L’étude de la propagation sonore dans un milieu confiné nécessite une connaissance précise des caractéristiques acoustiques et géométriques des parois qui le délimitent. En effet, le relief géométrique des parois d’un local engendre des phénomènes acoustiques complexes pouvant impacter significativement la propagation sonore : diffusion, diffraction ou encore résonance si le relief présente une géométrie particulière. L’objectif de cette étude est de développer un modèle numérique simulant la propagation sonore dans un espace confiné délimité par des parois à relief géométrique. Dans un premier temps, la méthode de décomposition rectangulaire adaptative (ARD) est utilisée pour simuler la propagation en milieu confiné. Cette méthode est ensuite couplée à la méthode de différences finies dans le domaine temporel (FDTD) et l’utilisation de filtres d’impédance numériques (DIF) pour simuler des parois à relief géométrique possédant une impédance dépendante de la fréquence. L’intégration de la méthode FDTD dans la méthode ARD est rendue possible par l’utilisation de couches absorbantes parfaitement adaptées (PML). Le modèle numérique est validé par comparaison aux méthodes Kobayashi Potential (KP) et sources images ainsi qu’à des résultats expérimentaux. Enfin, le modèle est utilisé pour étudier la diffusion acoustique causée par plusieurs parois à relief expérimentales. Un coefficient d’absorption acoustique apparent est ainsi estimé pour caractériser chacune de ces parois / The study of sound propagation in an enclosed space requires a precise knowledge of the acoustic and geometrical characteristics of its boundaries. Indeed, the geometric relief on the walls of a room causes complex acoustic phenomena that can significantly impact the sound propagation: scattering, diffraction or even resonance if the relief has a particular geometry. The objective of this study is to develop a numerical model of sound propagation in an enclosed space bounded by walls with geometric relief. First, the Adaptive Rectangular Decomposition (ARD) method is used to simulate the propagation in a room. Then, this method is coupled with the Finite Difference in Time Domaine (FDTD) method and the use of digital impedance filters (DIF) to include boundaries with geometric relief and frequency-dependent impedance. The integration of the FDTD method into the ARD method is made possible by the use of perfectly matched layers (PML). The numerical model is validated by comparison with the Kobayashi Potential (KP) and image source methods as well as experimental results. Finally, the model is used to study the sound scattering caused by several experimental relief walls. An apparent sound absorption coefficient is thus estimated to characterize each of these different walls

West Wales in the Iron Age contained a diverse range of settlement types, from hill-forts to unenclosed farmsteads, with the dominant type of settlement the enclosed farmstead. However, a recent review of information available for the British Iron Age identified a relative lack of systematised information for Wales and consequently there is a pressing need to re-examine the settlement record for this area, as the belief in a single Iron Age "culture" gives way to recognition of regional difference in material cultures, social institutions and life-ways. This thesis examines the settlements and landscape of West Wales in an attempt to contribute to our understanding of this region in the Iron Age. In order to make a regionally synthesised investigation of the social, I conducted a survey of excavation and survey information for Iron Age settlements in West Wales. Analysis centred on examining the spatial patterning of settlements by considering the morphology, distribution, placement and structure of settlements, their place in the landscape and regional trends in the structuring of space and artefacts. The investigation was contextualised within the wider body of material for the Iron Age in Britain. The use of landscape theory as an interpretive framework in examining the spatial patterning of the material culture in the Iron Age proved an effective method for interpreting domestic settlements within the lived landscape. Social and cosmological relations within settlements and within the referential structuring of a landscape, particularly with respect to pre-existing monuments, were suggested by the analysis. By comparing these trends in the structuring of settlements within the landscape to settlements elsewhere in Britain, a distinct and regional culture for the Iron Age of West Wales was identified.

West Wales in the Iron Age contained a diverse range of settlement types, from hill-forts to unenclosed farmsteads, with the dominant type of settlement the enclosed farmstead. However, a recent review of information available for the British Iron Age identified a relative lack of systematised information for Wales and consequently there is a pressing need to re-examine the settlement record for this area, as the belief in a single Iron Age "culture" gives way to recognition of regional difference in material cultures, social institutions and life-ways. This thesis examines the settlements and landscape of West Wales in an attempt to contribute to our understanding of this region in the Iron Age. In order to make a regionally synthesised investigation of the social, I conducted a survey of excavation and survey information for Iron Age settlements in West Wales. Analysis centred on examining the spatial patterning of settlements by considering the morphology, distribution, placement and structure of settlements, their place in the landscape and regional trends in the structuring of space and artefacts. The investigation was contextualised within the wider body of material for the Iron Age in Britain. The use of landscape theory as an interpretive framework in examining the spatial patterning of the material culture in the Iron Age proved an effective method for interpreting domestic settlements within the lived landscape. Social and cosmological relations within settlements and within the referential structuring of a landscape, particularly with respect to pre-existing monuments, were suggested by the analysis. By comparing these trends in the structuring of settlements within the landscape to settlements elsewhere in Britain, a distinct and regional culture for the Iron Age of West Wales was identified.

Off-gassing of hazardous compounds is, together with self-heating and dust explosions, the main safety hazards within large-scale biomass storage and handling. Formation of CO, CO2, and VOCs with concurrent O2 depletion can occur to hazardous levels in enclosed stored forest products. Several incidents of CO poisoning and suffocation of oxygen depletion have resulted in fatalities and injuries during cargo vessel discharge of forest products and in conjunction with wood pellet storage rooms and silos. Technologies for torrefaction and steam explosion for thermal treatment of biomass are under development and approaching commercialization, but their off-gassing behavior is essentially unknown. The overall objective of this thesis was to provide answers to one main question: “What is the off-gassing behaviour of thermally treated lignocellulosic biomass during storage?”. This was achieved by experimental studies and detailed analysis of off-gassing compounds sampled under realistic conditions, with special emphasis on the VOCs. Presented results show that off-gassing behavior is influenced by numerous factors, in the following ways. CO, CO2 and CH4 off-gassing levels from torrefied and stream-exploded biomass and pellets, and accompanying O2 depletion, are comparable to or lower than corresponding from untreated biomass. The treatments also cause major compositional shifts in VOCs; emissions of terpenes and native aldehydes decline, but levels of volatile cell wall degradation products (notably furans and aromatics) increase. The severity of the thermal treatment is also important; increases in torrefaction severity increase CO off-gassing from torrefied pine to levels comparable to emissions from conventional pellets, and increase O2 depletion for both torrefied chips and pellets. Both treatment temperature and duration also influence degradation rates and VOC composition. The product cooling technique is influential too; water spraying in addition to heat exchange increased CO2 and VOCs off-gassing from torrefied pine chips, as well as O2 depletion. Moreover, the composition of emitted gases co-varied with pellets’ moisture content; pellets of more severely treated material retained less moisture, regardless of their pre-conditioning moisture content. However, no co-variance was found between off-gassing and pelletization settings, the resulting pellet quality, or storage time of torrefied chips before pelletization. Pelletization of steam-exploded bark increased subsequent VOC off-gassing, and induced compositional shifts relative to emissions from unpelletized steam-exploded material. In addition, CO, CO2 and CH4 off-gassing, and O2 depletion, were positively correlated with the storage temperature of torrefied softwood. Similarly, CO and CH4 emissions from steam-exploded softwood increased with increases in storage temperature, and VOC off-gassing from both torrefied and steam-exploded softwood was more affected by storage temperature than by treatment severity. Levels of CO, CO2 and CH4 increased, while levels of O2 and most VOCs decreased, during storage of both torrefied and steam-exploded softwood.CO, CO2 and O2 levels were more affected by storage time than by treatment severity. Levels of VOCs were not significantly decreased or altered by nitrogen purging of storage spaces of steam-exploded or torrefied softwood, or controlled headspace gas exchange (intermittent ventilation) during storage of steam-exploded bark. In conclusion, rates of off-gassing of CO and CO2 from thermally treated biomass, and associated O2 depletion, are comparable to or lower than corresponding rates for untreated biomass. Thermal treatment induces shifts in both concentrations and profiles of VOCs. It is believed that the knowledge and insights gained provide refined foundations for future research and safe implementation of thermally treated fuels as energy carriers in renewable energy process chains.

The object consists of 3 volumes: two 6-storey academic buildings, interconnected with public space. Simple geometry of complex is formed by the existing urban development. Repeating street directions and continuing visual contact with the housing of the Law Faculty, the building in terms of shape represents letter V and forms enclosed courtyards. In the lower part of the building of the Faculty of Fine Arts there are workrooms, library and repository that are loaded from the north facade. The first three floors are connected by a corridor with a recreational area of public space created for a comfortable communicating and solitary classes. On the other floors there are workshops, studios and studio offices of ceramics, sculpture, metal, photography, printing and 3D-graphics, cabinets of deanery and classrooms. On the top floor, that is 6 m height, there are art studios, additionaly lightened by lanterns on the roof. The housing is designed in that way that it has the open airy atrium, which, along with half-transparent facades, provides natural light in most interiors. Facade structure is highlighted with the shell of the vertical and horizontal aluminum fins and shelves, which gives to a compex an interesting and constantly changing pattern. Unified composition is also highlighted with shades of warm and cold colors of the spectrum. Four underground floors are used for car parking, and the ground flloor of them is given for the operation of the university. In the future, the project also envisages planting of greenery of building facades and of the surrounding area.

Este trabalho dedica-se ao estudo crítico dos condomínios horizontais fechados como manifestações de não-lugares na cidade de Goiânia, no período de 1990-2006. A abordagem é tributária do pensamento de autores que se dedicaram a compreender a cidade contemporânea, destacando-se as reflexões do antropólogo Marc Augé (1994). Essa nova forma de morar, em regiões metropolitanas, imprime no tecido urbano uma configuração morfológica, cujos sinais expressam-se em elementos arquitetônicos tais como: as portarias, os sistemas de segurança, os muros e os elementos paisagísticos, como os lagos e os bosques. Os condomínios horizontais fechados, paraísos de classe média e alta, são constituídos por paisagens bucólicas e pitorescas, que os associa aos resorts e parques temáticos. Orientam-se pelos princípios do New Urbanism, movimento de origem norte-americana, cujas influências localizam-se no século XIX, na concepção da cidade-jardim e do movimento city beautiful. / The dissertation describes a critical study of enclosed residential housing estates based on the idea of condominiums as non-places. The focus of this study was condominiums in the city of Goiânia, Brazil built during the period of 1990-2006. It discusses the hypotheses of authors who dedicated their work to understand the contemporary city. Particular attention is paid to the reflections of the distinguished anthropologist Marc Augé. This new form of living in metropolitan areas presents a new morphologic configuration in the urban space characterized by architectural elements such as: manned main gate, security systems, perimeter walls, areas of leisure and gardens/lakes. The closed condominium is a paradise for the middle and high classes which are widely regarded for their high standard of living but are also typified by the artificial existence such as that founded in holiday resorts and thematic parks. They follow the principles of the New Urbanism, a movement of North American origin and inspired on the 19th century, in the conception of the garden-city and the city beautiful movement.

En plus des aspects électrique, magnétique, vibro-acoustique et mécanique, les considérations thermiques doivent être prises en compte lors des phases de conception et d’optimisation des machines électriques. Ce mémoire se porte sur l’analyse et la simulation du comportement thermique des machines électriques Totalement Fermées et Non Ventilées (TFNV) et plus particulièrement sur le cas de la machine Synchro-réluctante (Synchrel), utilisée comme actionneur d’embrayage. Un modèle thermique détaillé (MTD), décrivant le comportement thermique de la machine Synchrel est conçu. Ce MTD proposé est construit grâce à une combinaison de la méthode à Constantes Localisées (CL) et d’une technique numérique de type Mécanique des Fluides Numériques (MFN). La première méthode est dédiée à la modélisation des transferts conductifs et radiatifs. La seconde permet de modéliser le mécanisme de refroidissement par convection naturelle autour de la machine Synchrel. Compte-tenu de l’importance du mode de refroidissement sur l’évolution des températures critiques, l’approche MFN peut apporter plus de précision. Par contre, elle nécessite des temps de calcul importants ce qui freine son utilisation. Afin de surmonter cette problématique, les résultats numériques obtenus pour des points de fonctionnement particuliers sont utilisés afin de définir des relations de corrélation analytiques. Cette analyse numérique est accompagnée d’une démarche expérimentale afin d’élaborer les corrélations expérimentales correspondantes. L’étude montre que les solutions numériques peuvent converger vers des solutions plus précises si l’on tient compte des données d’incertitudes introduites par cette approche. La deuxième problématique traitée est la détermination des Résistances Thermiques de Contact (RTCs) des machines électriques. Elles constituent des paramètres clefs dans la définition du MTD complet. La démarche de détermination des RTCs est basée sur deux approches d’identification paramétrique. La première est basée sur des observations expérimentales du comportement thermique de la machine. La seconde est basée sur une approche mathématique de réduction de modèle. Les valeurs déterminées sont cohérentes avec la littérature, bien que la machine Synchrel diffère en topologie, taille et puissance. En utilisant la corrélation d’origine numérique du phénomène de convection externe, le MTD complet est alors utilisé afin d’évaluer la variation de température due à l’erreur introduite par la MFN. En utilisant la corrélation expérimentale, le MTD complet est validé. Les approches d’identification paramétrique conduisent à la construction de deux modèles thermiques de second ordre de la machine. Ces modèles permettent la surveillance du comportement thermique du bobinage et du carter. Ces deux modèles simplifiés font montre d’une prédictibilité satisfaisante au regard de leur simplicité. / In addition to electrical, magnetic, vibro-acoustic and mechanical aspects, thermal considerations must be taken into account during the design and optimization of electrical machines. This study focuses on the analysis and the simulation of the thermal behavior of Totally Enclosed Non Ventilated (TENV) electric machines, specifically a Synchro-reluctant motor (Synchrel) in the context of an automotive application : a clutch actuator. A detailed thermal model (MTD) describing the thermal behavior of the Synchrel machine is designed. This proposed MTD is based on a combination of the Lumped Parameter Thermal Network method (LPTN) and the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. The first method is dedicated to model the conductive and radiative heat transfers. CFD techniques are dedicated to model the cooling mechanism based on the natural convection around the Synchrel machine. Since the critical temperature is very sensitive to the cooling mode, the CFD approach is used in this study to provide more accurate results. On the other hand, it requires considerable computing time, which prevents its use in design studies based on optimization methods. In order to overcome this problem, only some numerical results obtained for particular operating points are used to define an analytical correlation based on the numerical calculation relations. This numerical analysis goes with an experimental approach in order to elaborate the corresponding experimental correlations. This study shows that numerical solutions can present a good accuracy, if uncertainty data introduced by this approach are taken into account. The second research problem addressed in this study is the determination of the Contact Thermal Resistances (RTCs), which are key parameters in the definition of the MTD. The determination procedure of the RTCs is based on two parametric identification approaches. The first one is experimental and based on some observations of the thermal behavior of the machine. The second one is based on a mathematical model reduction approach. The determined values are consistent with results from literature, although the Synchrel machine differs in topology, size and power. Using the numerical correlations, the MTD is used to evaluate the temperature deviation due to error terms introduced by the CFD approach. Then, using these experimental correlations, the MTD’s quality can be checked and approved. Parametric identification approaches lead to the construction of two secondorder thermal models of the machine. These models allow monitoring the thermal behavior of the winding and the casing. Both simplified models show satisfactory predictability with respect to their great simplicity.

Este trabalho dedica-se ao estudo crítico dos condomínios horizontais fechados como manifestações de não-lugares na cidade de Goiânia, no período de 1990-2006. A abordagem é tributária do pensamento de autores que se dedicaram a compreender a cidade contemporânea, destacando-se as reflexões do antropólogo Marc Augé (1994). Essa nova forma de morar, em regiões metropolitanas, imprime no tecido urbano uma configuração morfológica, cujos sinais expressam-se em elementos arquitetônicos tais como: as portarias, os sistemas de segurança, os muros e os elementos paisagísticos, como os lagos e os bosques. Os condomínios horizontais fechados, paraísos de classe média e alta, são constituídos por paisagens bucólicas e pitorescas, que os associa aos resorts e parques temáticos. Orientam-se pelos princípios do New Urbanism, movimento de origem norte-americana, cujas influências localizam-se no século XIX, na concepção da cidade-jardim e do movimento city beautiful. / The dissertation describes a critical study of enclosed residential housing estates based on the idea of condominiums as non-places. The focus of this study was condominiums in the city of Goiânia, Brazil built during the period of 1990-2006. It discusses the hypotheses of authors who dedicated their work to understand the contemporary city. Particular attention is paid to the reflections of the distinguished anthropologist Marc Augé. This new form of living in metropolitan areas presents a new morphologic configuration in the urban space characterized by architectural elements such as: manned main gate, security systems, perimeter walls, areas of leisure and gardens/lakes. The closed condominium is a paradise for the middle and high classes which are widely regarded for their high standard of living but are also typified by the artificial existence such as that founded in holiday resorts and thematic parks. They follow the principles of the New Urbanism, a movement of North American origin and inspired on the 19th century, in the conception of the garden-city and the city beautiful movement.

Begreppet slutna utrymmen definieras som ett utrymme utan tillräcklig ventilation, som ej är utformat för kontinuerlig vistelse. Regelverk och flertalet rekommendationer gällande kraven på atmosfäriska mätningar har framtagits för att begränsa riskerna med att gå in i slutna utrymmen men ändå fortsätter olyckor att inträffa, olyckor där just atmosfären är den avgörande faktorn. Den här studien har med hjälp av analysmodellen Human Factors Analysis and Classification System – Maritime Accidents (HFACS-MA) kvalitativt analyserat 14 haverirapporter där personer har omkommit eller blivit svårt skadade på grund av syrebrist eller exponering för toxiska gaser i slutna utrymmen ombord på fartyg och sedan sammanställt resultaten för att få en bild över de främst bidragande anledningarna till olyckorna. Undersökningen har även analyserat räddningsaktionernas kvalitet på olika fartygstyper baserat på resultat från HFACS-MA analyserna och utlåtanden från haveriutredare och har även undersökt vilka förbättringar som kan göras för att räddningsaktioner i slutna utrymmen ska fungera så effektivt som möjligt. Studien fann att de främsta anledningarna till olyckor i slutna utrymmen, där just atmosfären är den avgörande faktorn, är bristande översyn från arbetsledare följt av överträdelser från den enskilde personen och problem med organisationen ombord. Resultaten pekar även på att tankfartyg har bättre räddningsorganisationer är torrlastfartyg, vilket genom jämförelse med andra studier kan härledas till att tankrederier fokuserar mer på säkerhetsledning än torrlastbranschen. Gällande förbättring av räddningsaktioner så har studien kommit fram till att besättningar borde öva mer i slutna utrymmen för att få bättre rutin på räddningsaktionerna så att dessa utförs med kunskap och träning istället för känslor och instinkt. / The term ”Enclosed space” is defined as a space with limited or no ventilation and which is not designed for continuous occupancy. Rules and several recommendations concerning the requirements for atmospheric measurements have been drafted to limit the risks involving enclosed spaces but still, accidents keep occurring, accidents where the atmosphere is the cardinal factor. This study has, with the aid of the analysis module Human Factors Analysis and Classification System – Maritime Accidents (HFACS-MA), qualitatively analyzed 14 accident reports where persons have perished or been severely injured due to lack of oxygen or exposure to toxic gases in enclosed spaces aboard ships. The results have then been compiled to get a broad picture of the most contributing causes for the accidents. The study has also analyzed the rescue operation’s quality on different types of vessels based on the HFACS-MA results and statements from the investigators and the study have also looked at what improvements can be made to ensure that rescue operations in enclosed spaces will work as effectively as possible. The study found that the most contributing causes for accidents in enclosed spaces, where the atmosphere was the cardinal factor, is the lack of supervision from supervisors followed by violations by individuals and organizational issues. The results suggest that tanker vessels have a better rescue organization compared to dry cargo vessels, which by comparison with earlier studies can be explained by the higher focus on safety management by tanker companies compared to dry cargo companies. When it comes to improving rescue operations, this study has concluded that crews should practice more in enclosed spaces in order to get a better routine so that the rescue operations are made based on knowledge and training instead of emotions and instinct.

Este trabalho dedica-se ao estudo crítico dos condomínios horizontais fechados como manifestações de não-lugares na cidade de Goiânia, no período de 1990-2006. A abordagem é tributária do pensamento de autores que se dedicaram a compreender a cidade contemporânea, destacando-se as reflexões do antropólogo Marc Augé (1994). Essa nova forma de morar, em regiões metropolitanas, imprime no tecido urbano uma configuração morfológica, cujos sinais expressam-se em elementos arquitetônicos tais como: as portarias, os sistemas de segurança, os muros e os elementos paisagísticos, como os lagos e os bosques. Os condomínios horizontais fechados, paraísos de classe média e alta, são constituídos por paisagens bucólicas e pitorescas, que os associa aos resorts e parques temáticos. Orientam-se pelos princípios do New Urbanism, movimento de origem norte-americana, cujas influências localizam-se no século XIX, na concepção da cidade-jardim e do movimento city beautiful. / The dissertation describes a critical study of enclosed residential housing estates based on the idea of condominiums as non-places. The focus of this study was condominiums in the city of Goiânia, Brazil built during the period of 1990-2006. It discusses the hypotheses of authors who dedicated their work to understand the contemporary city. Particular attention is paid to the reflections of the distinguished anthropologist Marc Augé. This new form of living in metropolitan areas presents a new morphologic configuration in the urban space characterized by architectural elements such as: manned main gate, security systems, perimeter walls, areas of leisure and gardens/lakes. The closed condominium is a paradise for the middle and high classes which are widely regarded for their high standard of living but are also typified by the artificial existence such as that founded in holiday resorts and thematic parks. They follow the principles of the New Urbanism, a movement of North American origin and inspired on the 19th century, in the conception of the garden-city and the city beautiful movement.