Det finns ekonomiska, säkerhetsmässiga och miljömässiga vinster att göra genom att tillämpa ecodriving. Tidigare forskning pekar på att transportslagen bilar, tåg och flyg har gjort stora besparingar i ekonomiskt och miljömässigt hänseende, men hur ser det ut inom sjöfarten? Med denna frågeställning som bakgrund är syftet med studien att studera intresset för ecodriving bland svenska rederier och svenska myndigheter med en fartygsflotta. Dataunderlaget för studien utgörs av material från kvalitativa intervjuer med personer i exekutiv position. Resultatet av studien visar på att de flesta verksamheterna står i startgroparna eller redan arbetar utifrån en eller flera aktivt valda metoder för ecodriving. Resultatet visar också att det finns en blandning av förutsättningar och uppfattningar om vad ecodriving är och vad det kan bli inom sjöfarten. När frågor om automatisering i samband med ecodriving behandlas är resultatet tvetydigt. / There are economical, safetylike and environmental benefits of applying eco-driving. Previous research has shown that cars, trains and aviation have made significant savings economically and environmentaly speaking, but how does that transcend into the maritime business? With this question as a background, the aim with this thesis is to examine the interest of ecodriving among Swedish shipowners and authorities. The data in this thesis is derived from qualitative interviews with employees in executive land-based positions. The result shows that several of the shipowners and authorities are in the starting pits or are already conducting one or more eco-driving methods in their operations. The result also shows that there is a variety of prerequisites and perceptions of what eco-driving is and what is could become in the future among the respondents. When questions about automatization in relation to eco-driving are brought up, the result is ambiguous.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet FUI RIDER (Research for IT Driven Energy efficiency) qui vise à développer un système de gestion de l'énergie faiblement dépendant du bâtiment à contrôler et propose une nouvelle approche pour réduire les coûts énergétiques. Cette approche exploite la notion de confort thermique afin de calculer de nouvelles consignes à fournir au système de contrôle du conditionnement du bâtiment. L'approche s'appuie sur l'idée que le confort thermique est une notion multidimensionnelle subjective. La littérature propose des modèles statistiques pour appréhender le confort thermique. Malheureusement, ces modèles sont fortement non linéaires et non interprétables ce qui rend difficile leur utilisation pour la conduite ou l'optimisation. Nous proposons un nouveau modèle de confort basé sur la théorie de l'utilité multi attributs et les intégrales de Choquet. L'intérêt d'un tel modèle est qu'il est interprétable en termes de préférences pour la conduite, linéaire par simplexe ce qui facilite la résolution des problèmes d'optimisation, et plus concis qu'un système de contrôle à base de règles. Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, le THermal Process Enhancement (THPE) s'intéresse à l'obtention efficiente des consignes calculées avec le modèle du confort thermique. Le THPE se base sur un raisonnement approché établi à partir d'un modèle qualitatif enrichi EQM (Extended Qualitative Model). L'EQM est le résultat de l'étude mathématique et qualitative des équations différentielles régissant les processus thermiques. Il est enrichi en continu par un système de gestion de l'expérience basé sur un apprentissage avec pénalités qui fournit les informations quantitatives nécessaires pour inférer des recommandations de conduite quantifiées à partir des tendances modélisées dans l'EQM. L'EQM et les raisonnements associés requièrent peu de paramètres et sont opérationnels même si la base d'apprentissage est initialement vide au lancement de RIDER. Le système de gestion de l'expérience permet simplement de quantifier les recommandations et de converger plus vite vers une commande optimale. Le raisonnement à base de modèles qui supporte notre approche est faiblement dépendant du processus thermique, pertinent dès le lancement de RIDER et se prête facilement au changement d'échelle de l'analyse thermique d'un bâtiment. Les performances de notre THPE, sa stabilité et son adaptation par rapport aux variations de l'environnement sont illustrées sur différents problèmes de contrôle et d'optimisation. Les commandes optimales sont généralement obtenues en quelques itérations et permettent d'avoir un contrôle adaptatif et individuel des pièces d'un bâtiment. / The present work is part of the FUI RIDER project (Research for IT Driven Energy efficiency). It aims to develop an energy management system that has to be weakly dependent on building's specificities in order to be easily deployed in different kinds of buildings. This work proposes a new approach based on the thermal comfort concept in order to reduce energy costs. This approach takes advantage of the thermal comfort concept in order to compute new optimized setpoints for the building energy control system. It relies on the idea that thermal comfort is a subjective multidimensional concept that can be used to reduce energy consumption. The literature provides statistical thermal comfort models but their complexity and non-linearity make them not useful for the control and optimization purposes. Our new thermal comfort model is based on the multi attributes utility theory and Choquet integrals. The advantages of our model are: its interpretability in term of preference relationships, its linearity in simplex regions which simplifies optimization problems' solving, and its compact form which is more tractable than a rule based control formalism. In the second part of this work, the THermal Process Enhancement (THPE) proposes a control system approach to efficiently reach the optimized setpoints provided by the comfort model. The THPE proposes an efficient and simple thermal control approach based on imprecise knowledge of buildings' special features. Its weak data-dependency ensures the scalability and simplicity of our approach. For this, an extended thermal qualitative model (EQM) is proposed. It is based on a qualitative description of influences that actions' parameters may have on buildings' thermal performances. This description results from the mathematical and qualitative analysis of dynamical thermal behaviors. Our thermal qualitative model is then enriched by online collecting and assessing previous thermal control performances. The online learning provides the necessary quantitative information to infer quantified control recommendations from the qualitative tendencies displayed by the EQM. Thus, an approximate reasoning based on the EQM and an online learning coupled with a penalty function provides smart thermal control functionalities. The EQM based approximate reasoning guarantees our control system weak dependency with regard to the building special features as well as its multi-scale applicability and its relevancy even for RIDER's first start when the learning database lacks of information. The performances of our THPE are assessed on various types of control and optimization issues. An optimal control is generally achieved in a few iterations which allows providing an adaptive and individual control of building's rooms.

La thèse porte sur la conception de protocoles de routage pour les réseaux de capteurs. Les problèmes de recherche du routage de données dans un réseau multi-sauts sont d’une part l’optimisation de l’énergie et d’autre part le routage sous contraintes de la qualité de service (QoS) multicritères (e.g., énergie, fiabilité, délai, …). Cette thèse apporte deux contributions par rapport à l’état de l’art : une optimisation d'un protocole de routage probabiliste pour l'équilibre de l'usage d'énergie et un protocole de routage capable de prendre en compte simultanément des métriques de QoS multiples. En effet, pour équilibrer la consommation de l’énergie du routage lorsque des chemins multiples existent, les protocoles de routage probabiliste existants affectent une probabilité de choix à chaque chemin, soit de façon empirique, soit proportionnelle au niveau de l’énergie disponible du chemin. Nous ne savions pas quelles sont les probabilités optimales qui permettent d’avoir la durée de vie maximale du réseau. Cette thèse a permis d’établir ces probabilités optimales à l’aide de la modélisation sous forme d’un problème d’optimisation linéaire. Quant au problème du routage multicritères, bien que des métriques multiples soient définies par RPL (un standard d’IETF), les protocoles existants choisissent la route soit sur une métrique, soit sur une fonction de coût combinant plusieurs (qui introduit par conséquent un biais de pondération), mais jamais plusieurs simultanément. Dans cette thèse, nous avons d’abord évalué numériquement les performances de l’approche « operator calculus algebra » introduit par R. Schott et S. Staples qui définit un algorithme efficace permettant de trouver tous les chemins satisfaisant les contraintes multiples dans un graphe , puis dérivé une version distribuée sur laquelle nous avons conçu un protocole de routage multi-métriques. Ces deux contributions ont été implémentées dans l’environnement Contiki et émulées/simulées sous Cooja (un logiciel permettant de simuler des protocoles des réseaux de capteurs) / In this thesis, we focus on routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The main research problems in the domain of routing data packets in a multi-hop network are the optimisation of the energy and the routing under multi-criteria QoS constraints (e.g., energy, reliability, delay, …). To address these problems, this dissertation proposes two contributions. Firstly, an optimal probabilistic routing protocol which balances the usage of energy and secondly, a routing protocol which is able to simultaneously take into account multiple QoS metrics. In fact, for balancing the energy consumption between the multiple existing links, the existing probabilistic routing protocols assign a probability to each link, either in an empirical way or depending on proportional energy level of the path. We did not know what are the optimal probabilities which lead to the optimal network lifetime. Our first contribution proposes optimal probabilities by modeling and solving a linear programming problem. As for the multi-constrainted QoS routing problem, multiple metrics are defined by RPL (a standard of IETF) but the existing protocols chose paths either according to only one metric or using a single aggregated function with multiple metrics, but never all the metrics simultaneously. In this dissertation, we first evaluate the performance of the operator calculus algebra introduced by R. Schott and S. Staples which defines an efficient algorithm allowing to find all the paths which satisfy the multiple constraints in a graph, and secondly we proposed a distributed version of this algorithm based on which a routing protocol has been designed. Both contributions are implemented in Contiki environment and simulated/emulated under Cooja (a software designed for simulating protocols of WSNs)

Submitted by PPG Ci?ncia da Computa??o (ppgcc@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-22T12:22:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDR?_LU?S_DEL_MESTRE_MARTINS_TES.pdf: 10284806 bytes, checksum: 089cdc5e5c91b6ab23816b94fdbe3d1d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-06-04T11:21:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDR?_LU?S_DEL_MESTRE_MARTINS_TES.pdf: 10284806 bytes, checksum: 089cdc5e5c91b6ab23816b94fdbe3d1d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T11:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDR?_LU?S_DEL_MESTRE_MARTINS_TES.pdf: 10284806 bytes, checksum: 089cdc5e5c91b6ab23816b94fdbe3d1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / Sistemas many-core integram m?ltiplos cores em um chip, fornecendo alto desempenho para v?rios segmentos de mercado. Novas tecnologias introduzem restri??es de pot?ncia conhecidos como utilization-wall ou dark-silicon, onde a dissipa??o de pot?ncia no chip impede que todos os PEs sejam utilizados simultaneamente em m?ximo desempenho. A carga de trabalho (workload) em sistemas many-core inclui aplica??es tempo real (RT), com restri??es de vaz?o e temporiza??o. Al?m disso, workloads t?picos geram vales e picos de utiliza??o de recursos ao longo do tempo. Este cen?rio, sistemas complexos de alto desempenho sujeitos a restri??es de pot?ncia e utiliza??o, exigem um gerenciamento de recursos (RM) multi-objetivos capaz de adaptar dinamicamente os objetivos do sistema, respeitando as restri??es impostas. Os trabalhos relacionados que tratam aplica??es RT aplicam uma an?lise em tempo de projeto com o workload esperado, para atender ?s restri??es de vaz?o e temporiza??o. Para abordar esta limita??o do estado-da-arte, ecis?es em tempo de projeto, esta Tese prop?e um gerenciamento hier?rquico de energia (REM), sendo o primeiro trabalho que considera a execu??o de aplica??es RT e ger?ncia de recursos sujeitos a restri??es de pot?ncia, sem uma an?lise pr?via do conjunto de aplica??es. REM emprega diferentes heur?sticas de mapeamento e de DVFS para reduzir o consumo de energia. Al?m de n?o incluir as aplica??es RT, os trabalhos relacionados n?o consideram um workload din?mico, propondo RMs com um ?nico objetivo a otimizar. Para tratar esta segunda limita??o do estado-da-arte, RMs com objetivo ?nico a otimizar, esta Tese apresenta um gerenciamento de recursos multi-objetivos adaptativo e hier?rquico (MORM) para sistemas many-core com restri??es de pot?ncia, considerando workloads din?micos com picos e vales de utiliza??o. MORM pode mudar dinamicamente os objetivos, priorizando energia ou desempenho, de acordo com o comportamento do workload. Ambos RMs (REM e MORM) s?o abordagens multi-objetivos. Esta Tese emprega o paradigma Observar-Decidir-Atuar (ODA) como m?todo de projeto para implementar REM e MORM. A Observa??o consiste em caracterizar os cores e integrar monitores de hardware para fornecer informa??es precisas e r?pidas relacionadas ? energia. A Atua??o configura os atuadores do sistema em tempo de execu??o para permitir que os RMs atendam ?s decis?es multi-objetivos. A Decis?o corresponde ? implementa??o do REM e do MORM, os quais compartilham os m?todos de Observa??o e Atua??o. REM e MORM destacam-se dos trabalhos relacionados devido ?s suas caracter?sticas de escalabilidade, abrang?ncia e estimativa de pot?ncia e energia precisas. As avalia??es utilizando REM em manycores com at? 144 cores reduzem o consumo de energia entre 15% e 28%, mantendo as viola??es de temporiza??o abaixo de 2,5%. Resultados mostram que MORM pode atender dinamicamente a objetivos distintos. Comparado MORM com um RM estado-da-arte, MORM otimiza o desempenho em vales de workload em 11,56% e em picos workload em at? 49%. / Many-core systems integrate several cores in a single die to provide high-performance computing in multiple market segments. The newest technology nodes introduce restricted power caps so that results in the utilization-wall (also known as dark silicon), i.e., the on-chip power dissipation prevents the use of all resources at full performance simultaneously. The workload of many-core systems includes real-time (RT) applications, which bring the application throughput as another constraint to meet. Also, dynamic workloads generate valleys and peaks of resources utilization over the time. This scenario, complex high-performance systems subject to power and performance constraints, creates the need for multi-objective resource management (RM) able to dynamically adapt the system goals while respecting the constraints. Concerning RT applications, related works apply a design-time analysis of the expected workload to ensure throughput constraints. To cover this limitation, design-time decisions, this Thesis proposes a hierarchical Runtime Energy Management (REM) for RT applications as the first work to link the execution of RT applications and RM under a power cap without design-time analysis of the application set. REM employs different mapping and DVFS (Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling) heuristics for RT and non-RT tasks to save energy. Besides not considering RT applications, related works do not consider the workload variation and propose single-objective RMs. To tackle this second limitation, single-objective RMs, this Thesis presents a hierarchical adaptive multi-objective resource management (MORM) for many-core systems under a power cap. MORM addresses dynamic workloads with peaks and valleys of resources utilization. MORM can dynamically shift the goals to prioritize energy or performance according to the workload behavior. Both RMs (REM and MORM), are multi-objective approaches. This Thesis employs the Observe-Decide-Act (ODA) paradigm as the design methodology to implement REM and MORM. The Observing consists on characterizing the cores and on integrating hardware monitors to provide accurate and fast power-related information for an efficient RM. The Actuation configures the system actuators at runtime to enable the RMs to follow the multi-objective decisions. The Decision corresponds to REM and MORM, which share the Observing and Actuation infrastructure. REM and MORM stand out from related works regarding scalability, comprehensiveness, and accurate power and energy estimation. Concerning REM, evaluations on many-core systems up to 144 cores show energy savings from 15% to 28% while keeping timing violations below 2.5%. Regarding MORM, results show it can drive applications to dynamically follow distinct objectives. Compared to a stateof- the-art RM targeting performance, MORM speeds up the workload valley by 11.56% and the workload peak by up to 49%.

Depuis trois décennies, la tendance du marché répond à la demande actuelle de miniaturisation et d'augmentation de performances des appareils multimédias. Or, toute réduction des dimensions d'un facteur donné impose une diminution des tensions (pour des raisons de fiabilité). Afin d'y répondre, la réduction de taille des circuits intégrés CMOS atteint des échelles d'intégration submicroniques entrainant une baisse importante de la fiabilité des composants et en particulier des transistors. La création de porteurs chauds, ainsi que la dissipation thermique à l'intérieur des circuits submicroniques, sont les deux phénomènes physiques principaux à l'origine de la baisse de fiabilité. La solution technique permettant de garder un bon degré de fiabilité, tout en réduisant la taille des composants, consiste à réduire la tension d'alimentation des circuits. Parallèlement aux contraintes de performances, les normes environnementales demandent une consommation la plus réduite possible. La difficulté consiste alors en la réalisation de circuits associant une alimentation basse puissance (tension et courant) d'où la notion de circuits " Low Power ". Ces circuits sont pour certains déjà utilisés dans le domaine du multimédia, du médical, avec des contraintes d'intégration différentes (possibilité de composants externes, stabilité, etc.). L'augmentation des performances en vitesse des circuits digitaux nécessite par ailleurs l'utilisation de technologies générant des fuites de plus en plus importantes qui sont incompatibles avec une réduction de la consommation dans des modes de veille sans la mise en place de nouvelles techniques / For three decades, the market trend answers the current demand of miniaturization and performance increase of the multimedia devices. Yet, any reduction of the dimensions of a given factor imposes a decrease of the tensions (for reasons of reliability). To answer this question, the downsizing of CMOS integrated circuits reaches submicron scales of integration resulting in a significant decrease in the reliability of components and in particular transistors. The hot carriers creations, as well as heat dissipation within the submicron circuits, are the two main physical phenomena behind the reliability decline. The technical solution to maintain a good degree of reliability, while reducing component size, is to reduce the supply voltage of circuits. In parallel to performance constraints, environmental standards require consumption as small as possible. The challenge is then to build circuits combining low power supply (voltage and current) where the concept of circuits "Low Power". These circuits are used for some already in the field of multimedia, medical, integration with various constraints (possibility of external components, stability, etc..). The speed increase performance of digital circuits also requires the use of technologies that generate leaks increasingly important that are inconsistent with consumption reduction in standby modes without the introduction of new techniques.

Au cours des dernières années, l'informatique “green” est devenue un sujet important dans le calcul intensif. Cependant, les plates-formes informatiques continuent de consommer de plus en plus d'énergie en raison de l'augmentation du nombre de noeuds qui les composent. Afin de minimiser les coûts d'exploitation de ces plates-formes de nombreuses techniques ont été étudiées, parmi celles-ci, il y a le changement de la fréquence dynamique des processeurs (DVFS en anglais). Il permet de réduire la consommation d'énergie d'un CPU, en abaissant sa fréquence. Cependant, cela augmente le temps d'exécution de l'application. Par conséquent, il faut trouver un seuil qui donne le meilleur compromis entre la consommation d'énergie et la performance d'une application. Cette thèse présente des algorithmes développés pour optimiser la consommation d'énergie et les performances des applications parallèles avec des itérations synchrones et asynchrones sur des clusters ou des grilles. Les modèles de consommation d'énergie et de performance proposés pour chaque type d'application parallèle permettent de prédire le temps d'exécution et la consommation d'énergie d'une application pour toutes les fréquences disponibles.La contribution de cette thèse peut être divisé en trois parties. Tout d'abord, il s'agit d'optimiser le compromis entre la consommation d'énergie et les performances des applications parallèles avec des itérations synchrones sur des clusters homogènes. Deuxièmement, nous avons adapté les modèles de performance énergétique aux plates-formes hétérogènes dans lesquelles chaque noeud peut avoir des spécifications différentes telles que la puissance de calcul, la consommation d'énergie, différentes fréquences de fonctionnement ou encore des latences et des bandes passantes réseaux différentes. L'algorithme d'optimisation de la fréquence CPU a également été modifié en fonction de l'hétérogénéité de la plate-forme. Troisièmement, les modèles et l'algorithme d'optimisation de la fréquence CPU ont été complètement repensés pour prendre en considération les spécificités des algorithmes itératifs asynchrones.Tous ces modèles et algorithmes ont été appliqués sur des applications parallèles utilisant la bibliothèque MPI et ont été exécutés avec le simulateur Simgrid ou sur la plate-forme Grid'5000. Les expériences ont montré que les algorithmes proposés sont plus efficaces que les méthodes existantes. Ils n’introduisent qu’un faible surcoût et ne nécessitent pas de profilage au préalable car ils sont exécutés au cours du déroulement de l’application. / In recent years, green computing has become an important topic in the supercomputing research domain. However, the computing platforms are still consuming more and more energy due to the increase in the number of nodes composing them. To minimize the operating costs of these platforms many techniques have been used. Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is one of them. It can be used to reduce the power consumption of the CPU while computing, by lowering its frequency. However, lowering the frequency of a CPU may increase the execution time of the application running on that processor. Therefore, the frequency that gives the best trade-off between the energy consumption and the performance of an application must be selected.This thesis, presents the algorithms developed to optimize the energy consumption and theperformance of synchronous and asynchronous message passing applications with iterations runningover clusters or grids. The energy consumption and performance models for each type of parallelapplication predicts its execution time and energy consumption for any selected frequency accordingto the characteristics of both the application and the architecture executing this application.The contribution of this thesis can be divided into three parts: Firstly, optimizing the trade-offbetween the energy consumption and the performance of the message passing applications withsynchronous iterations running over homogeneous clusters. Secondly, adapting the energy andperformance models to heterogeneous platforms where each node can have different specificationssuch as computing power, energy consumption, available frequency gears or network’s latency andbandwidth. The frequency scaling algorithm was also modified to suit the heterogeneity of theplatform. Thirdly, the models and the frequency scaling algorithm were completely rethought to takeinto considerations the asynchronism in the communication and computation. All these models andalgorithms were applied to message passing applications with iterations and evaluated over eitherSimGrid simulator or Grid’5000 platform. The experiments showed that the proposed algorithms areefficient and outperform existing methods such as the energy and delay product. They also introducea small runtime overhead and work online without any training or profiling.

Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

In this study, a novel optimal motion planning algorithm is developed for the locomotion of modular robots. The total energy consumption of the robot is considered to be the optimization criteria. In order to determine the energy consumption of the system, the kinematic and dynamic analyses of the system are performed. Due to the variable number of modules in the system, a recursive formulation is developed for both kinematic and dynamic analyses. Coulomb&#039 / s static and dynamic friction models are used to model the frictional forces at the contact points. In modular robot locomotion, the number of contact points and the positions of the contact points vary with time. As a result, the structure of the dynamic equilibrium equations changes. Depending upon the number and type of contacts (i.e., contact with static or dynamic friction), the dynamic equilibrium equations may lead to an overdetermined, regular or underdetermined system of equations. The last case implies that the system is statically indeterminate. A novel solution method, which takes into account the deflections of the flexible links in the modular robot, is introduced to resolve this statical indeterminacy problem. Another important contribution is the identification of the singularities associated with the dynamic equilibrium equations. It is shown that these equations become singular when all tangential contact point velocities are in the same direction. The developed optimal motion planning algorithm ensures that such singularities are avoided. The procedure is illustrated via a modular, self reconfigurable robot called MTRAN. However, the method may be easily extended to other modular robots by changing the structural parameters. In order to display the resulting motion, a visual simulation program is developed for MTRAN using the commercial software Mathematica.

AstraZeneca is one of the largest biopharmaceutical companies in the world, and one of the facilities they have is located in Gärtuna, Södertälje. The facility itself is very big with a floor area of 560.000m2 and has a complex energy system. Caverion holds a facility management contract at AstraZenca, hence operates some of the energy system. The energy investigation of this thesis is part of the work of Caverion to ensure a sustainable energy system in Gärtuna. The energy investigation will include mapping of the energy distribution, seeking for potential of improvements and carry out suggestions for energy optimizations. The methods used during the investigation was a literature study, interviews with personnel of both Caverion and AstraZenca, study of the energy system and calculations relevant to the field of study. The mapping of the energy system includes the heat, steam and cooling distribution. When the mapping of the system was done it was clear that the areas with most potential for improvements were the steam and cooling distribution.The mapping of the steam distribution shows a loss of nearly 46% of the steam at year 2014 and the corresponding cost of about 13,640,000 SEK. Even though the steam distribution showed great potential for improvements, it was found that the work of investigating the system would be too difficult for the scope of the thesis. The cooling distribution however is more accessible and the potential is still high due to low coefficient of performance. Two suggestions for energy optimizations were carried out. The first suggestions involves upgraded electric fan motors for some of the cooling towers, and the second suggestion is to modify existing dry coolers in benefit to utilize free cooling during winter period. The fan motor upgrade based on calculations is estimated to result in a yearly energy saving of at least 1526 MWh and a corresponding cost saving of at least 800,000 SEK per year after the pay-off time (9 months). The dry cooler modification based on calculations is estimated to result in a yearly energy saving of 3053 MWh and a yearly cost saving of 2,083,449 SEK after the pay-off period of 5 months. The investigation carried out in this thesis is relevant to both Caverion and AstraZeneca as it points out the areas with potential of improvements and also gives suggestions on energy optimizations that will reduce energy consumption and result in energy cost savings.

Selecting a suitable power source, during the design process, for a stand-alone soya business unit is challenging and complex. Especially with the aim of optimizing electrical and thermal energy, as well as minimizing the life cycle cost. During the design and development of a soya business unit it was realized that a design tool is needed to assist with the decision making process when selecting a power source. Waste heat can be recovered from either or both the exhaust gas and cooling system of the power source and can be utilized in the soya process. Research of available literature revealed no design tool to assist with the decision making process of the stand-alone business unit and consequently lead to this study. This dissertation presents different possible power sources that could be utilized in supplying energy to the business unit, as well as design tools available. Advantages and disadvantages of the different power sources are discussed. The shortfalls of a number of the available design tools are also discussed. A diesel generator set was selected as the preferred power source for the business unit. Criteria for this selection included the price per kWhe generated, the ease of maintenance, the availability of the diesel generators in rural areas and the availability of diesel as a fuel. The diesel engine was characterized through experimental work for a more in depth understanding of the energy profile of the engine at part load conditions. These results were used as guidelines in the development of the design tool. The design tool was developed with the aim of being user friendly and versatile. The time intervals of the required load of the business unit are flexible. Different types of power sources and fuels can be used within the design tool. User defined heat exchangers are utilized to calculate the possible heat recovery from the power source. The design tool matches the available energy of different power sources at part load conditions with the required load profile of the soya business unit. It then eliminates power sources that would not be able to deliver the minimum required energy. The running cost is calculated for each of the remaining power sources and the power source with the minimum annualized cost, which includes capital cost, maintenance cost and fuel cost, is suggested. The design tool was verified against a base load condition of the soya business unit and the suggested power source showed a saving of 31,4% in electrical energy, an increased overall efficiency of 24,9% and a saving in annualized cost of 27,3%. The design tool can be used to optimize specific components and design options within a combined heat and power system. Sensitivity analysis can be performed with the design tool to determine various influences on the designed system. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.