is, in several cases, the same manufacturer who produces each of the products. The main purpose of this study is to provide understanding of how the manufacturers choose to position themselves, formulate their strategies and compete on the market among private labels, also to examine the motive behind the manufacturer's choice to produce private labels. The study intends to provide a broader view of how the interaction between manufacturers, retailers, private labels and branded goods appears on the Swedish market. We decided to use a qualitative research method and personal interviews to approach the study. After having identified the manufacturers that produces private labels, five semi-structured interviews were held with key people representing each manufacturer. The survey showed that manufacturers are largely interested in the production of private label. It has mainly to do with the excess capacity in the manufacturer’s factories. The retailer’s procurement methods in negotiations have led the manufacturers to produce private labels at the limit of what is profitable. The investigation concluded that the producers must be innovative marketers to meet the competition of private labels.

The Swedish retail business has been characterized by a small number of ruling distributors. These distributors have been affected negatively by the internationalization which has made it possible for international distributors to establish their stores in the Swedish market. These international distributors are focused on low price stores. Their establishment on the Swedish market has led to a decrease in market shares for the Swedish distributors, which has damaged their profitability. Another change that has affected the Swedish distributors is that the behavior and needs of the customers has changed. To defend themselves against the new competition and the new customer behavior they introduced their own brands in their stores to create customer loyalty and increase their profitability. The purpose of this essay is to analyze and evaluate the requirements to create customer loyalty with branding strategies by introducing their own brands in the Swedish retail business. It was examined through a quantitative customer survey which was made on the customer of Coop Forum and Ica Maxi. The result along with the theories and their variables could then give the answer to if the Swedish distributors own brands had managed to create a long term exchange where the customer is involved in the purchase of the commodities and if the customers have experienced any added values along with the purchase. These factors are the foundation of whether the distributors own brands will manage to create customer loyalty or not. From a perspective of relationship marketing the Swedish retail distributors are lacking in their ability of building relationships which means that they have not succeeded in creating customer loyalty. Which also means that it is not possible to answer the question at issue, which factors is important to create customer loyalty in the Swedish retail business through their own brands. / Den svenska dagligvaruhandeln har i många år karaktäriserats av att ett fåtal stora livsmedelsdistributörer har regerat på marknaden. Livsmedelsdistributörer har påverkats negativt av internationaliseringen då denna har möjliggjort internationella distributörers etablering på marknaden. Lågprisbutikernas inträde har medfört att de svenska livsmedelsdistributörerna tappat marknadsandelar vilket har påverkat deras lönsamhet. Även kundernas förändrade köpbeteende har påverkat livsmedelsdistributörerna på så vis att nya krav har börjat ställas på livsmedelsvaror. För att försvara sig gentemot den hårda konkurrensen och det nya kundbeteendet introducerade livsmedelsdistributörerna egna märkesvaror, EMV, för att skapa kundlojalitet och öka deras lönsamhet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera och utvärdera förutsättningarna för att skapa kundlojalitet med varumärkesstrategier genom införandet av EMV inom den svenska dagligvaruhandeln. Detta undersöktes genom en kvantitativ kundundersökning som utfördes på kunder till Coop Forum och Ica Maxi. Utifrån de utvalda teorierna och variablerna kunde sedan resultatet från undersökningen mätas och svara på om EMV lyckats skapa ett långsiktigt utbyte där kunden är involverad i köpet av varorna samt om de har upplevt mervärde. Dessa faktorer ligger till grund för huruvida EMV kan skapa kundlojalitet eller inte. Slutsatsen utifrån undersökningens relationsmarknadsföringsperspektiv är att de svenska livsmedelsdistributörernas EMV brister i sitt relationsskapande vilket innebär att de inte har lyckats skapa kundlojalitet. Detta innebär i sin tur att det heller inte är möjligt att svara på problemformuleringen, vilka faktorer är viktiga för att skapa kundlojalitet inom den svenska dagligvaruhandeln genom användningen av EMV.

Bakgrund: De senaste 20 åren har varit händelserika år för detaljhandeln då kraftig tillväxt, tydlig expansion och en strukturomvandling har skett. Varukategorierna har växt och lågprisprodukter har tagits fram och en billighetstrend har skapats. Billighetstrenden ihop med strukturförändringarna är bidragande faktorer till framtagningen av egna märkesvaror (EMV). Till en början kopplades EMV samman med lågprisprodukter men den ständiga utvecklingen av dessa gör att kvalitetsnivån har ökat. EMV har blivit unika produkter som konsumenten bara kan hitta i kedjans butiker. Vi intresserar oss i att kolla på vad som gör att EMV köps och hur kunderna resonerar kring sina val. Forskningsfråga: Vilka faktorer förklarar kundens val av EMV? Syftet: Uppsatsens syfte är att skapa en förståelse och insikt för vilka bakomliggande faktorer som leder till att konsumenterna väljer ICAs EMV. Detta gör vi genom att förstå:Delsyfte 1: Syftet är att kartlägga vilka grundläggande faktorer som gör att kunderna väljer ICAs EMVDelsyfte 2: Syftet är att identifiera vilka funktioner ICAs olika EMV fyller vid kundens köpbeslut Metod: Vi har arbetat utifrån en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där våra primära källor var baserade på kvalitativa intervjuer med sexton personer. Utav dessa var åtta kunder och åtta från företaget ICA. Vi har även arbetat med en kvantitativ forskningsmetod för att få en bättre överblick över hur det ser ut hos fler kunder. Arbetet har präglats av en blandning mellan ett deduktiv och induktiv ansats vilket resulterar i en abduktiv ansats. Slutsatser: Vi har funnit två grundläggande och väsentliga faktorer som bidrar till att kunder väljer ICAs EMV, tilliten till ICA som varumärke samt märkeskännedom. Vi har även identifierat två viktiga funktioner som det enskilda EMV-märket uppfyller vid kundens köpbeslut. Den första funktionen är märkets roll för att underlätta beslutsprocesser vid valet av produkter, men också i valet inom en viss varukategori. En annan viktig funktion är att EMV-märket är bidragande till ett brett sortiment för ICA i sin helhet. / The purpose of this study has been to examine the underlying factors that lead to consumers’ purchase of private labels. Our aim has been to investigate what influences consumers purchase of private labels. We chose to work side by side with a company named ICA that is Sweden's largest supermarket. This company has the highest proportion of private labels in the Swedish retail market, and this is why we found it important to examine this company. Our research question for this study is as follows; What factors explain customers’ purchases of private label products? The method we used as a work process in this thesis is both a quantitative approach, as we have done a survey, as well as a qualitative approach with qualitative interviews conducted with members of the company ICA and with customers. The most vital part of this study was done by the qualitative approach, to get a deeper understanding of the subject. We have found two basic and essential factors that contribute customers to choose ICA´s private label products. The first one is customers trust in ICA as a brand and the second one is brand awareness. We have also identified two important functions that the privet label fulfill in the customer´s buying decision. The first is to facilitate customers buying decision process and the second one is to contribute to a wide range of products.

This is an era of communication technology. This era has faced a lot of innovation in technology sector. Mobile phones were once used for calling or text messaging only, now slowly becoming competitor of computers. The rapid development of hardware, software and operating system of smartphones made it possible to do multiple tasks through the phones. Nowadays, smart phones have powerful operating systems which provide wide range of applications. Smart phones can be interfaced with external hardware also. The payment industry is about to see a drastic change because of these features. People can now pay through their smartphones; they can use payment cards to pay through it etc. But financial transaction is a very sensitive service and security is very crucial here. For financial services, the major security services such as confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, authorization and non-repudiation must be ensured. There are two major types of payment cards, magnetic-stripe based cards and chip based cards. Chip based card provides better security. Magnetic stripe based cards being static, is easy to counterfeit. But the fact that these magnetic stripe cards are still used in many countries, it is necessary to provide a security solution in order to protect customers from treachery. In this thesis, it has been investigated how to secure the mobile payment based on EMV standard. EMV is a chip based payment card. It has strong security features which made skimming or tampering it very hard. But, Magstripe based payments still remained insecure. This thesis paper aims to secure the transaction when paid with magnetic stripe based cards. Several measures have been taken to ensure that major security services are met. In addition, a prototype was developed and tested to demonstrate the practicality of the designed solution. The research results of this paper show that by transacting through the secured mobile payment protocol, customers can avail payment service more securely than traditional magnetic striped card based payments.