Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Price volatility and high dependency on imported petroleum fuel has prompted the Zambian government to look into renewable fuels as part of an energy diversification program. With growing global interest in biofuels as a transportation fuel, the Zambian government intends to introduce bioethanol and biodiesel as renewable fuels in the transportation sector. While it seems feasible to produce both the feedstocks and biofuels to meet local demand, a regulatory framework and industry support mechanisms have not yet been formulated. The policy and regulatory frameworks encompass a multitude of actors, networks and institutions all playing distinct and important roles. Incorporating the differing interests of all these stakeholders is an involving process that requires detailed analysis of agriculture, environmental, energy, socioeconomic and taxation policies. This study attempts to contribute to the biofuels policy formulation process in Zambia. It analyses biofuel policies in leading biofuels producing countries and identifies aspects that the Zambian government should consider incorporating in its own policies to ensure a viable biofuels industry. Biofuel policies in Brazil, Germany and the United States of America were analysed using a detailed case study and extensive literature review. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the Zambian agriculture sector and the demand for petroleum fuel puts into context the potential demand and challenges likely to be faced. By understanding the history and development of biofuels in the case study countries, best practices, problems faced, policy innovations and industry support mechanisms were identified to inform policy formulation in Zambia. This does not only provide valuable insights and lessons but also ensures that time and resources are not wasted by reinventing the wheel. The comparative analysis of policies and support mechanisms in the three case study countries showed that articulating a clear policy objective, government support in the form of subsidies, wide stakeholder involvement and industry regulation have all played a critical role in the development of the industry. However, the extent to which all these factors have helped to shape the industry in Brazil, Germany and the USA is neither equal nor static. Countries are continuously adapting their policies and support mechanisms to environmental, energy and economic conditions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onbestendigheid van pryse en die groot mate van afhanklikheid van ingevoerde petroleumbrandstof het die Zambiese regering aangespoor om ondersoek in te stel na hernubare brandstof as deel van 'n energiediversifiseringsprogram. In die lig van die groeiende globale belangstelling in biobrandstof as vervoerbrandstof, beplan die Zambiese regering om bioetanol en biodiesel as hernubare brandstof in die vervoersektor te begin gebruik. Al lyk dit prakties uitvoerbaar om sowel die voerstof as die biobrandstof te vervaardig om in die plaaslike aanvraag te voorsien, is 'n reguleringsraamwerk en ondersteuningsmeganismes vir die industrie nog nie geskep nie. 'n Menigte rolspelers, netwerke en instellings, wat almal verskillende en belangrike rolle speel, sal betrokke wees by die beleidsformulering en reguleringsraamwerk. Om die uiteenlopende belange van al die betrokke partye in ag te neem is 'n ingewikkelde proses wat sal vereis dat 'n uitvoerige analise gemaak word van landbou-, omgewings-, energie-, sosio-ekonomiese en belastingbeleidsrigtings. Die doelwit van hierdie studie is om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die formuleringsproses van die biobrandstofbeleid in Zambie. Dit analiseer die biobrandstofbeleid van die vooraanstaande lande wat biobrandstof vervaardig, en identifiseer aspekte wat die Zambiese regering in sy beleid behoort in te sluit om 'n lewensvatbare biobrandstofindustrie te verseker. Die biobrandstofbeleid van Brasilie, Duitsland en die Verenigde State van Amerika (VSA) is geanaliseer met behulp van uitvoerige gevallestudies en 'n grondige literatuurstudie. Verder plaas 'n noukeurige analise van die Zambiese landbousektor en die aanvraag na petroleumbrandstof die potensiele aanvraag en uitdagings wat waarskynlik hanteer sal meet word in konteks. Deur insig te verkry in die geskiedenis en ontwikkeling van biobrandstof in die lande waar die gevallestudies gedoen is, kon die beste gebruike, moontlike probleme, nuwe beleidsrigtings en ondersteuningsmeganismes in die bedryf geidentifiseer word om die beleid in Zambie te help formuleer. Dit bied nie slegs waardevolle insig en leergeleenthede nie, maar verseker ook dat tyd en hulpbronne nie vermors word deur die wiel van voor af uit te vind nie. Die vergelykende analise van die beleidsrigtings en ondersteuningsmeganismes in die drie lande waar die gevallestudies gedoen is, het getoon dat 'n duidelik geformuleerde beleidsdoelwit, ondersteuning van die regering in die vorm van subsidies, die algemene betrokkenheid van belanghebbendes en die regulering van die industrie alles 'n uiters belangrike rol gespeel het in die ontwikkeling van hierdie industrie. Die mate waarin al hierdie faktore die industrie in Brasilie, Duitsland en die VSA help vorm het, het egter gewissel en was nooit staties nie. Lande pas voortdurend hulle beleid en ondersteuningsmeganismes aan by omgewings-, energie- en ekonomiese toestande.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Coal export mines in the Mpumalanga Highveld region of South Africa generate growing volumes of discard coal estimated to be in excess of a billion tonnes. It presents a significant pollution hazard. Discard coal has a usable carbon content that can be used in the generation of power through the application of fluidized bed combustion technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate its potential as an economically viable fuel source for generation of electricity at the Witbank coalfields. This study was motivated by advances in fluidized combustion technology and significant changes in the South African electricity market in recent years. A holistic approach was adopted considering regulatory policy, market, technical, environmental and economic factors in the use of discard coal as an alternative fuel source. The policy and regulatory environment was assessed from the perspective of the private sector as project developer and the most likely source of funding, given government’s funding constraints. An evaluation of the future pricing structure of electricity, energy resource mix, demand growth, future development of the coal market, production of discard coal and the cost of coal was conducted. Levelised cost of electricity methodology was used to conduct the economic feasibility for comparison with the cost of Eskom’s pulverised coal technology for its new power stations. The study found that generating electricity from discard coal presents a significant commercial opportunity as its levelised cost of electricity was found to be lower than Eskom’s levelised cost of electricity for its new power stations. Plant sizes of 125 MW to 1 000 MW were considered. For plant capacities of about 500 MW and larger, the cost of electricity was found to be competitive with the current average electricity price taking into account the cost of transmission/distribution and interest charges. This is on condition that the electricity is sold to Eskom or wheeled through Eskom’s grid and sold to third parties. Otherwise, plant capacity will be limited to the maximum demand from large local users, which is expected to be considerably less than 500 MW. Currently there is no regulatory certainty on wheeling mechanisms and charges and it is an area where major policy development is required. The development of a project could be hampered by policy uncertainty and because of Eskom’s monopoly position as single buyer. The favourable results and findings of the economic evaluation conducted during this study warrant further detailed feasibility studies.

Women in rural Nepal are heavily involved in management of energy resources particularly biomass, which constitute the main form of rural energy as is the case in most developing countries. Women's most time consuming activities in rural areas of Nepal are cooking, collecting firewood, and processing grain, all of which are directly associated with the rural energy system. Despite women's strategic interests in improved rural energy in Nepal, energy planners (normally male) rarely consider women's roles, needs, and priorities when planning any interventions on rural energy. This study targeted at rural women in the mid hill region of Nepal, has examined the socio-economic implications of alternative energy technologies (AETs) especially in terms of saving women's labor and time and increasing opportunities for them to participate in social and economic activities. The analysis indicates that there is a positive implication of AETs on women's workload especially with access to the micro hydro mills available in the villages. In general, women have been able to save their labor and time in collecting firewood, and milling activities, although this is not always apparent due to women using the saved time for other household chores. However, AETs were rarely used for promoting end use activities (such as, energy based small cottage industries) in order to enhance women's socio-economic status. In addition, AETs had rather limited coverage and were not able to fulfill the energy demands of all rural households. There were also limitations in the adoption of such technologies mainly due to financial, technical, and social problems. For instance, the solar photovoltaic system and biogas plants were still costly for the poorest households even with subsidies. Consequently, socio-economic gaps within small communities widened and became highly visible with access to such technologies. Women's participation was mainly in terms of their involvement in community organizations (COs) and representation in Village Energy Committees (VECs) rather than their active participation in planning and decision-making processes with regard to AETs. Nevertheless, women were actively involved in providing labor in construction work relating to AETs, and creating and mobilizing saving funds as a means to be involved in small income generating activities associated with AETs. This study ultimately suggests a framework for increasing women's participation in rural energy plans and programs at local and national level, and develops policy measures to enable integration of gender into energy planning and policies. This would help to address practical and strategic gender needs in terms of fulfilling basic energy needs managed by women, and providing them with opportunities to be involved in some social and economic activities, which lead towards the self-enhancement of women.

The dependency on fossil fuels faces resource limitations and sustainability concerns. This situation requires new strategies for greenhouse gas emission management and the development of new sources of energy. This thesis explores fundamental concepts related to carbon geological storage, including CO2-CH4 replacement in hydrate-bearing sediments. In particular it addresses the following phenomena: - Interfacial tension and contact angle in CO2-water-mineral and CH4-water-mineral systems. These data are needed to upscale pore phenomena through the sediment porous network, to define multiphase flow characteristics in enhanced gas recovery operations, and to optimize the injection and storage CO2 in geological formations. - Coupled processes and potential geomechanical implications associated to CH4-CO2 replacement in hydrate bearing sediments. Results include physical monitoring data gathered for CH4 hydrate-bearing sediments during and after CO2 injection. - Performance of cap rocks as trapping structures for CO2 injection sites. This study focuses on clay-CO2-water systems and CO2 breakthrough through highly compacted fine-grained sediments. Long term experiments help evaluate different sediments according to their vulnerability to CO2, predict the likelihood and time-scale of breakthrough, and estimate consequent CO2 leaks.

Thesis (M.S.)--James Madison University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Luiz Roberto Almeida Gabriel / Banca: Geraldo Elvio Balistriero / Banca: Jurandir Savi / Resumo: Neste trabalho procurou-se abordar a importância de novas alternativas para o desenvolvimento sócio-econômico regional. Foi elaborado um estudo de viabilidade econômico-financeira para a utilização do excedente de energia elétrica co-gerada, por uma usina de açúcar e álcool, na região da Alta Paulista, em processos produtivos de leveduras e polpa de frutas. Buscou-se abordar a industrialização desses produtos por serem estes, essencialmente regionais e que, hoje, escoam como insumos, sem valor agregado. Estes podem, passando por simples processos industriais, agregando valor e difundindo riquezas entre a população local. A viabilidade econômica da cadeia produtiva da cana-de-açúcar, no Brasil, deve ser otimizada. As oportunidades que este ciclo deflagrou, devem ser enfatizadas a fim de minimizar os impactos da monocultura da cana. O intuito desse estudo é de focar novas alternativas que venham a gerar riqueza distribuída, que socialize o bem estar econômico, social e ambiental com a utilização de uma fonte de energia limpa e sustentável. O desenvolvimento regional deve ser amparado em vertentes sólidas e que promovam equilíbrio sócio econômico, buscando uma vantagem competitiva para região do estudo com sustentabilidade ambiental. / Abstract: This project deals with the importance of new alternatives for the regional socialeconomic development. A research has been elaborated about the economical and financial viability in the application of the over co-produced energy, by a sugar and alcohol Plant, in Alta Paulista region, in productive processes of yeast sugar and fruit pulp. The industrialization of these products has been demonstrated, mainly because they are essentially regional ones and, nowadays, they are considered inputs without aggregate value .Those can, passing by industrial processes, aggregate value and diffuse wealth among the local people. The economical viability of productive sugar-cane chain, in Brazil, must be optimized. The opportunities which this cycle has deflagrated, must be emphasized to reduce the cane growing impacts. The aim of this study is to focus new alternatives which originate wealth; to socialize the social, economical and environmental well-being, using a clean and sustainable source of energy. The regional development must be consolidate and must promote social-economic balance to obtain a competitive advantage based on environmental sustainability. / Mestre

Orientadores: André Felipe Simões, Gilberto de Martino Jannuzzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T03:02:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Romeiro_VivianeRobertodaSilva_M.pdf: 3136122 bytes, checksum: 0e158602079d2fa1f12475c4fb5a7990 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A utilização racional do uso da energia (considerando sua interface ambiental e social) associada ao aprimoramento do desenvolvimento econômico representa um dos grandes desafios do planejamento energético. No entanto, embora o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo- MDL tenha almejado relativo sucesso no sentido de reduzir as emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa-GEE em alguns escopos setoriais, o setor de eficiência energética não tem sido alvo de relevante investimento desse tipo de projeto. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho baseia-se na premissa de que a inserção de mecanismos programáticos e mais abrangentes de regulação representaria um potencial para reestruturar o cenário de implementação do MDL em escopos setoriais com menor índice de participação, como transportes e eficiência energética. Ainda, a nova abordagem subsidiada pelas Ações de Mitigação Apropriadas Nacionalmente (NAMA's), ou Nationally Apropriate Mitigation Actions, representa uma opção promissora para financiamento internacional que poderia atuar concomitantemente a alguns mecanismos (especificamente os projetos e programas MDL) para reaplicar projetos em eficiência do uso da energia. O objetivo principal da dissertação é analisar em que medida a evolução dos instrumentos regulatórios do clima criados pela Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas para a Mudança do Clima (CQNUMC) está contribuindo para aprimorar a eficiência energética de uso final nos países em desenvolvimento. Partindo de uma pesquisa teórica e qualitativa, metodologicamente foi realizado estudo do Marcelo regulatório de proteção ao clima no âmbito dos países em desenvolvimento. Observou-se que a governança climática está sendo gradualmente inserida em uma perspectiva além da visão mercadológica, aportando mecanismos mais abrangentes e programáticos que imputam maior interferência do setor público em relação ao mercado (setor privado), que tem se apresentado com muitas limitações / Abstract: The rational use of energy, associated with economic development improvement, represents one of the most challenges in the energy planning context. Although the Clean Development Mechanism - CDM has got a relative success by reducing Greenhouse Gases Emissions- GGE, energy efficiency has not been considered yet as a strategic measure for significant investments. This work assumes that an inclusion of programmatic mechanisms and a more comprehensive regulation tools could represent a potential to maximize the CDM in areas with low participation, such as transport and energy efficiency. Also, the new approach by the Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA's) emerges as a promising option for international funding that could be combined with other mechanisms. In this way, the aim of this thesis is to analyze how the evolution of climate change regulation proposed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is contributing to enhance energy efficiency actions in developing countries. Methodologically, it was made a bibliographic review from an analytical perspective of the carbon market framework in developing countries. As a result, it was observed that the climate governance has been gradually inserted in a more comprehensive and programmatic structure attributing more interference from the public sector instead of the private sector (which has been presenting many limitations) / Mestrado / Engenharia Mecanica / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Orientador: Carla Kazue Nakao Carvaliero / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T04:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_AndreFrazao_M.pdf: 351601 bytes, checksum: 3451aec5763178d2db19b2fff690c6a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho procurou-se enquadrar a geração de energia elétrica para as comunidades isoladas do interior do Estado do Amazonas em um contexto de desenvolvimento endógeno. Para isso, inicialmente explicou-se quais as características dos modelos de desenvolvimento adotados para o mesmo Estado, evidenciando as conseqüências socioeconômicas na atualidade para o interior do Amazonas. Logo após mostrou-se as características atuais socioeconômicas e energéticas do interior do Estado em questão, evidenciando a estagnação econômica e a exclusão energética destas comunidades, mostrando ainda as potencialidades regionais possivelmente aproveitáveis e o potencial energético local. Desta forma, propõe-se um desenvolvimento regional local, com a inclusão da geração de energia elétrica para estas comunidades em um contexto de desenvolvimento, e não de forma isolada como proposto pelo programa de eletrificação do Governo Federal ¿Luz Para Todos¿ / Abstract: This work was developed to fit the generation of electric energy for the isolated communities of the interior of the Amazonas State in a context of endogenous development. Initially, the characteristics of the adopted models of development for the Amazonas State were explained with a focus on the social and economic consequences for the interior of Amazonas. The next step was to reveal the actual social, economic and energy characteristics of the interior of the State in question, revealing the economic stagnation and energy exclusion of these communities. The regional potentialities and the local energy potential were also taken into consideration. Based on the research mentioned above, a regional development is proposed, with the inclusion of the generation of electric energy for these communities in a context of development, rather than the isolated form proposed in the federal government electrification program of "Luz Para Todos" (Light For All) / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos

Orientador: Guilherme de Castilho Queiroz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T18:54:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaJunior_HerculanoXavierda_D.pdf: 13150653 bytes, checksum: ff48b993229274a8479c789d62c02244 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O objetivo desta Tese é criar uma metodologia de identificação, classificação e seleção dos refrigeradores de 1 porta de acordo com critérios ambientais e socioeconômicos a serem propostos e estabelecidos num Programa de Rotulagem Ambiental Brasileiro, para avaliar o atual patamar evolutivo do Setor, as possibilidades de melhoria da qualidade ambiental e os ganhos, tanto ambientais quanto socioeconômicos e energéticos, com a substituição do parque de refrigeradores residenciais. A metodologia foi dividida em duas partes principais: a 1ª Parte é responsável pela metodologia de identificação, classificação e seleção dos refrigeradores para concessão do Rótulo Ambiental Brasileiro. Tal metodologia foi desenvolvida seguindo os conceitos de Ciclo de Vida do Produto, análise de risco e princípio de Pareto. A 2ª Parte - "Ganhos Globais", é focada no desenvolvimento da metodologia de análise técnico-econômica que fornece os resultados das possíveis economias alcançadas com a simulação da substituição do parque de refrigeradores antigos do País. Os resultados alcançados com a simulação da metodologia desenvolvida apresentam importantes dados para subsidiar o desenvolvimento de um Programa de Rotulagem Ambiental Brasileiro para refrigeradores residenciais. Uma conclusão importante é a necessidade de se olhar com mais cuidado para os gases contidos nos refrigeradores antigos e/ou usados nos novos cujo potencial de aquecimento global apresenta-se consideravelmente alto. Diante disto, este estudo de Tese pode ser utilizado como auxílio aos planejadores e/ou tomadores de decisão no tocante à realização de planejamentos estratégicos tanto para o governo (no auxílio à formação de políticas públicas), quanto para o setor industrial, para auxiliar em linhas de pesquisas de desenvolvimento de produtos (refrigeradores) com menor impacto ambiental, em benefício da sociedade / Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to create a methodology to identify, rank and select one-door refrigerators in accordance to environmental and socioeconomic criteria set by a Brazilian Ecolabelling Programme, to identify the current status of the Sector, the possibilities of improvements in environmental quality and the gains, either environmental, economic or in terms of energy savings, by replacing the household refrigerators stock. The methodology was divided in two main parts: the first part presents the methodology for the identification, ranking and selection of the refrigerators to concede the Brazilian Ecolabel. This methodology was developed based on the concepts of Product Life Cycle, risk analysis and Pareto principle; the second part ("Global Gains") is focused on the development of the technical-economic analysis methodology that will provide the results of the potential savings with the simulation of the replacing of the country' stock of old refrigerators. The results achieved by the simulation of the methodology developed in this study provide important data to subsidize the development of the Brazilian Ecolabelling Programme for household refrigerators. An important conclusion is the need to take a closer look at the gases contained in old refrigerators and/or in new refrigerators, which present considerably high Global Warming Potential. Thus, this Thesis can contribute to assist planners and decision makers in developing strategic plans either by the government (development of public policies) or by the industrial sector to assist the definition of the Products Research and Development activities (refrigerators) with smaller environmental impact, to benefit society / Doutorado / Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Orientador: Gilberto de Martino Jannuzzi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T21:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GorensteinDedecca_Joao_M.pdf: 1256225 bytes, checksum: d8985565d3b008d0a9e5f1a65f60c4ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho utilizou o método de análise hierárquica (AHP, amplamente aplicado ao estudo de questões energéticas) e entrevistas para identificar as principais barreiras ao desenvolvimento eólico na Argentina e no Brasil, segundo a percepção de especialistas de ambos os países, com o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia que pode ser aplicada ao estudo de outras tecnologias emergentes de geração. A metodologia indicou haver grande concordância entre os resultados das entrevistas e da aplicação do AHP, além de cada ferramenta complementar as principais contribuições da outra. Muitas barreiras identificadas resultam da formatação dos setores elétricos, identificando-se, contudo, um maior consenso sobre as barreiras entre especialistas argentinos. Este trabalho identificou também a tendência de manutenção do desenvolvimento da geração eolioelétrica nos dois países, apesar das barreiras levantadas e da percepção de implantação de medidas paliativas no sistema elétrico argentino, com a falta de medidas mais abrangentes / Abstract: This study used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP, largely used in the study of energy matters) and interviews to identify the main barriers to the development of wind power in Argentina and Brazil, according to the perceptions of specialists from both countries, with the development of a methodology that may be applied to the study of other emerging power generation technologies. The methodology indicated a great consistency between results from interviews and the application of the AHP, besides each tool complementing the other's main contributions. Many identified barriers result from the configuration of the power sectors, although a greater consensus on barriers was seen among Argentinean specialists. This study also identified the tendency of maintenance of the development of wind power generation in both countries, in spite of the surveyed barriers and the perception of the implantation of palliative measures to the Argentinean power sections, in detriment of more comprehensive measures / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos