This thesis examines the concept of environmental security in regards to its historical development and current classification in the security studies discourse. It analyzes its relationship to the concept of energy security and explains some other relevant concepts used in this study. It then carefully chooses four determinants of environmental security which are most relevant for assessing the energy mix of the Czech Republic. The evaluation of the current energy mix is then compared to the state and composition of the country's energy mix in 2040 as outlined in the New State Energy Concept (NSEC) of 2013. Reflecting on the changes of the energy mix presented in NSEC reveals the actual impact of the future version of the energy mix on the environmental security in the Czech Republic. The thesis further identifies other important factors to consider when making strategic decisions about the composition of the energy mix and energy policy in general. To conclude, a reflection on the implications of this study both on the concept of environmental security and the Czech energy decision-making is offered.

A presente dissertação de mestrado consiste na realização de um estudo geológico acerca do potencial para exploração e produção de gás natural não convencional na Bacia do Paraná, regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil e norte do Uruguai. Com essa finalidade, foram analisadas as formações geológicas Irati e Ponta Grossa, situadas na porção sul da bacia e caracterizadas por seu potencial gerador de hidrocarbonetos. O estudo também inclui a avaliação da viabilidade do abastecimento da usina termoelétrica de Uruguaiana a partir desse recurso, considerando os aspectos geológicos, socioeconômicos e ambientais associados. O projeto visa incentivar o estudo à temática de recursos energéticos não convencionais, com destaque para o shale gas, principal fonte de gás natural não convencional explorada no mundo, além de ressaltar os benefícios na crescente implantação do gás natural na matriz energética brasileira, tanto em aspectos estratégicos quanto econômicos. O projeto propõe a elaboração de um modelo descritivo-comparativo baseado nos aspectos geológicos dos principais campos produtores de shale gas nos Estados Unidos, principal produtor mundial, por meio do qual é avaliado o potencial para ocorrência desse recurso nos folhelhos negros correspondentes às Formações Irati e Ponta Grossa, segundo parâmetros geoquímicos, petrofísicos e geológicos presentes em formações comprovadamente produtoras nos EUA: Marcellus, Barnett e Eagle Ford. O modelo descritivo tem finalidade de avaliar o potencial para exploração, produção e distribuição de gás natural não convencional nas regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil, as quais representam o maior mercado consumidor e demanda por energia no país. Com base na análise comparativa realizada, atribui-se às formações brasileiras potencial moderado a elevado para a geração de shale gas. Entretanto, a viabilidade no abastecimento da usina termoelétrica de Uruguaiana depende, além da geologia local, de fatores político-regulatórios ainda pouco consolidados no país para a incentivar a produção de recursos energéticos não convencionais. / The presented Masters Thesis consists on a geological study of the potential for exploration and production of unconventional natural gas in the Paraná Sedimentary Basin, southern and southeastern Brazil, and northern Uruguay. Therefore, the geological formations Irati and Ponta Grossa, located in the southern portion of the basin, were analyzed in terms of its hydrocarbon generating potential. The study also includes the viability evaluation of this occurrence as a supply for a thermal power plant in Uruguaiana, considering the geological socio-economic and environmental associated aspects. The project aims to promote studies on the topic of unconventional energy resources, especially shale gas, the main unconventional source of natural gas exploited in the world; in addition to emphasizing the advantages in increasing the implement of natural gas into the Brazilian energy matrix, both in strategic and economic aspects. The project proposes the development of a descriptive and comparative model based on geological aspects of the major shale gas producing fields in the United States, the world\'s leading producer; by which we are able to evaluate the potential for occurrence of this resource in the corresponding black shale formations Irati and Ponta Grossa according to geochemical, petrophysical and geological parameters present in these proven producing formations: Marcellus, Barnett and Eagle Ford. The descriptive model was elaborated in order to evaluate the potential for exploration, production and distribution of unconventional natural gas in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, which correspond to the largest consumer market and energy demand in the country. Based on a comparative analysis, the Brazilian geological formations are quantified with a moderate to high potential for generating shale gas. However, the viability of using this resource as supply for thermal electricity generation in Uruguaiana depends, in addition to the local geology, to political and regulatory aspects, which are still poorly consolidated among the country, in order to encourage the production of unconventional energy resources.

A presente dissertação de mestrado consiste na realização de um estudo geológico acerca do potencial para exploração e produção de gás natural não convencional na Bacia do Paraná, regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil e norte do Uruguai. Com essa finalidade, foram analisadas as formações geológicas Irati e Ponta Grossa, situadas na porção sul da bacia e caracterizadas por seu potencial gerador de hidrocarbonetos. O estudo também inclui a avaliação da viabilidade do abastecimento da usina termoelétrica de Uruguaiana a partir desse recurso, considerando os aspectos geológicos, socioeconômicos e ambientais associados. O projeto visa incentivar o estudo à temática de recursos energéticos não convencionais, com destaque para o shale gas, principal fonte de gás natural não convencional explorada no mundo, além de ressaltar os benefícios na crescente implantação do gás natural na matriz energética brasileira, tanto em aspectos estratégicos quanto econômicos. O projeto propõe a elaboração de um modelo descritivo-comparativo baseado nos aspectos geológicos dos principais campos produtores de shale gas nos Estados Unidos, principal produtor mundial, por meio do qual é avaliado o potencial para ocorrência desse recurso nos folhelhos negros correspondentes às Formações Irati e Ponta Grossa, segundo parâmetros geoquímicos, petrofísicos e geológicos presentes em formações comprovadamente produtoras nos EUA: Marcellus, Barnett e Eagle Ford. O modelo descritivo tem finalidade de avaliar o potencial para exploração, produção e distribuição de gás natural não convencional nas regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil, as quais representam o maior mercado consumidor e demanda por energia no país. Com base na análise comparativa realizada, atribui-se às formações brasileiras potencial moderado a elevado para a geração de shale gas. Entretanto, a viabilidade no abastecimento da usina termoelétrica de Uruguaiana depende, além da geologia local, de fatores político-regulatórios ainda pouco consolidados no país para a incentivar a produção de recursos energéticos não convencionais. / The presented Masters Thesis consists on a geological study of the potential for exploration and production of unconventional natural gas in the Paraná Sedimentary Basin, southern and southeastern Brazil, and northern Uruguay. Therefore, the geological formations Irati and Ponta Grossa, located in the southern portion of the basin, were analyzed in terms of its hydrocarbon generating potential. The study also includes the viability evaluation of this occurrence as a supply for a thermal power plant in Uruguaiana, considering the geological socio-economic and environmental associated aspects. The project aims to promote studies on the topic of unconventional energy resources, especially shale gas, the main unconventional source of natural gas exploited in the world; in addition to emphasizing the advantages in increasing the implement of natural gas into the Brazilian energy matrix, both in strategic and economic aspects. The project proposes the development of a descriptive and comparative model based on geological aspects of the major shale gas producing fields in the United States, the world\'s leading producer; by which we are able to evaluate the potential for occurrence of this resource in the corresponding black shale formations Irati and Ponta Grossa according to geochemical, petrophysical and geological parameters present in these proven producing formations: Marcellus, Barnett and Eagle Ford. The descriptive model was elaborated in order to evaluate the potential for exploration, production and distribution of unconventional natural gas in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, which correspond to the largest consumer market and energy demand in the country. Based on a comparative analysis, the Brazilian geological formations are quantified with a moderate to high potential for generating shale gas. However, the viability of using this resource as supply for thermal electricity generation in Uruguaiana depends, in addition to the local geology, to political and regulatory aspects, which are still poorly consolidated among the country, in order to encourage the production of unconventional energy resources.

Submitted by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2012-06-12T15:47:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raphael Masvigner - Master Thesis Final Version.pdf: 2997019 bytes, checksum: 97b22fc58e812cb12d6b408b5d47f149 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2012-06-12T15:52:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Raphael Masvigner - Master Thesis Final Version.pdf: 2997019 bytes, checksum: 97b22fc58e812cb12d6b408b5d47f149 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-12T16:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raphael Masvigner - Master Thesis Final Version.pdf: 2997019 bytes, checksum: 97b22fc58e812cb12d6b408b5d47f149 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-09 / Electricité de France (EDF) is a leading player in the European energy market by being both the first electricity producer in Europe and the world’s leading nuclear plant operator. EDF is also the first electricity producer and supplier in France. However, Europe, EDF’s core market, is currently underperforming: the European sovereign debt crisis is lowering significantly the growth perspective of an energy market that has already reached its maturity. As a consequence, European energy companies are now looking at international markets and especially BRIC economies where economic growth potential remains high. Among them, Brazil is expected to keep its strong economic and electricity demand growth perspectives for the coming decades. Though Brazil has not been considered as a strategic priority for EDF after the Light reversal in 2006, the current economic situation has led the Group to reconsider its position toward the country. EDF’s current presence in Brazil is limited to its stake in UTE Norte Fluminense, a thermal plant, located in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This report investigates the possibility and the feasibility of EDF’s activities expansion in Brazil and what added value it could bring for the Brazilian power market. Considering that the status quo would not allow EDF to take full advantage of Brazil’s future growth, this work is identifying the various options that are currently opened to EDF: market exit, status quo, EDF alone, local partner. For that purpose, this study collects and analyses the latest energy market data as well as generation companies’ information which are necessary to give a relevant overview of the current brazilian power sector and to present EDF strategic options for the country.

The diploma thesis deals with the energy security of China, mainly with the question considering energy mix, consumption, infrastructure network and diversification of importers in natural gas field. The analysis of research question is done mainly from the data of international energy organizations, from the Chinese government data and other sources, which enable to describe mentioned problems. From the People's Republic of China perspective, it focuses on the detailed description of gas pipeline infrastructure, importers and subjects, which are involved in energy sector. Risks and threats, which should occur from signed partnerships or projects, were taken into consideration too. The aim of this work is to define and evaluate the energy security of PRC, its energy policy mainly in natural gas field when considering present situation as well as possibilities for the future. Than the diploma thesis outlines the role of natural gas in Chinese energy mix, state of the gas sector in China and evaluation of projects, which take place in China's gas sector or will occur in the future.

The diploma thesis examines the effect of decommissioning of nuclear power plants on the energy security of two European countries - Germany and the Czech Republic. First, the author focuses on theoretical anchoring of energy security. The practical part then examines both countries from the perspective of their energy mixes and policies and infrastructure interconnection. This is the starting point for the comparison of the effects of the decommissioning of nuclear power plants. Second, the author presents three scenarios to replace nuclear energy, exploring how German and Czech energy security will change. The first scenario is the use of renewable energy only. The second option is a combination of renewable energy and coal. Finally, the third option is again a certain proportion of renewable energy along with natural gas. Last but not least, the author concludes in the presented paper that, despite the various possible combinations of how to replace nuclear energy, both countries would be worse off within the framework of energy security.

The Paris Agreement was introduced in 2015 with the purpose to actualize a more sustainablefuture and diminish the effects of climate change, caused by mankind. Since its establishment,the Paris Agreement has induced actions over the globe with consequences to last for centuries. In developing countries, the confrontation of climate change in reference to the development ofthe economies is especially challenging. This study aims to scrutinize the requirements andopportunities of ensuring sustainable energy in a developing country by increasing the degree ofrenewable energy as an alternative to fossil fuels in the energy mix. The study provides an updated perspective on the ongoing transition of renewable energyresources in developing countries by synthesizing the findings of multiple studies, including asystematic literature review and a case study. The main findings of this dissertation are that political and economic attributes are vital concerning the attainability of renewable energy resources in developing countries where technological aspects, such as infrastructure or degree of innovation, acts as foundation for the development. Additionally, it is the belief that there is significant gain in understanding social attributes further. Lastly, the thesis discusses the effectiveness of the Paris Agreement and its contribution to mitigating the effects of climate change. / Parisavtalet introducerades under 2015 med syfte för förändring mot en hållbar framtid samtminska mänsklighetens påverkan på klimatet. Sen dess har Parisavtalet lett till ytterligare initiativ med långsiktiga effekter världen över. I utvecklingsländer är arbetet mot klimatpåverkan i samband med ländernas ekonomiska utveckling synnerligen utmanande. Denna studie syftar tillatt studera kraven och möjligheterna som följer säkerställandet av tillgången till hållbar energi i utvecklingsländer genom att utöka graden av förnybara energikällor som alternativ till fossilabränslen i landets energimix.Studien ger ett uppdaterat perspektiv av den pågående övergången till förnybara energikällor iutvecklingsländer genom att sammankoppla upptäckter från ett flertal studier, nämligen en systematisk litteraturstudie och en fallstudie. Uppsatsens huvudsakliga upptäckter är att politiska och ekonomiska egenskaper är vitala förtillväxten av förnyelsebar energi i utvecklingsländer där tekniska aspekter såsom infrastruktur och innovation står som grund i förändringen. Likaså, tros det finns signifikanta fördelar av att studera de tillhörande sociala egenskaperna ytterligare. Dessutom diskuterar uppsatsen huruvida Parisavtalet är effektivt i att minska klimatpåverkan.

Im Rahmen der Energiewende vollzieht sich die Abkehr von einer zentralisierten Energieversorgung mit weitgehend fossilen Kraftwerken hin zu einem dezentral organisierten System mit vorrangig erneuerbaren Energien. In diesem zukünftigen durch erneuerbare Energien dominierten Energiemarkt, nimmt die Photovoltaik (PV) aufgrund ihrer technologischen Eigenschaften eine besondere Stellung ein. Einer umfassenden Nutzung der Photovoltaik standen in der Vergangenheit hohe Investitionskosten entgegen. Der globale Auf- und Ausbau von Produktionskapazitäten zur Fertigung von PV-Anlagen und damit einhergehende Lernkurveneffekte haben im Zeitverlauf zu einer deutlichen Kostenreduktion für PV-Anlagen geführt. Die vormalige Kostenintensität von PV-Anlagen hat zur Entwicklung des klassischen Ansatzes zur Netzparität der Photovoltaik, als Maß deren Wettbewerbsfähigkeit, geführt. Der Ansatz stellt auf den Vergleich von Stromgestehungskosten einer neu installierten PV-Anlage eines Haushalts mit dessen Strombezugskosten aus dem öffentlichen Stromnetz ab. Sowohl die Gegenüberstellung von Kosten und Preisen als auch der Fokus lediglich auf private Haushalte schränken die Anwendbarkeit des Ansatzes ein und bilden den Hintergrund dieser Arbeit. Basierend auf einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche bestehender Paritätsbegriffe erfolgt eine Neudefinition des Ansatzes der Netzparität der Photovoltaik, die eine aussagekräftige Bewertung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit dieser Technologie erlaubt. Wettbewerbsfähigkeit ist gegeben, wenn sich der Einsatz der Photovoltaik kostensenkend auf die Gesamtkosten der Stromproduktion des Energiemarkts auswirkt. Die allgemeine Anwendbarkeit des Ansatzes auf weitere Energieerzeugungstechnologien, regional und zeitlich unabhängig, gilt als wesentliche Bedingung der Entwicklung des Paritätsansatzes. Hierfür werden die Kriterien reine Kostenorientierung, Betrachtung des gesamten Lebenszyklus von Energieerzeugungsanlagen, Anlagenbetrieb im technologischen Optimum und Vergleichsbasis im Energiemix definiert. Unter Zuhilfenahme eines Energiemarktmodells erfolgt die theoretische Darstellung des novellierten Paritätsansatzes. Netzparität der Photovoltaik im Ansatz dieser Arbeit liegt vor, wenn PV-Anlagen im Rahmen ihrer Nutzungsdauer eine Kostensenkung im Energiemix bewirken. Das bedeutet, dass der Saldo aus Stromgestehungskosten von PV-Anlagen eines Installationsjahrs und dem Energiemix über deren Nutzungsdauer positiv ist. Im Ergebnis des novellierten Ansatzes wird festgestellt, dass der jeweils in einer Region vorliegende Energiemix die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Stromerzeugungstechnologien wie der Photovoltaik determiniert. Externe Eingriffe wie eine Begrenzung der Anlagennutzungsdauer, führen generell zu höheren Kosten im Energiemix. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass für den Standort Deutschland PV-Anlagen ab 2035 die Bedingungen der Netzparität erfüllen und entsprechend im nationalen Energiemix kostenmindernd wirken. Die Neudefinition des Ansatzes zur Netzparität als kostenbasiertes, langfristorientiertes und technologieneutrales Modell stellt ein Planungsinstrument dar, das die Umsetzung politischer Ziele wie der verstärkte Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien oder die Reduktion von CO2-Emissionen kostenminimal ermöglicht.

La demande énergétique mondiale continue d’augmenter. Les prix des énergies fossiles sont instables et incertains. La libéralisation du marché électrique et une conscience environnementale des acteurs mondiaux sont des leviers au développement des énergies renouvelables. Ces dernières se développent à un rythme rapide dans le monde. Elles ont atteint une maturité technique qui leur permet de devenir un segment important de l’industrie de l’énergie. Leur insertion dans le mix énergétique pose de nouveaux défis par rapport aux sources d'énergie traditionnelles. Avec un potentiel abondant encore sous-exploité, le photovoltaïque et l'énergie éolienne sont avantageux sur le plan économique et environnemental. Cependant, leur caractère intermittent diminue leur efficacité énergétique lorsqu’elles sont exploitées individuellement. L'utilisation de systèmes hybrides (multi-sources) combinant ces sources d'énergie renouvelables, le réseau de distribution national (réseau électrique historique) et les systèmes de stockage classiques, est généralement considérée par tous comme solution d’avenir, à la fois efficiente et fiable. Il est alors nécessaire de repenser la structure des réseaux électriques et des marchés de l’énergie, ainsi que des changements dans les méthodes de gestion de réseau. Dans ce contexte, l’apport envisagé avec ce travail de thèse est de contribuer à la modélisation et l’optimisation de systèmes multi-sources multi-charges pour alimenter aussi bien des sites isolés « énergie de proximité » (campus, village) que des sites étendus tels que des régions françaises à travers leur interconnexion « pooling ». Différents scenarii de gestion et différentes configurations des systèmes sont modélisés, testés et comparés pour analyser l’efficacité et la robustesse de chaque cas de figure. Une analyse technico-économique complète est réalisée, dans le but d’étudier la faisabilité de chaque système. Pour démontrer la validation de ces modèles, des études ont été réalisées sur un campus Universitaire Français, un micro-réseau au Mali et trois régions Françaises. Ces dernières ont fait l’objet d’application à un modèle original d’interconnexion basé sur les réseaux de Pétri pour l’aide à la décision en termes de configurations du réseau et le contrôle des flux d’énergie échangés entre des territoires producteurs-consommateurs interconnectés sans système de stockage / Global energy demand continues to rise. The fossil fuel prices are unstable and uncertain. The liberalization of the electricity market and environmental awareness of the global leaders are levers for the development of renewable energy. These are growing at a rapid pace in the world. They reached technical maturity that enables them to become an important segment of the energy industry. Their integration in the energy mix poses new challenges compared to traditional energy sources. With an underexploited potential, photovoltaic and wind energy are advantageous economically and environmentally. However, their intermittent decreases their energy efficiency when operated. The use of hybrid systems (multi-sources) combining these renewable energy sources, the national distribution network (historical grid) and conventional storage systems, is generally regarded by all as a future solution, both efficient and reliable. Thereby, it is necessary to rethink the structure of electrical networks and energy markets, and changes in network management methods. In this context, the foreseen intake with this thesis is to contribute to the modeling and optimization of multi- load multi- source systems to power both remote sites “closeness energy” (campus, village) and large sites such as French regions through their interconnection "pooling ". Different scenarios of management and different configurations of the systems are modeled, tested and compared to analyze the effectiveness and robustness of each case. A complete technical and economic analysis is performed in order to study the feasibility of each system. To demonstrate the validation of these models, studies were performed on a French university campus, a Micro-grid in Mali and three French regions. These latter have been applied to an original interconnection model based on Petri nets for decision support in terms of network configuration and control of energy flows exchanged between interconnected producers/consumers territories without storage

A automação já é utilizada como ferramenta para se obter a eficiência energética. Este trabalho apresenta e quantifica a potencialidade desta ferramenta com objetivo de diminuir picos de energia, diminuindo também a necessidade de construir rapidamente novas usinas geradoras de energia elétrica, regulando a transmissão e distribuição desta energia, aproveitando recursos renováveis e sustentáveis, tudo isso através de um sistema que já existe implantado em vários países do mundo e tem todas as condições de ser implementado no Brasil. Este sistema é a rede inteligente de energia ou smart grid. Analisa, também, a matriz energética brasileira, apresenta anomalias ocorridas, como apagões regionais e nacionais, verifica a necessidade de energia elétrica para o crescimento do País, propõe soluções para o sistema energético nacional utilizando inovações tecnológicas, como a implantação do sistema smart grid na matriz energética, sempre objetivando melhor eficiência e qualidade da energia, levantando o comportamento dos usuários em busca da implementação destas inovações tecnológicas. A partir de idéias que rompam os paradigmas atuais de busca de energia através de grandes obras propõe este trabalho a mudança de hábito e procedimentos da população, das próprias empresas e dos órgãos públicos brasileiros buscando a diminuição da utilização da energia especialmente nos horários hoje considerados como picos, ou seja, aqueles que demandam a maior geração, transmissão e distribuição da energia utilizada. Apresenta também a necessidade de energia elétrica para desenvolvimento econômico do Brasil, agregando todas as inovações tecnológicas aos processos atuais, buscando minimizar a possibilidade da ocorrência de apagões, ocasionados por ineficiência técnica da matriz energética ou por racionamento de energia. / Automation is already used as a tool to achieve energy efficiency. This paper presents and quantifies the potential of this tool in order to reduce power surges, reducing the need rapidly build new electricity generating plants, transmission and regulating distribution of this energy, using renewable and sustainable resources, all through a system that is already deployed in several countries worldwide and has all the conditions to be implemented in Brazil. This system is the intelligent network of energy or "smart grid". It also analyzes the Brazilian energy matrix, has deficiencies occurred as a regional and national blackouts, there is need of electricity for the growth of the country, proposes solutions to national energy system, using technological innovations such as the deployment of the "smart grid" energy source, always aiming for better energy efficiency and quality, raising the behavior of users seeking the implementation of these technological innovations. From ideas that break current paradigms of seeking power through great works this paper proposes changes in the habits and procedures of the population, own businesses and public agencies are looking to decrease energy use especially in times like now considered "peaks", ie, those that demand the greatest generation, transmission and distribution of energy used. It also shows the need for electricity to Brazils economic development, adding all the technological innovations to the current processes in order to minimize the possibility of the occurrence of blackouts, caused by technical inefficiency of the energy or energy shortages.