Les émissions élevées de CO2 de la filière industrielle de fabrication des tuyaux en fonte résultent pour l'essentiel de l'emploi massif de carbone fossile, charbon et coke, comme combustible et agent réducteur dans les procédés. Substituer du carbone issu de biomasse au carbone fossile en vue de réduire ces émissions de CO2, avec application au cas d'une usine lorraine, a été l'idée de départ de ce travail. Différents types de biomasse ont été envisagés. Le bois et la paille seraient localement disponibles en quantité suffisante pour autoriser une substitution partielle de 20 % du coke. Cette biomasse doit cependant être traitée thermiquement (séchage et pyrolyse) avant de satisfaire les spécifications techniques imposées par les procédés métallurgiques (agglomération, cokerie, haut fourneau). Six scénarios d'usage de la biomasse au haut fourneau ou à l'agglomération ont été sélectionnés. Pour les évaluer sur la base de leur mérite environnemental, nous avons réalisé une analyse de cycle de vie comparative en suivant une approche du type berceau à la porte. Point original de notre étude, l'inventaire de cycle de vie est issu de modèles systémiques des principaux procédés, spécifiquement développés et intégrés à un logiciel de diagrammes de flux. Grâce à ces modèles et notamment celui du haut fourneau, on a pu déterminer les taux de remplacement du coke par trois types de biomasse (charbon de bois en blocs, charbon de bois pulvérisé, bois torréfié pulvérisé) et prédire les modifications de fonctionnement qu'entrainerait l'injection de biomasse. Les résultats de l'analyse de cycle de vie montrent que l'injection de bois, carbonisé ou torréfié, sous forme pulvérisée aux tuyères du haut fourneau serait une solution intéressante d'un point de vue environnemental : baisse des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (-15 %) et des impacts sur la santé humaine et sur les écosystèmes. A l'heure actuelle cependant, le coût économique d'une telle solution demeure excessif / High CO2 emissions from the industrial production of pig iron pipes are mainly due to the massive use of fossil carbon, coal and coke, as a fuel and/or a reducing agent in the processes. The use of biogenic carbon as a substitute for fossil carbon in order to reduce the CO2 emissions, in the case of an existing plant in Lorraine, was the starting point of our work. Different types of biomass were investigated. Local resources for wood and straw would be sufficient for a partial substitution for 20% of the coke. However, this kind of biomass should first undergo a thermal pretreatment step (drying and pyrolysis) to fit the technical requirements for the metallurgical processes (sinter plant, coke oven and blast furnace). Four scenarios of using biomass in the blast furnace or at the sinter plant were selected. To evaluate their environmental performances, we produced a comparative life cycle assessment, using a cradle-to-gate approach. An original feature of our study lies in the use of systems modeling for the determination of the life cycle inventories of the main processes, which were modeled using a flowsheeting software. From these models, particularly the model of the blast furnace, we could evaluate the replacement ratio of three biomass types (charcoal lumps, charcoal fines and torrefied wood fines) for the coke and predict the influence of biomass injection in the blast furnace on its operation. The results of the life cycle assessment show that the injection of pulverized, torrefied or carbonized, wood through the tuyeres of the blast furnace would be an attracting solution from an environmental point of view. It would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 15%, as well as mitigate the impacts on human health and ecosystems. Yet, the costs associated to such a solution are currently too high

Increasing environmental awareness and an acceptance of accountability by the public and by businesses internationally and locally, could motivate organisations to adopt Environmental Management as part of their operations. The new direction the tourism and related industries are obliged to follow, in accordance with new government initiatives, will require responsibility in terms of the environment, management of the impacts these activities have on the environment and a commitment to the philosophy of sustainable development. Even though international standards and benchmarks for Environmental Management exist for the hotel industry, standards and guidelines do not yet exist for the South African environment. Furthermore, guidelines for an Environmental Management System in accordance with ISO 14001 have not yet been drafted for this industry, either internationally or locally. The aim of this study is to compile a guideline document for the implementation of Operational Environmental Management in accordance with the requirements of an ISO 14001 Environmental Management System. Three South African hotels, belonging to a local group of hotels but with international exposure, were researched as case studies to establish the impacts hotels may have on the environment. Literature on Environmental Management was studied to extract the requirements for Environmental Management, and combined with the requirements for the establishment of an Environmental Management System as prescribed by ISO 14001. The research confirmed that hotel activities, facilities and services impact on the environment. Environmental Management procedures previously documented for hotels have not been incorporated into an ISO 14001 Environmental Management System. The study successfully combined Environmental Management procedures for the environmental impacts identified for hotel activities, facilities and services with the procedures of establishing an ISO 14001 Environmental Management System. In summary, hotels have activities, facilities and services that impact significantly on the environment, but these significant impacts are site-specific. Detailed site-specific assessments should be undertaken when implementing this guideline for specific hotels, to establish the significance of each of the environmental impacts in relation to the site that is studied. Further studies should adapt this guideline document to the different accommodation types offered in the hospitality industry to ensure that an ISO 14000 Environmental Management System can be implemented at each of these accommodation types. / Dissertation (ML(Landscape Architecture))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Architecture / unrestricted

Salmon aquaculture can be a potential solution to bridge the gap between declining capture fisheries and increasing seafood demand. However, the environmental impacts it creates have generated criticism. The overall objectives of this dissertation are to examine the economic consequences of environmental issues associated with salmon aquaculture, and to explore policy implications and recommendations for reducing environmental impacts. These objectives are addressed in five main analyses. The growth of salmon aquaculture is analyzed based on farmed salmon production in the four leading producing countries and the sector as a whole. Analyses indicate that salmon aquaculture is unlikely to continue to grow at its current pace. A joint production function approach is used to estimate pollution abatement costs for the salmon aquaculture industry. Results reveal that pollution abatement costs vary among observations and models. On average, pollution abatement cost is estimated at 3.5% in terms of total farmed salmon production, and 6.5% in terms of total revenue of farmed salmon. The ecological and economic impacts of sea lice from salmon farms on wild salmon population and fisheries are also studied. Analyses suggest that these effects are minor when the sea lice induced mortality rate is below 20%, while they can be severe if the mortality is greater than 30%. Sea lice have greater ecological and economic impacts on pink salmon than on chum salmon. These effects are greater under a fixed exploitation rate than under a target escapement policy. The economic performance of open netcage and sea-bag production systems for salmon aquaculture is compared. Netcage systems appear to be more economically profitable than sea-bag systems when environmental costs are either not or only partially included. Sea-bag systems can be financially profitable only when the salmon they produce can achieve a price premium. Finally, policy implications are explored and recommendations are made for sustaining salmon aquaculture in a holistic manner based on the results from previous chapters. Technologies, economic-based instruments and more stringent environmental policies can be employed to reduce environmental impacts. However, there is no single solution to solve these environmental impacts, and a combination of policy options is needed. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

No description available.

As políticas adotadas pelo Brasil para promover o seu desenvolvimento tem sido ancoradas pela produção de energia por aproveitamentos hidrelétricos. Estes empreendimentos são colocados como carros-chefe dos pacotes governamentais amparados por um discurso hegemônico de que a energia produzida pelos mesmos é \"limpa e renovável\". Para isto, basta observar os planos nacionais de energia para as próximas décadas, bem como os diferentes projetos em andamento no Brasil, como Jirau e Santo Antonio (rio Madeira) em Rondônia, Belo Monte (rio Xingu) e o Complexo Tapajós (rio Tapajós) ambos no estado do Pará na Amazônia Legal. Porém, na esteira da instalação destes empreendimentos, diferentes impactos são desencadeados afetando principalmente as populações tradicionais destes territórios. Para entender a intensidade destes, esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de verificar, a partir da implantação do AHE-Estreito, os desdobramentos do processo de desterritorialização forçada das comunidades tradicionais afetadas, bem como a perda de suas identidades desencadeada pela ruptura de suas territorialidades. Para atingir os objetivos propostos apropriou-se de diferentes procedimentos metodológicos, dentre eles a utilização da rede de interações de Sorensen, pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, trabalho de campo, fotodocumentação, entrevistas e relatos orais. Das interpretações dos dados obtidos, foi possível verificar que a desterritorialização ocasionou sinergicamente a disrupção social dos afetados, pois as perdas territoriais implicaram na perda de referenciais culturais, onde o território é composto por signos, símbolos e representações que impingem a construção da identidade. No contexto supra, esta identidade está sendo perdida pela destituição dos sujeitos dos seu territórios. É necessária uma política mais séria, e com maior rigor, referente ao acompanhamento de construção de empreendimentos do porte do AHE Estreito. Verificou-se que a reflexividade institucional é baixa diante de projetos componentes da modernidade, pois não dá conta dos desdobramentos advindos de sua instalação e proporciona mais insegurança nas relações sociais e institucionais, tendo como reflexos os impactos negativos recaídos sobre populações tradicionais/locais. O modelo mostrou ser insuficiente, marcado por uma ação burocratizada respaldada pelas normas e leis, desvinculada das reais necessidades dos afetados que não os incorpora nos processos decisórios sobre a produção de energia. É preciso possibilitar uma forte discussão ampliada sobre outras fontes e potencialidades de uso, em consonância com o respeito às comunidades tradicionais no Brasil, para que possamos reacender, de fato, um debate hegemonicamente visto como já decidido e minorar os impactos junto aos afetados. / The policies adopted by Brazil in order to promote its development has been anchored by the energy produced by hydroelectric use. These developments are placed as flagships of governmental packets backed by a hegemonic discourse that the energy produced by them is \"clean and renewable\". For this, simply observe the national energy plans for the coming decades, as well as the various projects underway in Brazil, as Jirau and Santo Antonio (Madeira river) in Rondônia, Belo Monte (Xingu River) and Complexo Tapajós (Tapajós) both in the state of Pará, and in the Amazônia Legal. However, in the trail of these enterprises, different impacts are triggered affecting populations of these traditional territories. To understand the intensity of these impacts, this research was accomplished in order to verify since the implementation of AHE-Strait, the unfolding of the process of forced dispossession of traditional communities affected, as well as the loss of their identities triggered by the disruption of their territorialities. To achieve the proposed objectives, this research appropriated from different methodological procedures, including the use of the network of interactions Sorensen, literature, documentary research, field work, photo documentation, interviews and oral histories. From the interpretations of the data, we found that the deterritorialization synergistically has caused social disruption affected. It happened because the territorial losses resulted in the loss of cultural references, where the territory is composed of signs, symbols and representations that impinge upon the construction of identity. In the above context, this identity is being lost by the removal of the subject from their territories. It is needed a more serious and more accurately policy of monitoring and construction of projects from the size of AHE Estreito. It was found that institutional reflexivity is low regarding to the projects components, for it does not cover the consequences arising from their installation and provides more insecurity in social and institutional relations, having as reflexes the negative impacts on traditional/local populations. The model proved to be insufficient, marked by an action supported by bureaucratic rules and laws, detached from the real needs of those affected than those incorporated in decision-making on energy production. It is important to enable a strong discussion about other sources and potential uses, consistent with respect for traditional communities in Brazil, thus we can rekindle indeed a debate hegemonically seen as already decided and mitigating the impacts from those affected.

O Pantanal, área de estudo do presente trabalho, se encontra em bom estado de conservação e abriga uma biodiversidade intrinsecamente relacionada com sua dinâmica local, principalmente com o pulso de inundação. Seus atributos naturais revelam um cenário propício para o desenvolvimento da atividade turística, que vem crescendo desde a década de 90, apoiada no discurso de compatibilizar o crescimento econômico com a conservação ambiental. Porém, esta prática pode representar uma séria ameaça devido à transformação do meio natural e ao estabelecimento de infraestrutura em locais selvagens. Neste sentido a pesquisa estabelece uma análise das dinâmicas territoriais influenciadas pelo turismo em quatro municípios pantaneiros: Aquidauana, Corumbá, Poconé e Cáceres. Foram levantadas as principais características destes locais, estudadas suas áreas urbanas e periurbanas, e identificados os usos do complexo pantaneiro pelo setor turístico. Os principais impactos ambientais ocasionados pelo turismo também foram analisados, além dos instrumentos de planejamento capazes de minimizar tais impactos e as políticas públicas que se relacionam com a temática. O estudo destes instrumentos e das políticas - analisadas em âmbito mundial, federal, estadual e municipal demonstrou necessidade de que a questão seja tratada em escala regional. Isto significa condicionar as ações individuais dos municípios e fortalecer decisões que considerem todo o complexo pantaneiro, e não apenas as que beneficiam os limites administrativos estabelecidos sem uma lógica natural. Caso tais condições estejam contempladas, o turismo poderá ser um aliado na conservação do Pantanal, pois depende do bom estado de seu meio natural para atrair os visitantes. / Pantanal wetland, study area of the present work, is in a good state of conservation and has a biodiversity strictly related to its local dynamic, especially due to the flood pulse. The natural attributes reveal a favorable scenario for the development of tourism activity, which has been growing since 90s. Though, this practice may represent a serious threat due to the changes in the natural environment and to the establishment of infrastructure in wild locations. In this way, this research has established an analysis of the territorial dynamics influenced by the tourism in four municipalities of Pantanal: Aquidauana, Corumbá, Poconé and Cáceres. The main characteristics of these municipalities were identified, also the urban and periurban areas of each municipality were studied and the uses of Pantanal by the tourism sector were identified. The main environmental impacts were analyzed, besides the planning instruments capable to diminish these impacts and the policies that are related to the theme. The study of the instruments and policies analyzed in global, federal, state and municipality scales has shown a strong necessity that this issue be addressed in regional scale. In the meaning of constrain the individual actions of municipalities and, in the other hand, to strength the decisions that consider the whole Pantanal wetland and not only those that benefit the administrative boundaries without a natural logic. In case of consideration of these conditions, the tourism could be an allied for the Pantanals conservation, as this activity depends on a good state of the natural environment to the attraction of tourists.

This work considers with environmental aspects and impacts of manufacture in SLB spol. s r.o. (spol. s r.o. means Ltd) company. Output of this work can be used for starting environmental management system in this company. It contains abstract of base legal demands which refers to SLB spol. s r.o. and short declaration of their fulfilling. In the end of the work there are drafts to antipollution measures.

Responsible tourism is tourism which aims at minimizing negative environmental, social, and economic impacts, and benefits the local community. One crucial aspect is being neglected in the context of responsible tourism – the environmental impacts of food consumption. The impacts on the environment may vary depending on the dietary lifestyle. According to research, a vegan diet is generally less taxing on the environment than for example vegetarian or omnivorous ones. In this quantitative study, 161 participants, who consider themselves responsible tourists, were asked about their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour regarding the environmental benefits of veganism. The data were analysed using linear regressions within the mediation model and two-sample t- tests. I found that attitudes partly mediate the relationship between knowledge and behaviour. Vegans are more knowledgeable about the environmental benefits of veganism than omnivores. Besides, vegans showed the most pro-environmental attitudes and behaviour, followed by vegetarians and omnivores. Less than half of the sample perceive veganism as a part of responsible tourism. Those respondents who perceive it so are mainly vegans and vegetarians. A campaign that would raise awareness of the environmental benefits of veganism in the context of responsible travel needs to be implemented. A qualitative study should follow, and further research needs to be done among additional samples, such as typical mass tourists.

[pt] Transporte é um instrumento direcionador do desenvolvimento urbano, e, com isso, novas metodologias de planejamento com foco no equilíbrio dos sistemas de transporte e sua coexistência no espaço urbano vêm sendo estudadas. Neste contexto, as empresas são consideradas polos geradores de viagens, quando, exercendo grande atratividade, potencializam os impactos no espaço urbano, principalmente, em termos de mobilidade e acessibilidade. Assim, esta Dissertação visa, por meio de estudo de caso, fomentar o desenvolvimento do Plano de Mobilidade Corporativa, que consiste em medidas integradas de sustentabilidade, como o uso da bicicleta, carona e carsharing, flexibilização da jornada de trabalho, e home-office. De maneira geral, o Plano define estratégias de gestão da demanda, trazendo qualidade de vida para funcionários, redução dos congestionamentos e da emissão de gases de efeito estufa. Foram, logo, utilizados o inventário de carbono da empresa e, elaborado um questionário origem-destino, com perguntas e condicionantes, traçando o perfil dos respondentes e levantando custos. Após diagnóstico, esta Dissertação propõe a elaboração do Plano, com base nos cenários propostos na ferramenta de quantificação de emissões de GEE (GHG Protocol,2019). Os resultados demonstraram redução dos impactos ambientais e financeiros, por exemplo: uso da bicicleta para pessoas que moram a menos de 8 km do local de trabalho, representando uma redução de GEE de 2,2 tCO2eq e 44 reais no gasto médio diário dos funcionários da empresa. Com todos os cenários propostos, obteve-se um redução final de 273,42 reais no gasto médio diário do total de funcionários, e 28,16 tCO2eq. / [en] Organizations and the entire corporate sector are fundamental in issues related to problems caused by (i)mobility and transports, such as logistics cost increases, traffic and environmental impacts, or being responsable to look for solutions to these issues. In Brazil, as the car-based model developed, problems with traffic, increase of overall travel time, and car dependence, were getting worse, resulting in many social and environmental impacts. As an example, the transport sector in Brazil in 2017 accounted for 32.7 percent of total energy consumption and accounted for 45.8 percent of CO2eq emissions related to the country s energy sector (MME, 2018). For Oliveira (2013), the spatial organization drives the profile of daily work displacements in the cities, thus, beyond investments in infrastructure, spatial and to urban planning policies must be created. These incentives linked to each other and urban equipment promote social inclusion, quality of life and contribute to the preservation of the environment. In addition, Cintra (2008) warns that the time spent in traffic jams compromises the competitiveness of the economy and people s quality of life, caused by stress, physical and psychological exhaustion. The biggest motivation for Brazilian s travel is work, which corresponds to 50 percent of daily travelling in the country (WRI BRASIL, 2016). With this in mind,companies can be considered trip-generation hubs (TGH). Beyond their attractiveness to the population with goods and services, and new investments, they enhance the impacts on urban space, especially in terms of mobility and accessibility, being, then, one of the biggest causes of recurrent periods of congestion.

Ethanol production has been widely perceived as a solution to the global energy crisis, with the added benefit of reinvigorating declining agricultural economies. Moves towards dedicating crop production to ethanol however have raised a number of concerns related to its economic and environmental consequences. Missing from this debate is a consideration of the ways in which sugar can be used as a feedstock for ethanol, an issue that is especially pertinent within the state of Florida. The national commitment and scale of corn ethanol production in the U.S. has largely meant a lack of focus on other feedstocks which could be more effective means of ethanol production. This thesis demonstrates perspectives on sugar ethanol among key stakeholders within the state of Florida. Through semi-structured key informant interviews, it examines the forces that are promoting or thwarting ethanol production within the Florida landscape. In doing so, this research makes four contributions to energy and environmental studies.. First, it addresses the extent to which overdependence on oil in developed and emerging nations can be mitigated by integrating renewable fuel into supply systems. Second, it provides a wider outlook on biofuels, by investigating whether sugar ethanol can become a viable renewable fuel model within the U.S. Third, it adds a place-based study to national and international debates over biofuels, showing both how the issue of biofuels has unique dimensions in Florida and how it connects to broader debates over corn ethanol in the U.S. and sugar ethanol in Brazil. Finally, the turn towards sugar ethanol becomes an especially important issue to study within Florida given the current controversies over offshore drilling as well as the negative environmental impacts on the Everglades ecosystem associated with sugar cultivation in south Florida.