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This dissertation focuses on the history and archaeology of the American military encampments of the American Revolution. The organization of this dissertation reflects the purpose and methodology of the study to create context — both historically and archaeologically — for the American military encampments of the American Revolution, in order to understand the encampments’ design, implementation, and evolution over the course of the war. By employing a multifaceted approach towards the documentary record, this dissertation illustrates as many perspectives as possible by consulting a diverse collection of primary source material to construct a historical framework that explores how the military and the individual soldiers involved negotiated the theater of war during the encampment periods. Specific attention is paid to the orders that were handed down from the military hierarchy and how the soldiers reacted. This dissertation further refines the discussion of the American military encampments of the American Revolution by examining the physical remains of the encampments through the archaeological record. Utilizing information collected from nearly a century of archaeological investigations at places such as Middlebrook, New Jersey, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Pluckemin, New Jersey, Redding, Connecticut, Morristown, New Jersey, and New Windsor, New York, this dissertation will provide a review and assessment of the archaeology of American military encampments of the American Revolution. In doing so, this dissertation examines the results these investigations have yielded and evaluates whether different approaches or a reevaluation of the results obtained from these investigations can provide new avenues of information to further interpret these historic sites. A case study is presented based on the author’s own excavations within the Valley Forge winter encampment on the grounds of the modern Washington Memorial Chapel. Through this case study, the physical and material remains of this encampment site are interpreted as expressions of the Continental Army’s adaptation to the landscape, as well as an expression of their status and training during this early stage of the war. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben’s work is presented as a determining factor in this development. This dissertation uses the archaeological remains of these military landscapes to provide insight into the lifeways and power structures of the military as well as the soldiers who defined the social and economic disposition of this diverse community. Viewing each of these sites as a particular marker in time, this dissertation provides case studies of events over the course of the American Revolution to examine how the Army and its soldiers interact with the then-contemporary conflict, training, and the environment. Each of these influences played a role in the evolution of this military force. / Anthropology

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Capitulo I.pdf: 2664070 bytes, checksum: 07dc2db2df74bb0037c752c716833c40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-08 / Fundação Araucária / The social movements, mainly the MST, possess prominence in the process of fight of the peasants in Brazil. By means of the movements, the peasants have reached a set of conquests of which if he detaches the nesting land. But, in the trajectory of fight of the peasants in the social movements diverse contradictions, conflicts and actions of internal resistances exist that go in contrast to definitive practical conceptions and of the proper movements. The conflicts and internal resistances appear because the leaderships of the movements direct strange actions to the project of the peasants, as the collective cooperatives, for example. Thus, the fight for the land is formed by incompatible actions that possess origin in the encampments and if they reveal with more intensity in the nestings, when the peasants conquers greater autonomy. In this process of fight still, a learning exists politician constructed and acquired during the period of the encampment that later is materialized in the nestings. At the same time, this learning intercrosses with a learning and to know constructed in the trajectory of life of the peasants, that is, exists a learning forged in the process of fight in the social movements and learning, also forged in the fights and resistances, is of the movements, that however if complement and however oppose. To understand this learning in the movements, as well as the existing conflict of projects in the fight for the land, two nestings in the city of Quedas do Iguaçu (region Center-South of the State of the Paraná), being one older, nesting had been studied Rio Perdido, created in 1988 and formed for 60 families and the other, the Celso Furtado, created in 2005, and formed for 1089 families. Both the nestings had been conquered from fights made in the MST. / Os movimentos sociais, principalmente o MST, possuem destaque no processo de luta dos camponeses no Brasil. Por meio dos movimentos, os camponeses têm alcançado um conjunto de conquistas das quais se destaca a terra de assentamento. Mas, na trajetória de luta dos camponeses nos movimentos sociais existem contradições diversas, conflitos e ações de resistências internas que vão ao contrário de determinadas concepções e práticas dos próprios movimentos. Os conflitos e resistências internas surgem porque as lideranças dos movimentos encaminham ações estranhas ao projeto dos camponeses, como as cooperativas coletivas, por exemplo. Assim, a luta pela terra é formada por ações contraditórias que possuem origem nos acampamentos e se manifestam com mais intensidade nos assentamentos, quando os camponeses conquistam maior autonomia. Neste processo de luta ainda, existe um aprendizado político construído e adquirido durante o período do acampamento que posteriormente se materializa nos assentamentos. Ao mesmo tempo, este aprendizado entrecruza com o aprendizado e saberes construídos na trajetória de vida dos camponeses, ou seja, existe um aprendizado forjado no processo de luta nos movimentos sociais e aprendizado, também forjado nas lutas e resistências, fora dos movimentos, que ora se complementam e ora contrapõem. Para compreender este aprendizado nos movimentos, bem como o conflito de projetos existente na luta pela terra, foram estudados dois assentamentos no município de Quedas do Iguaçu (mesorregião Centro-Sul do Estado do Paraná), sendo um mais antigo, assentamento Rio Perdido, criado em 1988 e formado por 60 famílias e o outro, o Celso Furtado, criado em 2005, e formado por 1089 famílias. Ambos os assentamentos foram conquistados a partir de lutas feitas no MST. Palavras-Chave: Acampamento; Assentamento; MST; Aprendizado; Campesinato.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Capitulo I.pdf: 2664070 bytes, checksum: 07dc2db2df74bb0037c752c716833c40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-08 / Fundação Araucária / The social movements, mainly the MST, possess prominence in the process of fight of the peasants in Brazil. By means of the movements, the peasants have reached a set of conquests of which if he detaches the nesting land. But, in the trajectory of fight of the peasants in the social movements diverse contradictions, conflicts and actions of internal resistances exist that go in contrast to definitive practical conceptions and of the proper movements. The conflicts and internal resistances appear because the leaderships of the movements direct strange actions to the project of the peasants, as the collective cooperatives, for example. Thus, the fight for the land is formed by incompatible actions that possess origin in the encampments and if they reveal with more intensity in the nestings, when the peasants conquers greater autonomy. In this process of fight still, a learning exists politician constructed and acquired during the period of the encampment that later is materialized in the nestings. At the same time, this learning intercrosses with a learning and to know constructed in the trajectory of life of the peasants, that is, exists a learning forged in the process of fight in the social movements and learning, also forged in the fights and resistances, is of the movements, that however if complement and however oppose. To understand this learning in the movements, as well as the existing conflict of projects in the fight for the land, two nestings in the city of Quedas do Iguaçu (region Center-South of the State of the Paraná), being one older, nesting had been studied Rio Perdido, created in 1988 and formed for 60 families and the other, the Celso Furtado, created in 2005, and formed for 1089 families. Both the nestings had been conquered from fights made in the MST. / Os movimentos sociais, principalmente o MST, possuem destaque no processo de luta dos camponeses no Brasil. Por meio dos movimentos, os camponeses têm alcançado um conjunto de conquistas das quais se destaca a terra de assentamento. Mas, na trajetória de luta dos camponeses nos movimentos sociais existem contradições diversas, conflitos e ações de resistências internas que vão ao contrário de determinadas concepções e práticas dos próprios movimentos. Os conflitos e resistências internas surgem porque as lideranças dos movimentos encaminham ações estranhas ao projeto dos camponeses, como as cooperativas coletivas, por exemplo. Assim, a luta pela terra é formada por ações contraditórias que possuem origem nos acampamentos e se manifestam com mais intensidade nos assentamentos, quando os camponeses conquistam maior autonomia. Neste processo de luta ainda, existe um aprendizado político construído e adquirido durante o período do acampamento que posteriormente se materializa nos assentamentos. Ao mesmo tempo, este aprendizado entrecruza com o aprendizado e saberes construídos na trajetória de vida dos camponeses, ou seja, existe um aprendizado forjado no processo de luta nos movimentos sociais e aprendizado, também forjado nas lutas e resistências, fora dos movimentos, que ora se complementam e ora contrapõem. Para compreender este aprendizado nos movimentos, bem como o conflito de projetos existente na luta pela terra, foram estudados dois assentamentos no município de Quedas do Iguaçu (mesorregião Centro-Sul do Estado do Paraná), sendo um mais antigo, assentamento Rio Perdido, criado em 1988 e formado por 60 famílias e o outro, o Celso Furtado, criado em 2005, e formado por 1089 famílias. Ambos os assentamentos foram conquistados a partir de lutas feitas no MST. Palavras-Chave: Acampamento; Assentamento; MST; Aprendizado; Campesinato.

In the Czech Republic the number of people interested in touring by water is continually increasing. That{\crq}s why the main object of this dissertation is to present both the benefits and the disadvantages of the river Ohře. We also want to match the Ohře with the Vltava, our most frequented river. There are three different possibilities how to navigate. They depend of physical ability and technical outfit and it can take three, five or seven days. Each option is specific for certain group of watermen to suit by its character and appeal everybody who is interested in it.

Orientador: Emilia Pietrafesa de Godoi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T18:31:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barra_CamilaSobral_M.pdf: 8679036 bytes, checksum: 945f419f8ce0fc25d8f7433bbe105164 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O presente trabalho acompanha a trajetória de um acampamento sem-terra do MST originado em 2002 na região de Campinas, interior de São Paulo e revela as redes de relações constituídas neste espaço, as disputas, conflitos e as negociações, assim como sua interação com as populações locais e com as famílias dos acampados. As orientações prévias dos sujeitos e a intenção de conquistar uma nova condição de vida através do assentamento têm que ser negociadas com as diretrizes do movimento para que seja definido o formato do assentamento e as funções dos sujeitos nesse novo lugar social. A dinâmica das condições presentes no acampamento ¿ acampados e militantes ¿ mostra as dificuldades e inventividades dos sujeitos para permanecerem na ¿luta¿ a despeito da pouca infra-estrutura e dos conflitos e divergências de projetos que se apresentam / Abstract: This work follows the trajectory of a ¿MST¿ landless workers camp, initiated in 2002 at the Campinas country area, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. It describes the web of relationships built on the camp territory and shows the disputes, conflicts and negotiations which took place there. It also describes the interactions between squatters on the one hand and neighbors and relatives on the other. We conclude that the previous orientations of the subjects and their intention to improve their life condition must be negotiated with the movement's leadership so as to decide on the definitive shape of the settlement and on the subject's functions on this new social place. The dynamics of the squatters and cadres conditions at the settlement shows the subject¿s difficulties as well as their inventiveness when trying to stay in the ¿struggle¿ in spite not only of the lack of basic services, but also in face of conflicts and divergences between projects of different actors present there / Mestrado / Mestre em Antropologia Social

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Lucio de Oliveira1.pdf: 3734875 bytes, checksum: 3df4e3675ca94ae6ea670c023a536135 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The analysis presented in this thesis seeks to understand processes of engagement and retribution among people involved in the struggle for land , led by the MST (Landless Movement). Based on empirical research conducted at one encampment and two settlements (one new and the other old) located in Rio Grande do Sul, it was found that a fairly diverse public engages in this struggle, motivated by the possibility of gains that involve more than just the conquest of land. Adopting a perspective that at once privileges the micro without neglecting the macro level and that pays particular attention to dimensions concerning religion and religiosities, it was possible to perceive that joining the MST constituted an opportunity that people seized motivated by logics that are not, in the vast majority of cases, those defined by political reason. To experience religious offerings and to incorporate oneself into the MST encampment are not exclusive possibilities but rather efficient alternatives in the search for a better life. Even though the diversity of social expression was relatively controlled in the encampment, symbols and myths populate that space and create unexpected realities. To suspect, as those in the camps often did, that practices of witchcraft were occurring in restricted political meetings of the camp, indicates that that space, taken as a whole, is colonized by a variety of forces . It becomes evident, however, that in day-today dynamics of these spaces the religious and the political interpenetrate. In the face of this kind of dynamic, it is possible to perceive the creation, as much in the settlements as in the encampment (despite the greater control in the latter), of small communities defined by moral codes of conduct. Even though the unitary image that is created by and about the MST as well as its recognition as a catalyzing organization of diffuse interests is part of and enters into the reality of these spaces, the reality that is constructed there is much more complex than this. Thus, it is concluded that there is not an imposition over identities that ends up forming one single, solid, coherent identity. / As an?lises desenvolvidas nessa tese buscam compreender o processo de engajamento e retribui??o entre as pessoas que se envolveram na luta pela terra lideradas pelo MST. A partir da pesquisa emp?rica realizada em um acampamento e em dois assentamentos (um novo e outro antigo) localizados no Rio Grande do Sul, observou-se a ocorr?ncia de um p?blico bastante variado que se engaja em tal luta inspirado por retribui??es que n?o apenas a conquista da terra. Adotando um olhar privilegiado sobre o micro, sem, no entanto, negligenciar o macro e detendo-se sobre as dimens?es relativas ? religi?o e ?s religiosidades, foi poss?vel notar que ingressar no MST constitui oportunidade que as pessoas agarram movidas por l?gicas que n?o s?o, em grande parte dos casos, aquelas definidas pela raz?o pol?tica. Experimentar as ofertas religiosas e se incorporar ao acampamento do MST n?o s?o possibilidades excludentes, s?o alternativas eficientes na busca por uma vida melhor. Mesmo que no acampamento a diversidade de express?es sociais esteja sob relativo controle, os s?mbolos e mitos est?o povoando aquele espa?o e criando realidades inesperadas. Suspeitar, como faziam os acampados, que nas reuni?es da principal e restrita inst?ncia pol?tica do acampamento ocorriam rituais de bruxaria, indica que aquele espa?o como um todo est? colonizado por variadas for?as . Fica evidente, portanto, que na din?mica cotidiana desses espa?os o religioso e o pol?tico se interpenetram. Diante de tal din?mica ? percept?vel a constitui??o, tanto nos assentamentos quanto no acampamento (a despeito de seu maior controle), de pequenas comunidades definidas por c?digos morais de conduta. Ainda que a imagem unit?ria que ? criada pelo e sobre o MST e o seu reconhecimento como organiza??o catalisadora dos interesses difusos fa?am parte e interfiram na realidade desses espa?os, a realidade que ali se constr?i ? muito mais complexa do que isso. Do que se conclui que n?o h? a sobreposi??o de identidades que venha a dar forma a uma identidade ?nica, s?lida e coerente.

Despite decades of scholarly scrutiny, the politico-economic exploits of vikings in and around the Frankish realm (c. 750-940 CE) remain - to a considerable extent - obscured by the constraints of a fragmentary and biased corpus of (near-)contemporary evidence, conveying the impression that these movements were capricious, haphazard, and gratuitous in character. For this reason, rather than selectively assessing individual instances of regional Franco-Scandinavian interaction, the present study approaches the available interdisciplinary data on a cumulative and conceptual level, and combines this with the innovative use of GIS to detect and define overall spatiotemporal patterns of viking activity. Set against a backdrop of continuous commerce and knowledge exchange, this overarching survey demonstrates the existence of a relatively uniform, sequential framework of wealth extraction, encampment, and political engagement, within which Scandinavian fleets operated as adaptable, ambulant polities - or 'hydrarchies'. By delineating and visualising this framework, a four-phased conceptual development model of hydrarchic conduct and consequence is established, whose validity is substantiated by its application to three distinct regional case studies: the lower Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt Basin, the Seine Basin, and the Loire Basin. As well as facilitating the deductive analysis of viking activity for which primary evidence has thus far been ambiguous or altogether absent, the parameters of this abstract model affirm that Scandinavian movements across Francia were the result of prudent and expedient decision-making processes, contingent on exchanged intelligence, cumulative experience, and the ongoing individual and collective need for socioeconomic subsistence and enrichment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:12:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Laila Fabiola Teodozio Pessoa Coelho.pdf: 1486712 bytes, checksum: dc84b5bd695b19bd06cf175b66e93aba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-25 / This current study proposal is to analyze the manifestations of the agrarian question as they project themselves in the fight for the work land in the state of Rio de Janeiro at the XXI century. The study is analytically based on the trajectories of the families of agricultural workers from the encampment Terra Prometida. Currently situated in the region called Baixada Fluminense, the encampment holds seventy-four families distributed in its two headquarters: The first one in the district of Tingu?, Nova Igua?u city and the second in the city of Duque de Caxias. That?s about the rescue of the agrarian question in the state of Rio de Janeiro, looked by the trajectory of these families. The state of Rio de Janeiro, although considered predominantly urban, possesses considerable extensions of cultivating lands, many of them idle. It also possesses an increasing number of agricultural workers who, without access to the work in the land, come increasing the mass of urban workers without any qualification, what generates some similar social problems to the ones of other Brazilian states. The observation of the agrarian question redimensioning in the current times generated some questionings that had guided the field research. How can the agrarian question that some authors more affirm not to exist in the current times, still to be reason of as many disputes and fights? Disputes these that happen also in the public space and in the private one, with the occurrence of violence, threats and murders. Could we be coexisting today with a new agrarian question or only the modernized version of a secular question? Is it possible that the agrarian question have been only updated and not disappeared ? For the agricultural workers of century XXI, what or who represents the large state in the present time? Under which forms or aspect materialize their conscience about the work land in the state of Rio de Janeiro of the recent years? / A presente disserta??o se prop?e analisar as manifesta??es da quest?o agr?ria, conforme se projetam na luta pela terra de trabalho no Estado do Rio de Janeiro do s?culo XXI. O estudo tem como base anal?tica as trajet?rias das fam?lias de trabalhadores rurais do Acampamento Terra Prometida. Atualmente situado na regi?o da Baixada Fluminense, o acampamento comporta setenta e quatro fam?lias distribu?das em suas duas sedes: A primeira no distrito de Tingu?, em Nova Igua?u e a segunda, no munic?pio de Duque de Caxias. Trata-se de resgate da quest?o agr?ria no Estado do Rio de Janeiro a partir da trajet?ria destas fam?lias. O Estado do Rio de Janeiro, apesar de considerado predominantemente urbano, possui consider?veis extens?es de terras cultiv?veis, muitas delas ociosas. Possui tamb?m um n?mero crescente de trabalhadores rurais que, sem acesso ao trabalho na terra, v?m se somando ? massa de trabalhadores urbanos sem qualquer qualifica??o, o que gera alguns problemas sociais semelhantes aos de outros estados brasileiros. Desde a d?cada de 1950, o estado ? palco de intensos conflitos pela posse da terra, entretanto, a partir do final do s?culo passado ? poss?vel perceber um redimensionamento destes conflitos, que deixaram de se travar prioritariamente nos espa?os rurais e adquiriram novas caracter?sticas. Os enfrentamentos, assim como as manifesta??es vis?veis da quest?o agr?ria, t?m agora no espa?o urbano um novo palco de conflitos. As observa??es deste redimensionamento da quest?o agr?ria nos tempos atuais geraram alguns questionamentos que nortearam a pesquisa de campo. Como a quest?o agr?ria que alguns autores afirmam n?o mais existir pode, atualmente, ainda ser motivo de tantas disputas e lutas? Disputas estas que se d?o tanto no espa?o p?blico, quanto no privado, com a ocorr?ncia de viol?ncia, amea?as e assassinatos. Estar?amos convivendo hoje com uma nova quest?o agr?ria ou apenas com a vers?o modernizada de uma quest?o secular? ? poss?vel que a quest?o agr?ria tenha apenas se atualizado e n?o desaparecido ? Para os trabalhadores rurais do s?culo XXI, o que ou quem representa o latif?ndio na atualidade? Sob que forma ou aspecto materializa-se a consci?ncia destes trabalhadores sobre a terra de trabalho no estado do Rio de Janeiro dos anos recentes?

This thesis examines why contemporary transgender populations in democratic states fail to see the benefits of social rights legislation. I use Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer to explain how transgender people have become encamped in the margins of the contemporary biopolitical world in such a way as the rule of law does not apply to them. This encampment is especially severe for those who defy our current way of understanding transgender identity. I trace transgender back to its inter-war origins in order to establish how medicalized discourses have created the narrow contemporary definition. I use Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood, which details the lives of non-passing inverts in the “night-world” of interwar Europe, to trace an alternate history of transgender subjects who have been excluded from such discourses. Linking Barnes’s characterization of inverted figures to contemporary trans people who do not pass allows for the creation of alternate transgender epistemologies that undermine states of encampment. / Graduate / 0615 / 0298 / 0733 / agruenew@uvic.ca