Os efeitos produzidos pela interação da radiação ionizante com os circuitos integrados podem ser classificados em efeitos de eventos únicos (Single Event Effects - SEE), comumente relacionados a problemas transientes, e efeitos de dose total ionizante (Total Ionization Dose - TID), os quais se originam em decorrência do longo tempo de exposição à radiação ionizante. Com relação à proteção desses circuitos, técnicas, como redundâncias temporais e espaciais, podem ser aplicadas a fim de reduzir a ocorrência de eventos transientes. Por outro lado, efeitos de TID e mesmo alguns SEE específicos, como os que causam degradações permanentes do circuito, podem ser atenuados drasticamente através de técnicas propostas em nível de layout. Nesse contexto, este trabalho analisa os conceitos básicos envolvidos na interação da radiação com o transistor MOS, desvios de suas características elétricas e técnicas de atenuação dos efeitos acumulativos aplicadas em níveis de arquitetura de sistemas, de processo de fabricação e de dispositivo. Contudo, este trabalho realiza uma abordagem mais detalhada de técnicas de tolerância em nível de layout. A tolerância em nível de layout do transistor é o resultado da combinação entre tecnologia escolhida agregada ao uso de anéis de guarda (guard rings) e aplicação de técnicas em nível de dispositivo como, por exemplo, a de geometria fechada (enclosed-gate). Este trabalho explora diferentes topologias de geometria fechada analisando diferentes modelagens e estimativas de razão de aspecto (W⁄L). Além disso, todas as análises e propostas apresentadas ao longo deste trabalho levam em conta o ambiente de projeto comercial, de forma que os dispositivos e técnicas propostas possam ser aplicadas e fabricadas utilizando ferramentas de projeto comerciais, respeitando restrições quando a dimensões e espaçamentos entre estruturas de acordo com requisitos comerciais de litografia. Os resultados obtidos corroboram o fato de que ao custo de área é possível que se obtenha um dispositivo mais tolerante à radiação e, neste caso, técnicas de mais alto nível ainda podem ser aplicadas de forma a atingir uma maior eficiência de proteção. / Studies related to ionizing radiation effects into MOS transistors are usually classified into two main groups, Single Event Effects (SEE) and Total Ionization Dose (TID). The former is related to transient effects and the later to the permanent effects which occurs during the whole lifetime of integrated circuits and devices. Architecture level for SEE mitigation techniques usually involves redundancy and majority voters, on the other hand, TID mitigation techniques act avoiding or reducing the weak and critical regions in the layout perspective. In this context this work proposes the analysis of primary physical mechanisms of radiation effects in semiconductor components and MOS transistors by exploring the electrical properties and related degradations. The mitigation (or hardening) techniques are explored not only at the architectural level but also by processes improvements. Nonetheless, this work is primarily focused to achieve a radiation hardened circuit by applying specific changes in the layout perspective making the design named as Radiation Hardened by Design (RHBD). Trading the area and circuit density it is possible to harden the most basic building block of electrical circuits (MOS transistors) and, in this case, by applying higher levels of mitigation techniques it is even possible to harden the entire circuit. Hardening by device is a combination of technology node, use of guard rings and techniques such as Enclosed Layout Transistor (ELT). Thus, this work realizes a comparative study of different proposed models to estimate the effective W/L aspect ratio in ELTs. Moreover, the analysis and approaches presented throughout this work take into account the commercial context, i.e., respecting the commercial Process Design Kits rules.

Os efeitos produzidos pela interação da radiação ionizante com os circuitos integrados podem ser classificados em efeitos de eventos únicos (Single Event Effects - SEE), comumente relacionados a problemas transientes, e efeitos de dose total ionizante (Total Ionization Dose - TID), os quais se originam em decorrência do longo tempo de exposição à radiação ionizante. Com relação à proteção desses circuitos, técnicas, como redundâncias temporais e espaciais, podem ser aplicadas a fim de reduzir a ocorrência de eventos transientes. Por outro lado, efeitos de TID e mesmo alguns SEE específicos, como os que causam degradações permanentes do circuito, podem ser atenuados drasticamente através de técnicas propostas em nível de layout. Nesse contexto, este trabalho analisa os conceitos básicos envolvidos na interação da radiação com o transistor MOS, desvios de suas características elétricas e técnicas de atenuação dos efeitos acumulativos aplicadas em níveis de arquitetura de sistemas, de processo de fabricação e de dispositivo. Contudo, este trabalho realiza uma abordagem mais detalhada de técnicas de tolerância em nível de layout. A tolerância em nível de layout do transistor é o resultado da combinação entre tecnologia escolhida agregada ao uso de anéis de guarda (guard rings) e aplicação de técnicas em nível de dispositivo como, por exemplo, a de geometria fechada (enclosed-gate). Este trabalho explora diferentes topologias de geometria fechada analisando diferentes modelagens e estimativas de razão de aspecto (W⁄L). Além disso, todas as análises e propostas apresentadas ao longo deste trabalho levam em conta o ambiente de projeto comercial, de forma que os dispositivos e técnicas propostas possam ser aplicadas e fabricadas utilizando ferramentas de projeto comerciais, respeitando restrições quando a dimensões e espaçamentos entre estruturas de acordo com requisitos comerciais de litografia. Os resultados obtidos corroboram o fato de que ao custo de área é possível que se obtenha um dispositivo mais tolerante à radiação e, neste caso, técnicas de mais alto nível ainda podem ser aplicadas de forma a atingir uma maior eficiência de proteção. / Studies related to ionizing radiation effects into MOS transistors are usually classified into two main groups, Single Event Effects (SEE) and Total Ionization Dose (TID). The former is related to transient effects and the later to the permanent effects which occurs during the whole lifetime of integrated circuits and devices. Architecture level for SEE mitigation techniques usually involves redundancy and majority voters, on the other hand, TID mitigation techniques act avoiding or reducing the weak and critical regions in the layout perspective. In this context this work proposes the analysis of primary physical mechanisms of radiation effects in semiconductor components and MOS transistors by exploring the electrical properties and related degradations. The mitigation (or hardening) techniques are explored not only at the architectural level but also by processes improvements. Nonetheless, this work is primarily focused to achieve a radiation hardened circuit by applying specific changes in the layout perspective making the design named as Radiation Hardened by Design (RHBD). Trading the area and circuit density it is possible to harden the most basic building block of electrical circuits (MOS transistors) and, in this case, by applying higher levels of mitigation techniques it is even possible to harden the entire circuit. Hardening by device is a combination of technology node, use of guard rings and techniques such as Enclosed Layout Transistor (ELT). Thus, this work realizes a comparative study of different proposed models to estimate the effective W/L aspect ratio in ELTs. Moreover, the analysis and approaches presented throughout this work take into account the commercial context, i.e., respecting the commercial Process Design Kits rules.

Os efeitos produzidos pela interação da radiação ionizante com os circuitos integrados podem ser classificados em efeitos de eventos únicos (Single Event Effects - SEE), comumente relacionados a problemas transientes, e efeitos de dose total ionizante (Total Ionization Dose - TID), os quais se originam em decorrência do longo tempo de exposição à radiação ionizante. Com relação à proteção desses circuitos, técnicas, como redundâncias temporais e espaciais, podem ser aplicadas a fim de reduzir a ocorrência de eventos transientes. Por outro lado, efeitos de TID e mesmo alguns SEE específicos, como os que causam degradações permanentes do circuito, podem ser atenuados drasticamente através de técnicas propostas em nível de layout. Nesse contexto, este trabalho analisa os conceitos básicos envolvidos na interação da radiação com o transistor MOS, desvios de suas características elétricas e técnicas de atenuação dos efeitos acumulativos aplicadas em níveis de arquitetura de sistemas, de processo de fabricação e de dispositivo. Contudo, este trabalho realiza uma abordagem mais detalhada de técnicas de tolerância em nível de layout. A tolerância em nível de layout do transistor é o resultado da combinação entre tecnologia escolhida agregada ao uso de anéis de guarda (guard rings) e aplicação de técnicas em nível de dispositivo como, por exemplo, a de geometria fechada (enclosed-gate). Este trabalho explora diferentes topologias de geometria fechada analisando diferentes modelagens e estimativas de razão de aspecto (W⁄L). Além disso, todas as análises e propostas apresentadas ao longo deste trabalho levam em conta o ambiente de projeto comercial, de forma que os dispositivos e técnicas propostas possam ser aplicadas e fabricadas utilizando ferramentas de projeto comerciais, respeitando restrições quando a dimensões e espaçamentos entre estruturas de acordo com requisitos comerciais de litografia. Os resultados obtidos corroboram o fato de que ao custo de área é possível que se obtenha um dispositivo mais tolerante à radiação e, neste caso, técnicas de mais alto nível ainda podem ser aplicadas de forma a atingir uma maior eficiência de proteção. / Studies related to ionizing radiation effects into MOS transistors are usually classified into two main groups, Single Event Effects (SEE) and Total Ionization Dose (TID). The former is related to transient effects and the later to the permanent effects which occurs during the whole lifetime of integrated circuits and devices. Architecture level for SEE mitigation techniques usually involves redundancy and majority voters, on the other hand, TID mitigation techniques act avoiding or reducing the weak and critical regions in the layout perspective. In this context this work proposes the analysis of primary physical mechanisms of radiation effects in semiconductor components and MOS transistors by exploring the electrical properties and related degradations. The mitigation (or hardening) techniques are explored not only at the architectural level but also by processes improvements. Nonetheless, this work is primarily focused to achieve a radiation hardened circuit by applying specific changes in the layout perspective making the design named as Radiation Hardened by Design (RHBD). Trading the area and circuit density it is possible to harden the most basic building block of electrical circuits (MOS transistors) and, in this case, by applying higher levels of mitigation techniques it is even possible to harden the entire circuit. Hardening by device is a combination of technology node, use of guard rings and techniques such as Enclosed Layout Transistor (ELT). Thus, this work realizes a comparative study of different proposed models to estimate the effective W/L aspect ratio in ELTs. Moreover, the analysis and approaches presented throughout this work take into account the commercial context, i.e., respecting the commercial Process Design Kits rules.

This study examined the differences in decomposition rates and the resulting postmortem submergence interval (PMSI) of stillborn pigs and decapitated adult pig heads enclosed in plastic trash bags. Sixteen neonate pigs were divided into two variable categories: exposed and submerged in water, enclosed in a plastic trash bag and submerged in water. Upon recovery, each sample was assigned a Total Body Score. Eighteen decapitated adult pig heads were divided into two variable categories: nine heads were enclosed in plastic trash bags, and nine heads left exposed in the water. Twelve decapitated pig heads were divided into two terrestrial variable categories: six heads were enclosed in plastic trash bags and allowed to decompose on land, and six heads were left exposed on land. Accumulated degree-days (ADD) were calculated following the scoring guides provided in Moffatt et al. (2016), Megyesi et al. (2005) and Heaton et al. (2010). These guides were used to create a baseline decomposition rate established from the control groups decay rate. This baseline in the decomposition rate was then used to establish a measurable difference between exposed and enclosed samples. It was hypothesized that head samples submerged (enclosed/exposed) would decompose slower than the terrestrial samples (enclosed/exposed). It was further hypothesized that all enclosed/submerged samples would decompose slower than the exposed/terrestrial remains. A univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) test found no statistically significant interactions between submerged, enclosed or exposed remains, indicating that the enclosure of remains in a plastic trash bag, and subsequent submergence or not did not affect the decomposition rate of either sample. An additional ANOVA found statistically significant differences between the rate of neonate sample decomposition and adult head sample decomposition. Paired sample t-tests produced statistically significant results that indicate the inaccuracy of the ADD calculation methods developed by Megyesi et al. (2005) and Heaton et al. (2010) to neonate-sized remains, decapitated heads, submerged enclosed/exposed samples or terrestrial enclosed/exposed samples.

No description available.

The greenhouses play a key role in food sustainable production, the purpose of the greenhouses is to make an artificial suitable environment to grow different kinds of plants. The cost of energy used in the greenhouses to ensure the optimum temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration, makes up a large part of the final cost of food. Due to global warming, the successive energy crises, and the food crises, the need to make the greenhouses more energy efficient and to utilize renewable energy resources is rapidly increasing. The enclosed water curtain cooling system meets the special requirement of the greenhouse cooling system, and it has potential energy savings when it is integrated with other systems such as heat pumps, underground water sources, and surplus heat energy recovery. This system involves two special nylon foils, and a thin layer of water flows between the two foils, the two foils will be stuck to eachother by the cohesive force of the water-detergent mixture, the detergent was added to decrease the water surface tension and ensure the even distribution of the water-detergent mixture over the nylon foils. In this study, an experimental model of the enclosed water curtain was made and two sets of tests were conducted, the first set was at room temperature around 20°C, and the second test was at room temperature around 25.7 °C with an electrical heater, each set contains three tests to measure the cooling capacity of the curtain, and each test takes 2 minutes, the curtain dimensions were height and width of 1.04 m and 1.20 m respectively. By measuring the difference between the average inlet and outlet temperature of the water-detergent mixture before and after the curtain, and the mixture mass flow rate during the test period, the cooling capacityof the curtain was calculated using the energy balance equation.It was found that the curtain cooling capacity increases with the increase of ambient temperature, The large heat transfer area of the curtain which allows using higher water temperature for cooling, and the useful features of the water membrane like the high absorption of the wavelength of infrared and the high transparency of the wavelength of visible light, make this system meets the special requirements of the greenhouses cooling system. However, to be able to apply this system in real-life, the design of the curtain should be improved, and suitable materials should be chosen to make it more reliable. Also, All tests in this study were conducted in the workshop in the absence of solar radiation, therefore, the actual performance of the curtain needs to be evaluated with the presence of solar radiation, to be able to study the effects of the direct and diffuse solar radiation with various spectrum range.

The earliest graves that are found in Sweden is the megaliths, the huge stone monuments created with boulders and open entrances. The megaliths origin is from the Middle Neolithic’s, but they have been reused for several millenniums. The very act of constructing these monumental stone chambers for the dead shows that these monuments were built to last through time. This master’s thesis deals with four different kind of grave types that spans through four different time periods in Southwestern Sweden. After the Middle Neolithic, monumental graves the hällkistan (stone cists), became the dominant grave type during the Late Neolithic. The cist varies in construction, some are meant to be entered but most are closed. During the Bronze Age a new kind of cists continues to be used and new are constructed although the culture tends to create big heaps, cairns, around the cist. During the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age the construction of the graves changes and the cists are instead present on grave fields. The paper compares the similarities between the graves, megalithic tombs, stone cists, cairns and grave fields, in their monumentality, construction, accessibility, content, and focuses heavily on the transmission between the grave types through the theoretical concept of Longue durée. I have also chosen to focus on the tradition of reuse, and Pierre Nora´s theoretical concepts about memory sites and memory environments. The slow slight changes to the grave traditions, constructions and rooms shows changes in ideology of the contemporary culture. My main focus is to identify and discuss the transformation of the grave room, from the Middle Neolithic monumental stone construction to the late Iron Age grave fields. Through my understanding of this process, I argue that the mentioned grave types are the same type of monument that slowly changes through a time span of roughly 4000 years. The changes are visible through very slight and slow processes.

Αναφορές για την υποξία ή ακόμη και την ανοξία, υπήρχαν παγκοσμίως σε όλη τη διάρκεια των γεωλογικών ετών. Ωστόσο, η αρνητική τάση της συγκέντρωσης του οξυγόνου στις θάλασσες, που καταγράφεται μετά το 1950, σε συνδυασμό με τις αυξημένες διαστάσεις που λαμβάνει καθημερνά η υποξία, αλλά και τις δυσοίωνες προβλέψεις για ετήσια μελλοντική μείωση των συγκεντρώσεων του οξυγόνου, έχουν οδηγήσει στο χαρακτηρισμό της ως ένα παγκόσμιο πρόβλημα. Ο συνδυασμός φυσικών και ανθρωπογενών διεργασιών, αλλά και οι αρνητικές επιδράσεις του ευτροφισμού, ως αποτέλεσμα της παροχής μεγάλων ποσοτήτων θρεπτικών αλάτων αζώτου και φωσφόρου, σχετίζονται άμεσα με την παγκόσμια αύξηση των υποξικών περιοχών. Ανάμεσα στα πιο επιρρεπή περιβάλλοντα στην εμφάνιση υποξικών/ανοξικών συνθηκών είναι οι ημί-κλειστοι κόλποι. Η επικράτηση ή ακόμη και η εκδήλωση υποξικών συνθηκών σε ένα τέτοιο περιβάλλον, εκτός από την αρνητική επίδραση που έχει στους οργανισμούς και τα ενδιαιτήματά τους, επηρεάζει άμεσα αφενός την τροφική αλυσίδα και αφετέρου τις βιογεωχημικές διεργασίες που λαμβάνουν χώρα στο εσωτερικό του. Ο Αμβρακικός Κόλπος, αποτελεί ένα χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα ημί-κλειστου κόλπου, τύπου φιόρδ, στη Μεσόγειο, εφόσον το μοναδικό σημείο επικοινωνίας του με την ανοιχτή θάλασσα είναι ο στενός δίαυλος του Ακτίου. Παρά τη σημαντικότητα του συγκεκριμένου περιβάλλοντος, η εξέλιξη και η ανάπτυξη του ανθρώπινου παράγοντα, έχουν οδηγήσει το οικοσύστημα του κόλπου σε ιδιαίτερα οριακό σημείο, υποβαθμίζοντας συνεχώς την ποιότητα των υδάτων του. Σκοπό της συγκεκριμένης διδακτορικής διατριβής, αποτέλεσε η παρακολούθηση, κατανόηση και ερμηνεία του τρόπου λειτουργίας ενός Μεσογειακού κλειστού κόλπου, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της υδροδυναμικής κυκλοφορίας και των φυσικοχημικών διεργασιών που λαμβάνουν χώρα στο εσωτερικό του, καθώς επίσης και η ανάδειξη της δυναμικής και του μηχανισμού δημιουργίας της υποξικής/ανοξικής ζώνης που χαρακτηρίζει ένα τέτοιο περιβάλλον. Για την επίτευξη των προαναφερθέντων, πραγματοποιήθηκε συστηματική παρακολούθηση των φυσικοχημικών, ωκεανογραφικών και μετεωρολογικών χαρακτηριστικών του συστήματος του Αμβρακικού, μέσω μιας σειράς εποχιακών και διμηνιαίων δειγματοληψιών, συνολικής διάρκειας δύο ετών. Επιπρόσθετα, για τις ανάγκες της μελέτης της υδροδυναμικής κυκλοφορίας του κόλπου, προσομοιώθηκε η κυκλοφορία του, χρησιμοποιώντας ένα κατάλληλο τρισδιάστατο αριθμητικό ομοίωμα. Η βαθμονόμηση, η επαλήθευση και η προσομοίωση της υδροδυναμικής του Αμβρακικού, πραγματοποιήθηκε χρησιμοποιώντας δεδομένα, τα οποία και συλλέχθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια των διετών δειγματοληψιών. Η μόνιμη στρωμάτωση της υδάτινης στήλης του κόλπου, σε όλη τη διάρκεια του έτους, ως αποτέλεσμα της παροχής μεγάλων ποσοτήτων γλυκού νερού επιφανειακά, σε συνδυασμό με τον εμπλουτισμό της υδάτινης στήλης με θρεπτικά στοιχεία, είναι οι σημαντικότερες διεργασίες οι οποίες οδήγησαν στην περεταίρω υποβάθμιση του συστήματος τα τελευταία τριάντα χρόνια. Τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά αυτής, είναι η επικράτηση πλέον υποξικών συνθηκών στο μεγαλύτερο τμήμα του κόλπου, καθώς επίσης και η εποχιακή εμφάνιση ανοξικών συνθηκών στο βαθύτερο στρώμα της υδάτινης στήλης. Η δυναμική της υποξικής ζώνης, η οποία αναπτύσσεται στο εσωτερικό του κόλπου, εκφράζεται μέσω ενός ιδιαίτερα γνώριμου προτύπου κυρίως σε παρόμοια περιβάλλοντα (τύπου φιόρδ) των Σκανδιναβικών χωρών, ωστόσο, σπάνιου ή ακόμη και πρωτόγνωρου για τα Μεσογειακά δεδομένα. Η εισροή των υδάτων της ανοιχτής θάλασσας, η οποία λαμβάνει χώρα σαν ένα ρεύμα, πυκνού νερού κοντά στο πυθμένα, είναι η κύρια αιτία εμπλουτισμού των βαθύτερων στρωμάτων του κόλπου με οξυγόνο. Το γεγονός αυτό έχει ως αποτέλεσμα η υδάτινη στήλη να οξυγονώνεται από τα βαθύτερα προς τα ρηχότερα τμήματα αυτής και ένα στρώμα νερού υποξικών/ανοξικών συνθηκών να επιπλέει σε ενδιάμεσα βάθη. Η προσομοίωση της ετήσιας υδροδυναμικής κυκλοφορίας του Αμβρακικού, ενός συστήματος με τόσο ιδιαίτερα μορφολογικά και υδρολογικά χαρακτηριστικά, βοήθησε στην κατανόηση και περιγραφή των υδροδυναμικών διεργασιών που λαμβάνουν χώρα ετησίως και ελέγχουν την οξυγόνωση του βαθύτερου τμήματος της υδάτινης στήλης. Ανάμεσα στις πιο σημαντικές συγκαταλέγονται η διαφορά πυκνότητας μεταξύ των υδάτων της ανοιχτής θάλασσας και του βαθύτερου τμήματος του Αμβρακικού, η οποία σε συνδυασμό με την έκταση του πυκνοκλινούς και την παροχή γλυκού νερού από του δύο ποταμούς που εκβάλλουν στο εσωτερικό, ελέγχουν το βάθος της εισροής και κατ’ επέκταση το βαθμό της οξυγόνωσης του βαθύτερου στρώματος του κόλπου. Από την ολοκληρωμένη παρακολούθηση των χημικών χαρακτηριστικών της υδάτινης στήλης, την εκτίμηση της ποιότητας και της τροφικής κατάστασης των υδάτων του Αμβρακικού, προέκυψε στο συμπέρασμα ότι τελικά ο Αμβρακικός, είναι ένα μεσοτροφικό και εποχιακά ευτροφικό περιβάλλον. Ο ευτροφικός χαρακτήρας του κόλπου, χρονικά συνδέεται άμεσα με την περίοδο των μέγιστων παροχών των ποταμών, υποδεικνύοντας την καθοριστική συμβολή τους στην ποιότητα των υδάτων του κόλπου. / Hypoxic or even anoxic references existed globally throughout the geological age. However, the negative trend of the oxygen concentration is recorded after 1950. This, in combination with the increased dimensions that hypoxia is daily receiving and also ominous predictions for the future annual reduction of its concentrations, have led to the characterization as a global problem. The combination of natural and anthropogenic processes and also the negative effects of eutrophication as a result of the enrichment with large amounts of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, are directly related to the global increase of hypoxic areas. Among the most prone environments in appearance of hypoxic / anoxic conditions are semi-enclosed bays. The dominance or even the appearance of hypoxic conditions in such an environment, apart from the negative impact that it has on organisms and their habitats, directly affects both the food chain and also the biogeochemical processes that take place inside it. Amvrakikos Gulf, is a characteristic example of semi-enclosed bay, fjord-type, in the Mediterranean Sea, as its only connection with the open sea is the narrow inlet of Aktio. Despite the importance of this environment, the evolution and development of human factors have led the ecosystem of the gulf in particular boundary point, degrading constantly the water quality. The main purpose of this thesis, has been the monitoring, understanding and interpretation the mode of operation of a Mediterranean semi-enclosed bay, including hydrodynamic circulation and physicochemical processes that take place inside, as well as highlighting of dynamic and forming mechanism of hypoxic / anoxic zone which characterizes such an environment. In order the above targets to be achieved, a systematic monitoring of physico-chemical, oceanographic and meteorological characteristics of Amvrakikos Gulf takes place, through a series of seasonal and bimonthly samplings, of two years duration. Additionally, for the purposes of the study of hydrodynamic circulation, an appropriate three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was used. The calibration and verification of the hydrodynamic model and the simulation of the hydrodynamic circulation takes place using data, which were collected during the two-year sampling. The permanent stratification of the water column , throughout the year, as a result of the surface enrichment with large quantities of fresh water ,in combination with the water column' s enrichment with nutrients, are the most important processes which lead to further degradation of the system over the last thirty years. The main characteristics of this degradation are the dominance of hypoxic conditions in the greater part of the gulf, and the seasonal occurrence of anoxic conditions in the deepest layer of the water column. The dynamics of the hypoxic zone, which grows inside the gulf, expressed through a very familiar pattern mainly in similar environments (fjord-type) of the Scandinavian countries, however, it is rare or even unprecedented for the Mediterranean area. The inflow of waters of the open sea, which occurs as a stream of dense water near the bottom, is the main reason of enrichment of the deepest layers of the bay with oxygen. This has resulted in the water column to be oxygenated from its deepest to the shallowest parts and a water layer with hypoxic / anoxic conditions to be floated at intermediate depths. The simulation of the annual hydrodynamic circulation of Amvrakikos Gulf, a system with both morphological and hydrological characteristics, helped the understanding and description of hydrodynamic processes that take place annually and monitor the oxygenation of the deepest parts of the water column. Among the most important processes are included the density difference between the waters of the open sea and the deepest part of Amvrakikos Gulf, which combined with the extent of pycnocline and supply of fresh water from the two rivers that flow inside, control the depth of the input and consequently the degree of oxygenation of the deeper layer of the gulf. The comprehensive monitoring of the chemical characteristics of the water column, the assess of the quality and trophic status of waters of Amvrakikos Gulf have shown that eventually Amvrakikos Gulf is a mesotrophic and seasonally eutrophic environment. The eutrophic character of the gulf, is directly related to the period of maximum discharges of rivers, indicating the vital contribution to the water quality of the bay.

Organisational culture is a construct for conceptualising the way people experience and describe their work setting, and can be linked to organisational benefits and employee well-being. Researchers suggest that culture is created through group dynamics and interactions over time, the influence of surrounding environment and the founders of the organisation. This study aims to understand the main aspects of culture creation in semi-enclosed environments, i.e. environments where employees are physically enclosed to their workplace and colleagues without being deprived of their liberty. To fulfil the aim, an explorative, qualitative study of the onboard superyacht environment was conducted. The data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with 31 crew members of various rank and position, employed on superyachts of sizes between 40- 90 meters. The thematical analysis of the interviews found unique characteristics of the environment in terms of customer requirements, work conditions, interactions between crew members and challenges experienced. These findings are discussed in terms of how culture is created through industry impact, crew behaviour and the leader’s role in the organisation. The study concludes that the main important aspects for culture creation in semi-enclosed environments are how relationships, behaviour and identity are shaped by intense interactions due to the enclosed and limited physical space, time spent together and distance from external relations. Furthermore, it is concluded that the industry characteristics create a strong community culture, making the onboard environment on various superyachts fundamentally similar despite not being connected to each other on an organisational level. It is also concluded that the challenges experienced by members in this environment are in line with the these aspects, and therefore closely related to the culture creation. Ultimately, the study found that the environment and superyacht case has great potential for further research. This thesis can therefore be considered a base that outlines the semi-enclosed environment onboard superyachts for future studies. / Organisationskultur kan beskrivas som en konstruktion för hur människor upplever och beskriver sin arbetsmiljö, och kan kopplas till organisatoriska fördelar och de anställdas välmående. Forskare anser att kultur skapas genom gruppdynamik och interaktioner över tid, den omgivande miljöns påverkan samt organisationens grundare. Den här studien ämnar att förstå de huvudsakliga förutsättningarna för kulturskapande i halvslutna miljöer, d.v.s. miljöer där de anställda är fysiskt begränsade till sin arbetsplats och sina kollegor, men utan att vara berövade av sin frihet. För att uppnå detta syfte så har en explorativ, kvalitativ undersökning av miljön ombord superyachts utförts. Datainsamlingen bestod av semi-strukturerade intervjuer med 31 besättningsmedlemmar av varierande rang och position, anställda ombord superyachts i storleksordning 40 meter till 90+ meter. Den tematiska analysen av intervjuerna visade på unika särdrag i miljön ombord i avseende på krav från kunder, arbetsförhållanden, interaktion mellan de anställda och upplevda utmaningar. Dessa resultat diskuteras i samband med kulturskapande genom industripåverkan, de anställdas beteende och ledarens roll i organisationen. Slutsatsen av studien är att de huvudsakliga aspekterna för kulturskapande i halvslutna miljöer är hur relationer, beteende och identitet skapas genom intensiva interaktioner, som uppstår på grund av den fysiskt begränsade miljön, tiden de anställda spenderar tillsammans och avståndet till externa relationer. Vidare så kan det anses att industrins särdrag skapar en stark kultur inom yacht-samfundet, vilket gör att den upplevda miljön ombord olika superyachts i grunden är samma, även om de olika fartygen inte är kopplade till varandra rent organisatoriskt. En annan slutsats från studien är att de utmaningar som anställda upplever ombord relaterar till kulturskapandet. Slutligen så visar studien att miljön, och i synnerhet fallstudien om superyachter, har stor potential för vidare studier. Denna uppsats kan därför anses som en grund till framtida studier om halvslutna miljöer och studier om superyachtorganisationer.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur le problème de l'identification des sources de bruit en espace clos. La motivation principale était de proposer une technique capable de localiser et quantifier les sources de bruit à l'intérieur des véhicules industriels, d'une manière efficace en temps. Dans cette optique, la méthode pourrait être utilisée par les industriels à des fins de réduction de bruit, et donc construire des véhicules plus silencieux. Un modèle simplifié basé sur la formulation par sources équivalentes a été utilisé pour résoudre le problème. Nous montrerons que le problème est mal conditionné, dans le sens où il est très sensible face aux erreurs de mesure, et donc des techniques dites de régularisation sont nécessaires. Une étude détaillée de cette question, en particulier le réglage de ce qu'on appelle de paramètre de régularisation, a été important pour assurer la stabilité de la solution. En particulier, un critère de régularisation basé sur une approche bayésienne s'est montré très robuste pour ajuster le paramètre de régularisation de manière optimale. L'application cible concernant des environnements intérieurs relativement grands, nous a imposé des difficultés supplémentaires, à savoir: (a) le positionnement de l'antenne de capteurs à l'intérieur de l'espace; (b) le nombre d'inconnues (sources potentielles) beaucoup plus important que le nombre de positions de mesure. Une formulation par pondération itérative a ensuite été proposé pour surmonter les problèmes ci-dessus de manière à: (1) corriger pour le positionnement de l'antenne de capteurs dans l'habitacle ; (2) obtenir des résultats corrects en terme de quantification des sources identifiées. Par ailleurs, l'approche itérative nous a conduit à des résultats avec une meilleure résolution spatiale ainsi qu'une meilleure dynamique. Plusieurs études numériques ont été réalisées afin de valider la méthode ainsi que d'évaluer sa sensibilité face aux erreurs de modèle. En particulier, nous avons montré que l'approche est affectée par des conditions non-anéchoïques, dans le sens où les réflexions sont identifiées comme des vraies sources. Une technique de post-traitement qui permet de distinguer entre les chemins directs et réverbérants a été étudiée. La dernière partie de cette thèse porte sur des validations expérimentales et applications pratiques de la méthode. Une antenne sphérique constituée d'une sphère rigide et 31 microphones a été construite pour les tests expérimentaux. Plusieurs validations académiques ont été réalisées dans des environnements semi-anéchoïques, et nous ont illustré les avantages et limites de la méthode. Enfin, l'approche a été testé dans une application pratique, qui a consisté à identifier les sources de bruit ou faiblesses acoustiques à l'intérieur d'un bus. / This thesis is concerned with the problem of noise source identification in closed spaces. The main motivation was to propose a technique which allows to locate and quantify noise sources within industrial vehicles, in a time-effective manner. In turn, the technique might be used by manufacturers for noise abatement purposes such as to provide quieter vehicles. A simplified model based on the equivalent source formulation was used to tackle the problem. It was shown that the problem is ill-conditioned, in the sense that it is very sensitive to errors in measurement data, thus regularization techniques were required. A detailed study of this issue, in particular the tuning of the so-called regularization parameter, was of importance to ensure the stability of the solution. In particular, a Bayesian regularization criterion was shown to be a very robust approach to optimally adjust the regularization parameter in an automated way. The target application concerns very large interior environments, which imposes additional difficulties, namely: (a) the positioning of the measurement array inside the enclosure; (b) a number of unknowns ("candidate" sources) much larger than the number of measurement positions. An iterative weighted formulation was then proposed to overcome the above issues by: first correct for the positioning of the array within the enclosure and second iteratively solve the problem in order to obtain a correct source quantification. In addition, the iterative approach has provided results with an enhanced spatial resolution and dynamic range. Several numerical studies have been carried out to validate the method as well as to evaluate its sensitivity to modeling errors. In particular, it was shown that the approach is affected by non-anechoic conditions, in the sense that reflections are identified as "real" sources. A post-processing technique which helps to distinguish between direct and reverberant paths has been discussed. The last part of the thesis was concerned with experimental validations and practical applications of the method. A custom spherical array consisting of a rigid sphere and 31 microphones has been built for the experimental tests. Several academic experimental validations have been carried out in semi-anechoic environments, which illustrated the advantages and limits of the method. Finally, the approach was tested in a practical application, which consisted in identifying noise sources inside a bus at driving conditions.