Este trabalho apresenta um modelo para análise do comportamento dinâmico da inserção da micro e minigeração solar fotovoltaica em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. O modelo é desenvolvido com aplicação da técnica de análise e modelagem de Dinâmica de Sistemas, resultando em uma ferramenta eficiente para o auxílio na tomada de decisão e na elaboração de políticas quanto ao estímulo dos sistemas de geração fotovoltaica. O modelo desenvolvido testa as políticas, através da construção de cenários, que possibilitam ao consumidor à tomada de decisão, quanto ao investimento na micro geração, a partir dos contextos regulatório e de mercado. O modelo avalia a tomada de decisão dos consumidores quanto ao investimento em fontes de micro geração fotovoltaica englobando não apenas fatores técnicos e econômicos, mas também fatores sociais e ambientais. O modelo fornece, também, uma projeção do potencial de energia fotovoltaica associada à micro e minigeração, e permite verificar a ação da “death spiral” (espiral da morte) sobre o faturamento de distribuidoras. Diversos incentivos são implementados e investigados no sentido de promover essa tecnologia. Os resultados obtidos mostram que políticas como a criação da tarifa prêmio, em conjunto com a redução do ICMS incidente sobre a energia gerada pelo prosumidor (consumidor/gerador) e a veiculação publicitária sobre a micro geração podem alavancar o uso destas fontes no contexto energético global. / This dissertation presents an innovative method for analyzing the dynamic behavior of a multi-variable system that models the several aspects of photovoltaic solar micro generation penetration in distribution networks. The proposed model is based on the System Dynamics approach in order to test the policies through multi-criterial scenarios, including the consumer's decision-making to invest in renewable sources considering regulatory and market contexts. In addition to technical and economic aspects, social and environmental criteria are also taken into account in modelling the consumer’s decision-making. The model also provide a projection of energy photovoltaic associated with micro and minigeneration and allows to verify the action of detah spiral on distributors revenue. Several incentives are proposed and evaluated as alternatives to promote photovoltaic generation the technology. The presented model has shown as an effective tool to support the decision-making for both consumers and policymakers. Results show that policies such as feed-in tariff along with the reduction of Value-Added Tax (VAT) on generated energy may greatly promote the use of these sources in the energy market.

Orientadores: Sergio Valdir Bajay / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:53:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Frota_WillamyMoreira_M.pdf: 6463096 bytes, checksum: c8b0618242d389b680a4e4457e6d2e76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: o vetor energia elétrica assume importância significativa no processo de integração da Amazônia ao desenvolvimento nacional. O atendimento as necessidades de energia elétrica a esta região adquire, portanto, prioridade dentre os objetivos constitucionais de redução das desigualdades regionais. Na Amazônia Ocidental, pode-se dizer que a falta de energia elétrica é um fator de inibição do desenvolvimento regional e, em muitas das localidades, menores e mais isoladas, um fator de margjna1ização econômica, social e cuhural. A região se distingue das demais regiões do País pela existência de diversos sistemas isolados, a maior parte deles de pequeno porte com baixa confiabilidade e qualidade de serviços, e com custos elevadíssimos, tendo em vista a necessidade de geração térmica a diesel e a óleo combustível, cujo montante representa cerca de 92% de todo o combustível previsto para ser utilizado no Brasil na geração de energia termoelétrica, sina1izando um custo com combustível para o ano de 2004 superior a R$ 3 bilhões (US$ 1 bilhão), que é suportado, em grande parte, pelas transferências de recursos obtidos através de subsídios da Conta de Consumo de Combustíveis Fósseis - CCC. Neste cenário, o presente trabalho visa apresentar uma abordagem dos principais problemas estruturais, bem como algumas propostas de alternativas de soluções para os sistemas isolados de energia elétrica da região Amazônica, que possam contribuir para a melhoria das diretrizes de uma política energética compatível com as características específicas desses sistemas, no contexto do novo modelo institucional para o setor elétrico brasileiro / Abstract: Electricity has a significant importance in the integration process of the Amazon Region to the national development. Therefore meeting the electricity needs of this region is a priority among the constitutional o bjectives concerning the reduction of regional inequalities in the country. In Westem Amazon, the shortage of electricity inhibits the regional development and in many small and isolated pIaces it is a factor of economic, social and cultural marginalization. The region is distinguished from the other ones in this country by the existence of severa! isolated systems, most of them with smallloads" supply services with low reliability and qua1ity and very high costs, given the local thermal generation with diesel and fuel oil, which represents about 92% of the fuel used in Brazil for thermal power generation, which COS4 in 2004, over R$ 3 billion (US$ 1 billion), paid for, mostly, by subsidies from the Fossil Fuels Consumption Fund CCC. Within this contexto this work discusses the main structura1 problems, as well as some possible ,solutions for the electrically isoIated systems in the Amazon region, which can collaborate to formulate energy policies compatible with the specified characteristics of these systems, in line with the new institutional model for the Brazilian electric power sector / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

The work briefly summarizes, the analysis emerged by studying two particular moments in Mexican history with regards to its energy policies: with principal focus on the years of oil expropriation in 1938 and the promulgation of the Energy Reform of December of 2013 with the addition of exploring how the seek for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), appears as a factor of international economics that has influenced these processes. Since Enrique Peña Nieto arrived to power, the energy model of the Mexican Republic have experimented its biggest transformations after seventy-five years of protectionism. This last reform took to an end the monopoly in industry of the national oil company Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX). México belongs now to the North American Free Trade Agreement, previously non-existent when in the 30s president Lázaro Cardenas Del Rio elicited support of the population to expropriate the oil and gas industry. The purpose of this study is to analyze how historical driving forces on a geopolitical perspective, can influence the process of policy-making on the Mexican energy sector. Oil has been known as the blood of the political and economic system of Mexico. To this end, the thesis relies on Classical Geopolitics that combines the Realist Theory of International relations to explore the historical driving forces affecting the outcome of energy policies. With the classification of the geopolitical drivers, identified adopting the model of analysis of the international system proposed by Mark E. Williams, it is possible to reveal implications on the undergone changes in policymaking, especially on energy and foreign affairs. This work is the product of the insights on the impacts of the oil industry in energy policy making, and the repercussions this activity has on foreign policy.

This thesis is a study on how Mutanda Eco-Community   Centre (MECC) in the south western part of Uganda can harness the solar   energy at their disposal using photovoltaic as compared to the using of   conventional energies in producing the needed electricity at the centre and   the impacts on climate change. Since the centre is used in education on   climate change mitigation and adaptation measures, it is expected that   anything the centre does or uses with regards to energy ought to come from   renewable sources such as wind, solar, thermal and biomass. Electricity has   been a great challenge because there is no access to the national electricity   grid. Since there is much abundance of solar irradiation in the entire   country, solar poses as a potential sustainable energy since it is a   renewable energy and has the greatest environmental benefits. The objective   is in two categories: to determine how feasible the photovoltaic technology   is in Kisoro and its application at MECC and to analyse the effects on   climate change with comparison with non-renewable sources of energy. To   determine the above, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used.   Results from the studies through the use of simulation method (PVGIS-5)   indicate that Kisoro, where the centre is located, has solar irradiation to   harness due to Uganda´s geographical location on the equator. Findings   revealed there are feasible governmental and private policies, market for PVs   systems, enough players in the Sector and the willingness of the people to   adopt and use solar energy, and its markets economic studies do reveal to be   the indicators for the feasibility of the technology in Kisoro. Corrections   of a few bottlenecks will increase the adoption rate of the photovoltaic   systems. An investment of 85,000, 000 UGX will aid a financial benefit of   4,569.40 UGX per each kWh of electricity generated with 3.1years of Energy   Payback Time and will prevent environmental pollution when compared with   non-renewable energy. Climatic effects are minimal as compared to the other   sources of energy. This greenhouse gases emission comes during the production   of the PVs, modules and systems. The usage of solar technology possesses a   lot of advantages. It is an unlimited source of energy; its maximum usage   reduces carbon dioxide emissions. International conflicts of ownership of   source of conventional energies are reduced and solar power creates energy   security and dependency. / <p>2018-12-07</p>

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agricultural Economics / Jeffery R. Williams / Over the last few decades there has been a shift in electricity production in the U.S. Renewable energy sources are becoming more widely used. In addition, electric generation plants that use coal inputs are more heavily regulated than a couple decades ago. This shift in electricity production was brought on by changes in federal policy – a desire for electricity produced in the U.S. which led to policies being adopted that encourage the use of renewable energy. The change in production practices due to policies may have led to changes in the productivity of electric generation plants. Multiple studies have examined the most efficient electric generation plants using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. This study builds on past research to answer three questions: 1) Does the level of aggregation of fuel input variables affect the plant efficiency scores and how does the efficiency of renewable energy input compare to nonrenewable energy inputs; 2) Are policies geared toward directly or indirectly reducing greenhouse gas emissions affecting the production efficiencies of greenhouse gas emitting electric generation plants; and 3) Do renewable energy policies and the use of intermittent energy sources (i.e. wind and solar) affect the productivity growth of electric generation plants. All three analysis, presented in three essays, use U.S. plant level data obtained from the Energy Information Administration to answer these questions. The first two essays use DEA to determine the pure technical, overall technical, and scale efficiencies of electric generation plants. The third essay uses DEA within the Malmquist index to assess the change in productivity over time. Results indicate that the level of aggregation does matter particularly for scale efficiency. This implies that valuable information is likely lost when fuel inputs are aggregated together. Policies directly focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions may improve the production efficiencies of greenhouse gas emitting electric generation plants. However, renewable energy policies do not have an effect on productivity growth. Renewable energy inputs are found to be as efficient if not more efficient than traditional energy sources.

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-30T19:25:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marina Duarte TESE.pdf: 1108766 bytes, checksum: c5eaf63f965a3ef05f01a0903b6d31f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T19:25:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marina Duarte TESE.pdf: 1108766 bytes, checksum: c5eaf63f965a3ef05f01a0903b6d31f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07 / A elaboração de políticas energéticas é uma questão que envolve aspectos de naturezas diferentes e está relacionada a um amplo contexto. A introdução da sustentabilidade como um objetivo a ser atingido para manter o suprimento energético e permitir o desenvolvimento econômico e social de um país aumenta a complexidade das decisões a serem tomadas. Eficiência Energética e Energia Renovável são dois aspectos essenciais para a construção de uma política energética sustentável. Este trabalho propõe a utilização de métodos multicritério para abordar dois problemas pertinentes ao contexto político em energia: a seleção de um portfólio de políticas energéticas sustentáveis e o subproblema de seleção das fontes de energia alternativas a serem incluídas em uma matriz energética. No que tange ao problema de portfólio, a consideração de sinergias é um aspecto relevante e a sua análise permitiu a proposição de um modelo para a elicitação de tais valores. A elicitação de sinergias é uma tarefa muito dependente do conjunto de alternativas consideradas e da percepção do especialista entrevistado. O modelo desenvolvido permite elicitar sinergias para pares de alternativas, sem exigir que estes valores sejam dissociados na contribuição de uma alternativa para outra. Comparado ao modelo de sinergia individual o modelo proposto exige menos informação ao especialista, o que torna o questionário de elicitação menos exaustivo. / The development of energy policies is an issue that involves aspects of different nature and is related to a large context. The introduction of sustainability as a goal to be achieved to maintain the energy supply and to allow the economic and social development of a country increases the complexity of the decisions to be made. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy are two essential aspects for building a sustainable energy policy. This work proposes the use of multicriteria methods to address two relevant political energy problems: the sustainable energy policies portfolio selection and the subproblem of selecting alternative energy sources to be included in an energy matrix. Regarding the portfolio problem, synergies consideration is an important issue and its analysis allowed proposing a model for the elicitation of such values. The synergies elicitation is a task highly dependent on the set of alternatives considered and on the perception of the experts interviewed. The model developed enables to elicit synergies among pairs of alternatives, without requiring that these values are separated in the contribution of each alternative to another. Compared to the individual synergy model the proposed model requires less information from the expert, which makes the elicitation questionnaire less exhaustive.

The ongoing energy transition in Germany foresees significant increases in the share of renewable energies in the country’s electricity mix until 2030. A share of 80% is targeted and photovoltaics should have a major contribution with a total capacity of 215 Gigawatts aimed to be installed. Since the beginning of the energy transition in Germany, the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) has played a key role with its regulations and support measures. The latest amendment of the EEG in January 2023 includes updated capacity addition targets and regulatory measures. In recent years, the solar branch in Germany has experienced growth after a period of drought from 2013 to 2017. The governmental plans are the basis to enable further growth, but challenges and uncertainties remain if the targets can be reached under the present and anticipated future constraints. This paper presents an evaluation of the feasibility of the capacity addition targets for photovoltaics and outlines the potential contribution of different photovoltaics system types within the installation plans. Through the conduction of semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders of the solar branch in Germany, a large variety of knowledge, experiences, perspectives and assessments is combined to theory which provides answers to the research questions. The results of the data analyses show, that the governmental targets are theoretically feasible but it is doubtful whether they will be reached in practice. Two of the main challenges which will need to be overcome are lacking installation capacities in form of skilled workers and hindering bureaucratic processes regarding planning, approvals, operations and accounting of photovoltaics plants. Moreover, the results indicate that the share of large-scale systems should increase, as scale-effects make them more cost-efficient and more capacity can be installed in the same amount of time. Most of these systems will be ground-mounted, but industrial roof-top systems will also contribute to a certain extent. Furthermore, integrated photovoltaic applications will increase in importance, due to the scarcity of areas and potential synergies. However, most of the stakeholders do not see a major contribution of such systems until 2030, as costs are too high, specific regulations are missing and market awareness is still low. Despite the dominance of large-scale systems, the segment of residential roof-top photovoltaic systems also has a high potential and consumers will want to produce their own electricity due to high energy prices and supply uncertainties.

This thesis focuses on the renewable energy policies for the case study countries (European Union, United States, United Kingdom, Turkey, and Nigeria) with using quantitative and qualitative analysis. The thesis adopts a three -pronged approach to address three main issues: The first paper investigates a 1990-2008 panel dataset to conduct an econometric analysis of policy instruments, such as; feed-in tariffs, quotas, tenders, and tax incentives, in promoting renewable energy deployment in 27 EU countries and 50 US states. The results suggest that renewable energy policy instruments play a significant role in encouraging renewable energy sources. Using data from 1990 to 2012 with the vector auto regression (VAR) approach for three case study countries, namely United Kingdom, Turkey, and Nigeria, the second paper focuses on how renewable energy consumption as part of total electricity consumption is affected by economic growth and electricity prices. The findings from the VAR model illustrate that the relationship between case study countries’ economic growth and renewable energy consumption is positive and economic growth in case study countries respond positively and significantly. The third paper focuses on the relationship between renewable energy policies and investment in renewables in the countries of United Kingdom and Turkey. The third paper builds upon current knowledge of renewable energy investment and develops a new conceptual framework to guide analyses of policies to support renewables. Past and current trends in the field of renewable energy investment are investigated by reviewing the literature on renewable energy investment linkage with policies, which identifies patterns and similarities in RE investment. This also includes the interview analysis with investors focusing on policies for renewable energy investment. The results from the interview and conceptual analysis show that renewable policies play a crucial role in determining investment in renewable energy sources. The findings from this thesis demonstrate that renewable energy policies increase with a growth of the renewable energy investment in the sector. Finally, the outcomes of this thesis also contribute to the energy economics literature, especially for academic and subsequent research purposes.

L’accident nucléaire de Fukushima en mars 2011 a eu des répercussions politiques différentes dans la trentaine d’États exploitant un parc de centrales. Tandis que l’Allemagne décidait d’accélérer la sortie du nucléaire amorcée dix ans auparavant, la Suède abrogeait le moratoire introduit en 1981 sur la construction de nouveaux réacteurs et la France ne s’engageait qu’à diminuer marginalement la part du nucléaire dans son mix électrique. Trois pays européens, confrontés à un même évènement, prenaient ainsi trois directions opposées. Par le passé, les différences de politiques nucléaires ont été expliquées par des déterminismes géographiques, culturels, évènementiels ou économiques. Cette thèse propose de dépasser ces approches pour considérer ces choix comme le résultat de rapports de forces entre opposants et soutiens à l’énergie atomique s’affrontant, à plusieurs échelles, pour contrôler l’usage du territoire. En s’appuyant sur la méthode de la géopolitique locale, cette recherche vise à mettre en évidence les rivalités de pouvoirs et les représentations qui structurent les systèmes d’acteurs dans chacun des pays, ainsi que les stratégies mises en œuvre. Dans un contexte de transition énergétique où le nucléaire est présenté comme une solution aux bouleversements climatiques, il s’agit ici, grâce à une approche comparative, d’identifier en Allemagne, en France et en Suède, les éléments ayant conduit à l’élaboration de politiques énergétiques diamétralement différentes. / The Fukushima atomic disaster had different political fallouts in the thirty-one countries where nuclear power is exploited. In Europe, while Germany decided to accelerate the phase-out engaged ten years before, the Swedish government repealed the moratorium on new nuclear reactors introduced in 1981 and France only committed to reduce marginally the share of nuclear electricity. Three European countries, facing the same event, took three different directions. In the past, differences between countries’ nuclear policies have been explained by economic, geographical or cultural determinism. This work offers to go beyond these approaches and to consider energy policies as the result of power struggles between opponents and supporters of atomic energy who fight to control the territory. Thanks to the local geopolitical approach, this thesis aims at highlighting the rivalries and the representation which structure the actors’ systems in each country as well as the strategies used in the conflict. In a context where nuclear energy is portrayed as a potential solution to mitigate climate change, the purpose of this work is to identity the elements which led to the elaboration of diametrically opposed energy policies in France, Germany and Sweden.

L’étude dévoile un caractère pluridisciplinaire portant dans un premier temps sur l’économie du développement durable, l’économie de l’environnement et l’économie écologique.Dans un second temps, nous décryptons précisément, l’agencement en usage, des politiques publiques d’énergie sur une échelle continentale, nationale et territoriale d’analyse du sujet, en s’appuyant sur les données de politiques économiques de l’énergie pour l’Europe, la France et la région Corse. La Corse et ses dispositions particulières liées à son insularité sont appréhendées.Une simulation d’évaluation multicritère de scénarios d’avenir énergétiques conclue nos travaux. L’objectif ici est de déterminer les trajectoires pertinentes en matière de scénarios d’avenirs énergétiques pour la Corse.Elle comprend la construction des scénarios, une présentation de la typologie de recherche d’une évaluation multicritère, incluant un résumé de la littérature scientifique appliquée aux scénarios énergétiques dans le cadre d’une évaluation multicritère, et une synthèse des problématiques multicritères, ainsi qu’un developement portant sur le choix de la méthode.Les résultats de l’évaluation indiquent une préférence forte pour le scénario du développement durable. Ils déterminent le meilleur compromis possible entre les différentes hypothèses de scénario selon les critères retenus. Le résultat obtenu indique que le développement durable offre des solutions aux problématiques locales. / The study reveals a multidisciplinary character concerning, in the first time, the economy of the sustainable development, economy of the environment and ecological economy.In the second time, we will study precisely, the way public policies on energy are carried out and regarded at, on a continental, national and territorial ladder, by leaning on the political data of the macroeconomics of energy politics for Europe, France and finally the Corsican region. The frame of the analysis was delimited by an applied formal perimeter, and inscribes itself in a continuum of integration of sustainable development as an aim. All the aspects of the particular situation of Corsica due to its insularity will be approached and studiedA multicriteria simulation and evaluation of different energy scenarios which will conclude our work. The objective here is to determine the best possible ways for Corsica to source its energy in the future.This includes the construction of scenarios, a presentation of the research typology of a multicriteria evaluation, including a summary of the scientific literature applied to energy scenarios as part of the multicriteria evaluation, and a synthesis of multicriteria problematic, as well as a development concerning the choice of the applied method.The results of our study point out a strong preference for the scenario of sustainable development. They determine the best possible compromise between the different hypothetical scenarios according to our chosen criteria. Our obtained result points out that sustainable development offers the best solutions to local given problems.