Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O uso combinado de etanol e bebidas energéticas tem aumentado entre adolescentes. Além disso, estudos epidemiológicos indicam que o co-uso aumenta a probabilidade de consumo abusivo e dependência de etanol. Apesar disso, pouco se sabe sobre as consequências neurocomportamentais da co-exposição no cérebro adolescente. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o curso temporal dos efeitos agudos da exposição à bebida energética e/ou etanol na atividade motora e ansiedade no teste de campo aberto, como também, os efeitos agudos ou prolongados sobre aprendizagem/memória e coordenação motora em camundongos adolescentes. Camundongos Suíços foram divididos em 4 grupos: bebidas energéticas e etanol, bebida energética, etanol e água. Três estudos separados foram conduzidos para avaliar cada um dos objetivos específicos deste trabalho. No primeiro estudo, realizado em PN40, os animais receberam a administração de bebida energética (8 ml/kg) e/ou etanol (4 g/kg) por gavagem e após 55 minutos foram submetidos ao teste do campo aberto (sessão 1). Outras duas sessões foram realizadas em sequência usando a metade da dose inicial (sessão 2 e 3). Nos estudos 2 e 3, estudamos os efeitos agudos (PN40) e crônicos (exposição de PN30-40) sobre o teste de esquiva passiva (0,3 mA, 3 s) e sobre o desempenho no teste do cilíndro giratório (sessão de treinamento e após 1 e 3 horas da gavagem das drogas). Em ambos os casos, a dose de bebida energética (8 ml/kg) e/ou etanol (4 g/kg) foi administrada. No teste da esquiva passiva, as sessões de treino e retenção foram realizadas 1 e 24 horas após a administração da droga, respectivamente. No teste do Rotarod, cada sessão foi constituída por 5 tentativas em modelo de aceleramento contínuo (4 a 40 rpm/min em uma tentativa de 2 min). Os nossos dados indicam que a exposição concomitante a bebida energética potencializa o efeito de hiperatividade induzido pelo etanol, como também, gera uma resposta ansiogênica no teste do campo aberto. A exposição aguda ao etanol induz déficit de memória/aprendizagem que não é revertida pela BE. A co-exposição aguda a bebida energética e etanol prolongou incoordenação motora induzida pelo etanol. No entanto, a bebda energética reverteu o comprometimento da coordenação motora gerada pela exposição crônica de etanol em camundongos fêmeas. O presente estudo fornece evidência experimental de que bebida energética e etanol interagem durante a adolescência, resultando em padrões de comportamento que poderiam aumentar o risco de desenvolvimento de abuso ou dependência de etanol. Além disso, os dados indicaram que a exposição aguda à bebida energética não atenuou as consequências negativas geradas pela etanol no desempenho do motor e cognitivo. / The combined use of ethanol and energy drinks has increased among adolescents. Furthermore, epidemiological studies indicate that the co-use increases the likelihood of abuse and ethanol dependence. Nevertheless, little is known about the neurobehavioral effects of co-exposure in adolescent brain. This study aims to evaluate the time course of the acute effects of exposure to energy drink and / or ethanol in motor activity and anxiety in the open field test, but also acute or prolonged effects on learning/memory and motor coordination in mice teens. Swiss mice were divided into 4 groups: ethanol and energy drinks, energy drinks, ethanol and water. Three separate studies were conducted to evaluate each of the specific objectives of this work. In the first study, conducted in PN40, animals received the energy drink administration (8 ml/kg) and / or ethanol (4 g/kg) by gavage and after 55 minutes were subjected to the open field test (session 1). Other two sessions were conducted in sequence using half of the initial dose (session 2 and 3). In trials 2 and 3, we studied the acute effects (PN40) and chronic (exposure PN30-40) on the passive avoidance test (0.3 mA, 3s) and the test performance of the rotary cylinder (training session and 1 and 3 hours after the gavage of drugs). In both cases, the dose of energy drink (8 ml/kg) and / or ethanol (4 g/kg) was administered. In the test of passive avoidance training sessions and the retention were made 1 and 24 hours after drug administration, respectively. In the Rotarod test, each session consisted of 5 trials continuous acceleration model (4 to 40 rpm / min in an attempt to 2 min). Our data indicate that the concurrent exposure to energy drink enhances the effect hyperactivity induced by ethanol, as also, it generates an anxiogenic response in the Open Field test. Acute ethanol exposure induces memory/learning deficits that is not reversed by BE. Acute co-exposure to energy drink and ethanol prolonged incoordination induced by ethanol. However, energy drink reversed the impairment of motor coordination generated by chronic exposure of ethanol in female mice. This study provides experimental evidence that energy drink and ethanol interact during adolescence, resulting in behavioral patterns that could increase the risk of abuse or dependence on ethanol. In addition, the data indicated that acute exposure to energy drink did not attenuate the negative consequences generated by ethanol in motor performance and cognitive.

El presente estudio de prefactibilidad tiene como objetivo principal el establecer la viabilidad técnica, económica, social y de mercado para la implementación de una planta destinada a la elaboración de bebidas energizantes a base de caña de azúcar y manzana; para lo cual se realizó el análisis de los aspectos determinantes, / Trabajo de investigación

Diploma thesis analyses current marketing strategy of Big Shock! brand, active on the energetic products market. It includes competition monitoring, consumer behaviour study and the latest trends on the energy drinks market in the Czech Republic. Part of the thesis is based on my own quantitative on-line research among energy drinks consumers. The conclusion contains current strategy analysis and some recommendations ensuing either of the market development and research made.

The aim of this thesis is the development and preparation of a new energy drink. The theoretical part of the thesis focuses on the comparison of the drinks available in market, the presentation of the main active ingredients and the proposal of enriching the new energy drink. It also describes the possibility of using an encapsulation and the method used to determine specific compound in energy drink or encapsulated particles. In the experimental part of the work, at the beginning, the main content of energy drinks were characterized, for instance caffeine, sugar, polyphenol and vitamin C. Subsequently the energy drink based on selected types of loose teas that were enriched with the encapsulated extract of acai, acerola, maca, goji and ginseng was designed. All extracts contained large amounts of polyphenols and antioxidants. In addition, acerola extracts contained very high amounts of vitamin C. Two types of particles, alginate particles and liposomes were prepared for encapsulation. For all particles, encapsulation efficiency, size, stability, and antioxidant activity were determined. Long-term stability was then monitored within three months. The particles were also exposed to artificial gastric, pancreatic and bile juice. All tested particles showed very good encapsulation efficiency. In terms of long-term storage stability in an aqueous environment. Particularly liposome particles, which also showed high stability by zeta potential measurement, were suitable. On the contrary, in case of alginate particles, when stored in an aqueous medium, the release of active substances occurred. Finally, an energy drink was created and subjected to sensory analysis. The best energy drink was based on black or green tea with alginate particles acai, goji and ginseng.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Energidrycker har blivit en del av dagens konsumtionskultur och har gått från att vara en enkel läskedryck till att innehålla uppiggande ämnen som koffein, taurin, B-vitaminer, guarana och ginseng. Energidryckens popularitet sträcker sig över olika åldersgrupper och sammanhang. Denna dryckeskategori har väckt oro från både forskare och samhället, särskilt med avseende på dess påverkan på hälsan och dess likheter med läkemedel. Energidrycker har utvecklats till en omdiskuterad produktkategori, som förenar hälsoperspektiv, marknadsföringsfrågor och regleringar, vilket har frammanat behov av forskning och debatt inom området. Syfte: Att undersöka vilken utsträckning samt vilka motiv det finns bakom att ungdomar i åk 9 dricker energidryck.  Metod: Studien genomfördes med en webbenkät via Forms med elever i åk 9. Data bearbetades i Excel och redovisades deskriptivt. Resultat: Deltagarna i studien var 229 ungdomar i åk 9. Av dessa uppgav 82% (n=188) att de smakat energidryck. Medelåldern för första gången ungdomar smakade energidryck var 12,0 (±2,2) år. 45% (n=83) drack energidryck färre än en dag i veckan och 38% (n=71) drack energidryck 1 – 4 dagar/vecka. Gällande mängden ungdomarna drack var det 70% (n=129) som drack en burk/tillfälle. De främsta motiven för konsumtion av energidryck var smak, för att bli pigg och för att få extra energi. Ungdomarna drack energidryck mestadels i hemmet eller hos kompisar. Märket och priset var de vanligaste anledningarna till inköp av energidryck. 82% (n=151) av ungdomarnas föräldrar visste om deras konsumtion av energidryck varav 29% (n=51) inte tyckte om konsumtionen. Slutsats: Denna studie visar att en betydande majoritet av ungdomarna har provat energidrycker vid en medelålder på 12 år, trots att finns en rekommenderad åldersgräns på 15 år vid inköp av energidryck. De flesta ungdomarna konsumerade energidryck mer sällan och i mindre mängder, men det fanns även en betydande andel som konsumerade dem regelbundet och i större kvantiteter. Den omfattande digitala marknadsföringen av energidrycker riktad mot ungdomar kan vara en viktig påverkansfaktor som behöver regleras. Studien identifierar även könsskillnader i konsumtionen (ej statistiskt testat) där pojkar tenderade att dricka energidrycker något oftare och i större mängder än flickor. Föräldrars medvetenhet och acceptans av ungdomars konsumtion indikerar behovet av ökad förståelse hos vuxna om energidryckers påverkan på ungdomars välmående. / Abstract Background: Energy drinks have become a part of today's consumer culture and have gone from being a simple soft drink to containing stimulants such as caffeine, taurine, B vitamins, guarana, and ginseng. The popularity of energy drinks spans different age groups and contexts. This beverage category has raised concerns from both scientists and society, especially with regard to its impact on health and its similarities to pharmaceuticals. Energy drinks have developed into a controversial product category, combining health perspectives, marketing issues and regulations, which has prompted the need for research and debate in the field.  Aim: To investigate the extent and motives behind young people in grade 9 drinking energy drinks. Method: The study was conducted with a web survey via Forms with students in grade 9. The data was processed in Excel and reported descriptively.  Results: The participants in the study were 229 adolescents in grade 9. Of these, 82% (n=188) stated that they had tasted energy drinks. The average age at which young people first tasted energy drinks was 12.0 (±2.2) years. 45% (n=83) drank less energy drinks than one day a week and 38% (n=71) drank energy drinks 1-4 days/week. Regarding the amount the adolescents drank, 70% (n=129) drank one can/occasion. The main motives for the consumption of energy drinks were taste, to get alert and to get extra energy. The adolescents drank energy drinks mostly at home or at friends' houses. The brand and price were the most common reasons for purchasing energy drinks. 82% (n=151) of the adolescents' parents knew about their consumption of energy drinks, although 29% (n=51) did not like it.  Conclusion: This study shows that a significant majority of adolescents have tried energy drinks at an average age of 12 years, despite the fact that there is a recommended age limit of 15 years when purchasing energy drinks. Most of the adolescents consumed energy drinks less often and in smaller amounts, but there was also a significant proportion who consumed them regularly and in larger quantities. The extensive digital marketing of energy drinks aimed at young people may be an important influencing factor that needs to be regulated. The study also identifies gender differences in consumption (not statistically tested) where boys tended to drink energy drinks slightly more often and in larger amounts than girls. Parents' awareness and acceptance of adolescent consumption indicates the need for increased understanding among adults about the impact of energy drinks on adolescent well-being.

Caffeine is the most widely consumed socially acceptable drug in the world and is commonly used for its ergogenic properties with demonstrated performance enhancing effects in endurance, power and strength based activities. Despite a wealth of evidence concluding a caffeine induced performance benefit, the direct effects of the drug on peripheral physiological processes have not been fully examined. Early works showed high dose caffeine has direct force potentiating effect on skeletal muscle, a notion that has only recently been confirmed by James et al. (2005) to also occur at a maximal human physiological concentration (70µM). The present research, using mouse muscle as a model for mammalian muscle in general, provides an in-depth assessment of the direct effect of physiological concentrations of caffeine on isolated skeletal muscle performance. This research uniquely: quantifies the dose response relationship; assesses the effects of caffeine on maximal and sub maximal muscle power output and fatigue; looks at the relationship between muscles with different fiber type compositions. As high concentrations of caffeine and taurine are a constituent of many energy drinks, the suggested interaction of these ingredients to further potentiate muscle mechanical performance was also assessed. The study further examines how mammalian muscle mechanical properties change over an age range of development to aged, and how this differs between muscles with predominantly different anatomical locations and functions. In light of this the age related direct effect of physiological concentrations of caffeine was assessed in order to examine whether the ergogenic benefit changed with age. The present results demonstrate a direct muscle performance enhancing effect of physiological concentrations of caffeine that is likely to promote greater benefit on long duration endurance based activities. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates that there is no direct effect of physiological concentrations of taurine and no further performance enhancing benefit when combined with caffeine. Finally this research uniquely highlights the muscle specific age related changes in mechanical performance and further indicates that the direct effect of caffeine changes with age.

INTRODUÇÃO O consumo de álcool combinado com bebidas energéticas (AmED) tem se mostrado associado tanto a um padrão pesado de ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas, quanto a comportamentos de risco no trânsito (CRTs) entre jovens adultos. Devido ao grave impacto causado pelas incapacidades e mortes no trânsito serem decorrentes de comportamentos previsíveis e em grande parte evitáveis, o presente estudo procura investigar a influência do consumo de AmED sobre os comportamentos de risco no trânsito entre os motoristas de caminhão. MÉTODOS Dados de uma amostra de profissionais que trafegavam pelas rodovias do Estado de São Paulo entre junho de 2012 e setembro de 2013 (N=535) foram separados em três grupos: (a) os que afirmaram ingerir AmED (n=90), (b) que relataram consumir apenas bebidas alcoólicas (n=326) e (c) o restante da amostra (n=445). Análises bivariadas foram realizadas com os relatos positivos nos últimos 12 meses que antecederam a pesquisa. O nível de significância foi estipulado para um alfa de 5% e, posteriormente, a analise múltipla utilizou a regressão logística. RESULTADOS Comparando os condutores que ingeriram AmED com os que consumiram apenas bebidas alcoólicas, os primeiros tiveram mais chances de possuir idades entre 20 e 24 anos (OR=3,3), de trabalhar como profissional a menos de 5 anos (OR=2,5), apresentaram maiores riscos de dirigir sem cinto de segurança (OR=2,2), em alta velocidade (OR=1,9), ter brigado ou discutido no trânsito (OR=2,1), ter consumido bebidas alcoólicas em um padrão pesado (OR=3,4), bebendo mais doses alcoólicas por ocasião (mediana 5 vs 2 doses, p < 0,008); em maior frequência (OR=1,9), bebendo mais frequentemente no padrão binge drinking (OR=2,3) e consumindo drogas ilícitas em maior frequência (OR=2,3), além de maiores chances de apresentar uma qualidade de sono ruim (OR=1,7). Comparados ao restante da amostra, observou-se que os motoristas de caminhão que ingeriram AmED apresentaram maior risco de dirigir sem cinto de segurança (OR=2,2), em alta velocidade (OR=1,9), alcoolizado (OR=2,6), de brigar ou discutir no trânsito (OR=2,0), apresentaram maiores chances de ingerir mais doses alcoólicas por ocasião (medianas 5 vs 2 doses, p < 0,001), beber mais frequentemente (OR=2,6), inclusive no padrão binge drinking (OR=2,1), também em maior frequência em binge drinking (OR=3,2), consumir álcool em um padrão pesado (OR=3,4) e usar drogas ilícitas (OR=2,6). A regressão logística ajustada por idade indicou que os motoristas que brigaram ou discutiram no trânsito (OR=2,2), que dirigiram sem cinto de segurança (OR=1,9) e que relataram o uso de drogas ilícitas nos últimos 12 meses (OR=2,0) tiveram maiores chances de ter ingerido AmED. CONCLUSÃO O estudo indica uma associação entre a ingestão conjunta de álcool com bebidas energéticas e maiores chances de apresentar CRTs. São necessários investimentos em pesquisas e ações preventivas voltadas para essa população / INTRODUCTION: Consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has been shown associated with both a heavy pattern of alcohol intake as well as the traffic risk behaviors (TRB) among young adults. Due to the serious impact caused by disabilities and traffic deaths arising from predictable and largely preventable behaviors, the present study investigates the influence of AmED consumption on traffic risk behaviors among truck drivers. METHODS: Data from a sample of professional driving along the highways of the State of São Paulo (Brazil) between June 2012 and September 2013 (N=535) were divided into three groups: (a) those who reported drinking AmED (n=90), (b) who reported consuming alcohol only (n=326) and (c) the rest of the sample (n=445). Bivariate analyzes were performed with positive reports in the last 12 months preceding the survey. The level of significance was set for an alpha of 5% and, subsequently, it was made a multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Comparing the drivers who drink AmED with those who consumed only alcohol, the first were more likely to have between 20 and 24 years (OR=3.3), to work as a professional less than five years (OR=2.5), had higher risks of driving without a seat belt (OR=2.2), in high speed (OR=1.9), have a fight or discussion in traffic (OR=2.1), having consumed alcohol in a heavy pattern (OR=3.4), drinking more alcoholic drinks per occasion (median 5 vs 2 doses, p < 0.008); at higher frequency (OR=1.9), more often in binge drinking (OR=2.3), consuming illicit drugs more frequently (OR=2.3), as well as more likely to have a bad quality sleep (OR=1.7). Compared to the rest of the sample, it was found that truck drivers who drink AmED had higher risk of driving without a seat belt (OR=2.2), in high speed (OR=1.9), drunk (OR=2 , 6), to fight or discuss in traffic (OR=2.0), were more likely to consume more alcoholic drinks per occasion (median 5 vs 2 doses, p < 0.001), drinking more often (OR=2.6), including in binge drinking (OR=2.1), also in higher frequency in binge drinking (OR=3.2), consuming alcohol in a heavy pattern (OR=3.4) and use illicit drugs (OR=2 6). Logistic regression adjusted for age indicated that drivers who fought or discussed in traffic (OR = 2.2), which drove without a seat belt (OR = 1.9) and that reported using illicit drugs in the last 12 months (OR = 2.0) had higher chances of having ingested AmED. CONCLUSION: This study indicates an association between the combined intake of alcohol with energy drinks and more likely to have TRBs. Investment is needed in research and preventive actions for this population

In this research it was found that the most frequently consumed caffeine drink by the student (men) JU is a tea and caffeinated drinks are most often consumed for thein taste. Processing research results also revelaed that caffeinated drinks have not a hight proportion of respondents it the drinking regime.

INTRODUÇÃO O consumo de álcool combinado com bebidas energéticas (AmED) tem se mostrado associado tanto a um padrão pesado de ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas, quanto a comportamentos de risco no trânsito (CRTs) entre jovens adultos. Devido ao grave impacto causado pelas incapacidades e mortes no trânsito serem decorrentes de comportamentos previsíveis e em grande parte evitáveis, o presente estudo procura investigar a influência do consumo de AmED sobre os comportamentos de risco no trânsito entre os motoristas de caminhão. MÉTODOS Dados de uma amostra de profissionais que trafegavam pelas rodovias do Estado de São Paulo entre junho de 2012 e setembro de 2013 (N=535) foram separados em três grupos: (a) os que afirmaram ingerir AmED (n=90), (b) que relataram consumir apenas bebidas alcoólicas (n=326) e (c) o restante da amostra (n=445). Análises bivariadas foram realizadas com os relatos positivos nos últimos 12 meses que antecederam a pesquisa. O nível de significância foi estipulado para um alfa de 5% e, posteriormente, a analise múltipla utilizou a regressão logística. RESULTADOS Comparando os condutores que ingeriram AmED com os que consumiram apenas bebidas alcoólicas, os primeiros tiveram mais chances de possuir idades entre 20 e 24 anos (OR=3,3), de trabalhar como profissional a menos de 5 anos (OR=2,5), apresentaram maiores riscos de dirigir sem cinto de segurança (OR=2,2), em alta velocidade (OR=1,9), ter brigado ou discutido no trânsito (OR=2,1), ter consumido bebidas alcoólicas em um padrão pesado (OR=3,4), bebendo mais doses alcoólicas por ocasião (mediana 5 vs 2 doses, p < 0,008); em maior frequência (OR=1,9), bebendo mais frequentemente no padrão binge drinking (OR=2,3) e consumindo drogas ilícitas em maior frequência (OR=2,3), além de maiores chances de apresentar uma qualidade de sono ruim (OR=1,7). Comparados ao restante da amostra, observou-se que os motoristas de caminhão que ingeriram AmED apresentaram maior risco de dirigir sem cinto de segurança (OR=2,2), em alta velocidade (OR=1,9), alcoolizado (OR=2,6), de brigar ou discutir no trânsito (OR=2,0), apresentaram maiores chances de ingerir mais doses alcoólicas por ocasião (medianas 5 vs 2 doses, p < 0,001), beber mais frequentemente (OR=2,6), inclusive no padrão binge drinking (OR=2,1), também em maior frequência em binge drinking (OR=3,2), consumir álcool em um padrão pesado (OR=3,4) e usar drogas ilícitas (OR=2,6). A regressão logística ajustada por idade indicou que os motoristas que brigaram ou discutiram no trânsito (OR=2,2), que dirigiram sem cinto de segurança (OR=1,9) e que relataram o uso de drogas ilícitas nos últimos 12 meses (OR=2,0) tiveram maiores chances de ter ingerido AmED. CONCLUSÃO O estudo indica uma associação entre a ingestão conjunta de álcool com bebidas energéticas e maiores chances de apresentar CRTs. São necessários investimentos em pesquisas e ações preventivas voltadas para essa população / INTRODUCTION: Consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has been shown associated with both a heavy pattern of alcohol intake as well as the traffic risk behaviors (TRB) among young adults. Due to the serious impact caused by disabilities and traffic deaths arising from predictable and largely preventable behaviors, the present study investigates the influence of AmED consumption on traffic risk behaviors among truck drivers. METHODS: Data from a sample of professional driving along the highways of the State of São Paulo (Brazil) between June 2012 and September 2013 (N=535) were divided into three groups: (a) those who reported drinking AmED (n=90), (b) who reported consuming alcohol only (n=326) and (c) the rest of the sample (n=445). Bivariate analyzes were performed with positive reports in the last 12 months preceding the survey. The level of significance was set for an alpha of 5% and, subsequently, it was made a multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Comparing the drivers who drink AmED with those who consumed only alcohol, the first were more likely to have between 20 and 24 years (OR=3.3), to work as a professional less than five years (OR=2.5), had higher risks of driving without a seat belt (OR=2.2), in high speed (OR=1.9), have a fight or discussion in traffic (OR=2.1), having consumed alcohol in a heavy pattern (OR=3.4), drinking more alcoholic drinks per occasion (median 5 vs 2 doses, p < 0.008); at higher frequency (OR=1.9), more often in binge drinking (OR=2.3), consuming illicit drugs more frequently (OR=2.3), as well as more likely to have a bad quality sleep (OR=1.7). Compared to the rest of the sample, it was found that truck drivers who drink AmED had higher risk of driving without a seat belt (OR=2.2), in high speed (OR=1.9), drunk (OR=2 , 6), to fight or discuss in traffic (OR=2.0), were more likely to consume more alcoholic drinks per occasion (median 5 vs 2 doses, p < 0.001), drinking more often (OR=2.6), including in binge drinking (OR=2.1), also in higher frequency in binge drinking (OR=3.2), consuming alcohol in a heavy pattern (OR=3.4) and use illicit drugs (OR=2 6). Logistic regression adjusted for age indicated that drivers who fought or discussed in traffic (OR = 2.2), which drove without a seat belt (OR = 1.9) and that reported using illicit drugs in the last 12 months (OR = 2.0) had higher chances of having ingested AmED. CONCLUSION: This study indicates an association between the combined intake of alcohol with energy drinks and more likely to have TRBs. Investment is needed in research and preventive actions for this population

El tema a desarrollar en la presente investigación, se refiere a la elaboración de una bebida a base de quinua, kiwicha y naranja con gran contenido de nutrientes. Este producto está desarrollado para las personas que cuidan su salud y disfrutan de aquellos productos nutritivos que contribuyan a una dieta equilibrada. / The subject to be developed in the present investigation, refers to the elaboration of a drink with quinoa, kiwicha and orange with great content of nutrients. This product is developed for people who take care of their health and enjoy those nutritious products that contribute to a balanced diet. / Trabajo de investigación