Os recursos hídricos são objeto de constante discussão na tentativa de encontrar a maneira mais adequada de manejá-los, de forma a não prejudicar o meio ambiente, e também a vida na Terra. A política de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) entra nesse contexto, na tentativa de estimular os produtores rurais a aderirem, com um maior grau de conscientização à legislação ambiental vigente. Além disso, busca-se uma forma de não prejudicar os proprietários de pequenas propriedades rurais, que tendem a ser os mais afetados pelas adequações ambientais que se fazem necessárias. Um olhar sobre os sistemas de PSA existentes no Brasil evidencia que o pagamento oferecido por essa política aos produtores é relativamente baixo e, consequentemente, pouco interessante. Portanto, faz-se necessária uma evolução no conceito de PSA, de modo a criar uma perspectiva econômica atrativa para o produtor rural e, ao mesmo tempo, incentivar sua adesão. Assim, este trabalho propôs a ideia de simular o efeito da inclusão de extensionistas como forma de incentivo ao ingresso em um PSA denominado \"Programa Conservador das Águas\", na cidade de Extrema, MG. O trabalho foi realizado visando à produção de leite e teve por base os resultados obtidos no Projeto \"Balde Cheio\", baseado no treinamento de extensionistas e que apresenta evolução significativa de resultados em propriedades rurais, durante e após o tempo de participação desse profissional no projeto. Para isso, foram analisados dados zootécnicos e econômicos de dezessete propriedades rurais produtoras de leite e participantes do Projeto \"Balde Cheio\", com tempo de participação igual ou superior a quatro anos. Os resultados oriundos dessas propriedades foram utilizados para o desenvolvimento de simulação de dados evolutivos de produtividade, considerando, especificamente, os índices zootécnicos e econômicos de propriedades rurais da sub-bacia do Ribeirão das Posses, em Extrema, MG. Verificou-se o potencial de aumento da produtividade e grande melhora dos resultados econômicos, a partir da assistência técnica efetuada, incluindo a adesão ao PSA na região. Simulou-se também, o efeito do aumento da produção de leite na arrecadação de impostos, demonstrando repercussões desta iniciativa para o Estado de Minas Gerais. Concluiu-se, a partir dos dados levantados, que o aumento de produtividade gerado pela inclusão de extensionistas à política de PSA permitiria pagar os custos desses profissionais e gerar aumento da arrecadação para o Estado e o município. / Finding the most adequate way to manage water resources without harming the environment and life on Earth has long been the aim of frequent discussions among professionals from different areas. The current policy of payment for environmental services (PES) is an important part of this discussion, and a more attractive form of raising awareness and getting smallholder farmers to adhere to the current environmental legislation. Equally important is the understanding and addressing these farmers needs, usually the most affected by requirements of environmental suitability. Currently, the low sums practiced by the existing PES in Brazil make it rather unattractive for them, calling for a rethinking of its concept in order to make it financially more attractive and, thus, to encourage farmers to adhere. Therefore, this study aimed to simulate the effects of including rural extensionists in a PES as an incentive for the adherence of farmers, entitled Conservative Water Programme, in the county of Extrema, MG. The research was based on the milk production, using results obtained in the Full Bucket Project, based on training rural extensionists and showing significant improvement for dairy farmers, during and after the period in which he took part in the project. For this simulation, one analysed the zootechnical and economic data from seventeen dairy farms, four-year-long (or more) members of the Full Buket Project (Projeto Balde Cheio). The results obtained were used on the development of data simulation of productivity based on the specific zootechnical and economic results from the dairy farms of the sub-basin \'Ribeirão das Posses\', in Extrema, MG. The results provided evidences that there is indeed the potential for an increase in milk yield, and for improving economic results, after technical assistance was provided, including the adherence to the PES in that region. The increase in milk yield stimulated an increase in taxes collection, also showing its positive repercussion for the state of Minas Gerais. Based on the findings, one can conclude that the inclusion of rural extensionists in the PES policy would increase the milk productivity, covering the costs of these professionals and increasing the tax collection for the state and the county.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O tema do estudo é sobre o ambiente, abordado do ponto de vista mais social, com um foco geral no que se convencionou chamar de bens da natureza. É premissa adotada na dissertação de que a natureza só pode ser medida como bem quando tiver categorias de valoração. Estas categorias só ocorrem no nosso sistema político e mudam com o tempo, mudando também as conceituações, por exemplo, de ambiente, um termo forte que permeia por toda a dissertação. As primeiras questões gerais abordadas aqui são justamente relacionadas a esta palavra, ambiente, a qual vem tomando vários enfoques nos últimos anos, devido às necessidades de os sistemas políticos incluírem nas suas agendas as questões para regularem o uso dos chamados bens da natureza. Por que isso ocorreu no nosso país? Como, no geral, um sistema político se vê forçado a incluir na sua agenda programas que normalmente não teriam aquela atenção? Estas perguntas compõem a visão geral do problema do estudo que desenvolvi. Adotei na dissertação duas vertentes para responder a estas perguntas: uma visão normativa, que apresenta o problema do ponto de vista fiscal, e uma visão mais humanista, do ponto de vista de o ambiente ser olhado sob o ponto de vista das relações homem-natureza. As hipóteses adotadas, no sentido de respostas provisórias às questões, foram; i) na ausência de conceituações específicas, o sistema lançou mão de conceitos pré-existentes sobre bens econômicos, públicos e privados, ii) do ponto de vista humanístico, que inclui no centro as relações homem-natureza, é difícil categorizar natureza como bem no sentido econômico, iii) o sistema político dominante usa seu arsenal ideológico para estabelecer o que chamou de serviços ambientais, mas há vários questionamentos nesta aproximação. As verificações das hipóteses foram feitas através da literatura vigente e relatos publicados utilizados como exemplos, portanto não há verificações diretas, são eneralizações interpretativas com base na história e relatos. Nos item Resultados são apresentadas as conceituações envolvendo as questões sob o ponto de vista normativo e no item Discussão os mesmos aspectos normativos são apresentados do ponto de vista analítico, estabelecendo com mais detalhes as contradições. São ainda apresentados brevemente na Discussão como estas questões estão envolvidas em Roraima e apresentadas algumas sugestões para abordagem deste tema na região. / The subject of the study is the environment, approached more from the social point of view, with one general focus conventionally called goods of the nature. The adopted premise is that nature can only be measured as good when implicit values categories. These categories only occur in our political system and change through time, also changing the concepts, for example, the environment, a strong word that passes all over this work. The first questions are exactly those ones related to this word, environment, which has taking various focuses in the last years, due to the necessity of the political systems include in their agendas questions directed to regulate the uses of the so called goods of the environment. Why this occurred in our country? Why, in general, a political system is forced to include in their agenda programs that normally would have no attention? These questions compose a general vision of the study problem I did.I adopted in the work two points in order to answer these questions: on normative vision, which presents the problem from the oversight point of view, and a more humanistic vision looked through the eyes of the man-nature relationships. The adopted hypotheses, in the sense of provisory answers to the questions, were: i) in the absence of specific concepts, the system used the already existing concepts of economic goods, public and private, ii) from the humanistic point of view, which includes in its center the relations man-nature, it is difficult categorize the nature as a good in the economic sense, iii) the dominant political system use its ideological armory in order to establish the so called environmental services, but there are various questions related to this approach. I verified the adopted hypothesis through the current literature and published reports as examples; therefore I did not direct verifications, but general interpretations with basis in history and reports. In Results it is presented the concepts involving the questions under the normative points of view and in Discussion the same normative aspects are presented under the analytic view, establishing the contradictions with more details. It is briefly presented in the Discussion how these questions are involved in Roraima and presented some suggestions of how to approach this theme in the region.

As áreas de várzea estão entre os ecossistemas mais ameaçados, porém no Brasil essa situação agrava-se devido à falta de uma abordagem ecológica robusta na Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa, o que torna necessário a atuação do poder público municipal para salvaguardar esses sistemas. A presente pesquisa empregou uma abordagem ecológica aplicada (limnologia, macroinvertebrados, macrófitas aquáticas) para avaliar a relação do rio Sorocaba com suas várzeas no município de Sorocaba, o uso e ocupação da terra e a sua influência sobre às variáveis limnológicas, além das demandas dos serviços ambientais fornecidos pelas várzeas ao município. Duas amostragens foram realizadas durante o ano de 2017, sendo uma no período de cheia (fevereiro) e outra na estiagem (junho). Métodos padronizados foram empregados para o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho. Evidenciou-se que a poluição orgânica e o predomino de áreas antropizadas são os principais fatores responsáveis pela alteração das variáveis limnológicas analisadas. Alguns serviços ambientais (i.e. provisão de água, controle do fluxo, regulação dos processos erosivos, regulação de nutrientes, ciclagem da água, pesca voltada ao lazer e valor intrínseco da biodiversidade) prestados pelos ecossistemas de várzea do Município de Sorocaba apresentam um balanço negativo (i.e. demanda superior à oferta). As espécies de macrófitas e famílias de macroinvertebrados encontradas são espécies indicadoras de poluição orgânica. Por fim, destaca-se a contribuição da ação estratégica e o papel da gestão municipal para o manejo dos ecossistemas de várzea. / The wetlands are among the most threatened ecosystems, although in the Brazil that situation is worse because of an ecological approach lack in the Law of Native Vegetation Protection, what makes necessary the public power action to safeguard those systems. The present research employed an applied ecological approach (limnology, macroinvertebrates, aquatic macrophytes) for Sorocaba River and its wetlands assessment in Sorocaba-SP municipality, the land cover and its influence on limnological variables, as well as the environmental services demand supplied by the municipality wetlands. Two samples were performed during 2017, one during the rainy (February) season and other on the dry season (June). Patronized methods were employed in the present research. The organic pollution and the anthropic areas predominance are the mainly factors responsible for limnological variables alteration. Some environmental services (i.e. water provision, water flow control, erosive process control, nutrient control, water cycling, recreation fishing and biodiversity intrinsic value) provided by the studied wetlands showed a negative balance (i.e. demand superior to the provision capacity). The macrophyte species and macroinvertebrate families found are organic pollution indicators. Finally, stand out the strategic action contribution and the municipality governance role for wetlands ecosystem management.

This study attempts to explain the inability of resource constrained farmers in Zambia to invest in soil fertility enhancing improved fallows, a sustainable land use practice developed by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in the 1980s. Although several studies in the laboratory and field have shown that improved fallows positively impact on farmers’ welfare, the reliability of such conclusions comes into question given their use of improper identification strategies. Secondly, although there is general consensus that improved fallows additionally co-produce environmental services, the literature acknowledges that such services are not only imprecisely defined but also rarely quantified. Most estimates for environmental services have been confined to controlled field trials and laboratory experiments. Consequently, this research was designed to answer the following questions: 1) Would the use of randomisation procedures to estimate impact provide additional support to the foregone conclusions by most literature regarding the positive impact of improved fallows on farmer welfare? 2) Studies from on-station experiments show that improved fallows provide environmental services; do such conclusions hold for improved fallows planted on-farm where the near ideal experimental conditions are not guaranteed? A structured questionnaire was used to interview 324 randomly selected small scale farmers in Chongwe district of Zambia between November and December 2011. The data was analysed using well-grounded and robust matching and switching regression counter factual analysis tools. The rigorous econometric methods confirmed the positive impact of improved fallows on household maize yields, maize productivity, per capita maize yield and maize income. Insignificant impact results were however obtained when broader welfare indicators – overall per capita, crop income and value of crop production were considered. The study attributes these later results to two possible areas; first, most of the maize sold that contributes to crop income may be coming from other input sources such as the inorganic fertiliser that is common in the study area. Second, the non-use of the technology on cash crops (for example cotton) in subsequent periods after a year or two of maize cropping reduces the technology’s contribution to the households’ cash crop income portfolio. Had the study only used maize income or value of maize income to measure overall crop income (or value of crop production), or had it just made a simple comparison between adopters and non adopters, the likelihood of not finding any insignificant results on the efficacy of improved fallows would have been high. The study thus concludes that the use of improved fallows should be diversified to cover the entire cash crop portfolio especially a year or so after maize cropping when most of the nitrogen supplied by technology has been used up. More importantly, the study recommends use of better and more robust methodologies in evaluating impact of interventions. The positive effects of improved fallows on on-farm environmental quality, controlling for farmers’ biophysical and socio-economic characteristics were confirmed. Estimates from OLS regression, matching and the more robust endogenous switching regression showed that the technology had a significant causal effect on households’ consumption of fuel wood obtained from natural forests. The technology can provide up to 1,086 kg or about 51% of annual household fuel wood requirements in the year the fallows are terminated. This amount is substantial enough to make a positive contribution towards reducing encroachment on public forests and thus control the rate of deforestation. In addition to promoting the technology for soil fertility improvement (the role which is widely accepted by the farmers), explicit extension messages conveying the technology’s capacity to provide various products that contribute to farmer welfare as well as provide on farm environmental quality should be made available. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / PhD / Unrestricted

Depuis le milieu des années 2000, le champ lexical du discours public de défense et de légitimation du pastoralisme pyrénéen s’est enrichi de notions « empruntées » aux sciences économiques et aux arènes de discussion internationales. Le pastoralisme est depuis lors qualifié de producteur « d’externalités » par certains agents de développement pastoral et représentants de la profession agricole. Le cœur de ce travail de recherche-action est d’interroger l’irruption de ce nouveau paradigme à une échelle locale, en analysant la manière dont les usagers de l’espace montagnard eux-mêmes appréhendent les effets multiples du pastoralisme sur leurs espaces de pratiques. Malgré son utilité potentielle pour la justification d’une action publique dirigée spécifiquement vers l’activité pastorale, l’utilisation de la notion d’externalités en tant que catégorie analytique ne permet pas d’appréhender la réalité des rapports entre la multiplicité d’acteurs investis dans l’utilisation et dans la gouvernance des estives pyrénéennes. En revanche, le recours à une approche relationnelle des effets du pastoralisme permet de reconnecter ces phénomènes à leur contexte spatial, social et temporel d’émergence, mais aussi de faire apparaître la place des acteurs et des organisations locales dans la régulation de la coprésence et des nouvelles proximités. A l’échelle locale, l’étude des effets multiples du pastoralisme renvoie ainsi aux thématiques du multi-usage de l’espace montagnard et à l’action collective des acteurs divers impliqués dans sa gestion et dans son utilisation. La capitalisation et l’interprétation des modalités de gestion collective innovantes des estives ainsi que le transfert des connaissances fondamentales et méthodologiques peuvent alors inciter les acteurs du développement à une prise en compte plus intégrée de l’élargissement et de la complexification de l’espace social constitué par les estives pyrénéennes. / Since the early 2000’s, the political discourse about defense and legitimization of pastoralism has contained economical terms. Some agriculture representatives and development agents qualify pastoralism as an « externalities producer ». This action-research aims at questioning the appearance of this new paradigm on the local scale by studying the manner by which mountain space users themselves consider the multiple effects of pastoralism on their spaces and practices. Despite their potential utility to justify a specific public action directed to pastoral activity, “externalities” used as an analytical category don’t allow to understand the links between the multiple stakeholders invested in pastures utilization and governance. On the other hand, relational approach of pastoralism multiple effects enables to reconnect these phenomena to their spatial, social and temporal context of emergence. This theoretical approach also reveals the position of local stakeholders and organizations in the proximity regulation. Studying pastoralism multiple effects on the local scale refers to multiple-use of mountain areas and to collective action of those who use and manage Pyrenean pastures. Capitalization and interpretation of innovative forms of governance, but also transfer of scientific and methodological knowledge can lead development agents to a better consideration of the enlargement and the complexification of the social space constituted by Pyrenean pastures.

Cette thèse vise à comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) émergent et influencent la conservation effective des écosystèmes naturels au Cambodge. Elle contribue également à poursuivre l’opérationnalisation des cadres conceptuels institutionnalistes d’analyse des PSE dans le cadre d’un pays parmi les moins avancés de la planète. Au Cambodge, les PSE apparaissent comme le résultat de processus politiques de négociations influencés par les institutions préexistantes et dans lesquelles certains acteurs, notamment le Gouvernement et les ONG, cherchent à influencer les décisions relatives à la définition de nouvelles règles d’utilisation des ressources naturelles afin que celles-ci s’alignent sur leurs intérêts. Ceci amène, au Cambodge, au blocage de certains types de PSE. La thèse cherche également à mesurer et expliquer l’efficacitéenvironnementale d’un cas de PSE communautaire. Ce type de mécanisme peut contribuer à la conservation efficace des forêts même lorsque la pression extérieure augmente. Néanmoins, ces effets dépendent de certaines caractéristiques du contexte socio-économique local, probablement parce qu’elles influencent la capacité de gestion collective des forêts que vise à renforcer ce type de PSE. De plus, la pérennité de ces effets n’est pas assurée sur le long terme. Le programme a ainsi érodé certaines perceptions des valeurs d’usage de la conservation de la forêt qui, dans un contexte de pauvreté et de dépendance forte des populations locales aux ressources naturelles, peuvent constituer des motivations partiellement intrinsèques à conserver. / This thesis aims to understand the mechanisms through which Payments for Environmental Services (PES) emerge and influence the effective conservation of natural ecosystems in Cambodia. It also contributes to the operationalization of institutional conceptual frameworks for the analysis of PES, as it takes to the case of one of the world’s least developed countries. In Cambodia, PES appear to be the result of political processes (negotiations) influenced by pre-existing institutions and in which some stakeholders, such as the Government and NGOs,seek to influence decisions related to the definition of new rules for the use of natural resources so that they align with their interests. This explains why some types of PES schemes face political blockages at the national level. The thesis also seeks to measure and explain the environmental effectiveness of one community-PES. The case study leads to the effective conservation of forests even when the external pressure increases. However, this effect depends on some characteristics of the local socio-economic context, probably because they influence the likelihood of local collective management of forests, which the scheme aims to strengthen. In addition, the permanence of these effects is not guaranteed in the long run. The program has indeed eroded some perceptions of use values of forest conservation, which are, in a context of poverty and strong dependence of local communities on natural resources, the foundation for partially intrinsic motivation to conserve.

Despite substantial investments in biodiversity conservation interventions over the past two decades there is relatively little evidence about whether interventions work, and how they work. Whether an intervention is deemed to “work” depends upon how goals are defined and then measured, which is complex given that different stakeholders have very different expectations for any intervention (including species conservation, habitat protection, human wellbeing or participation goals), and because the process of measuring impacts can involve a simplification of more sophisticated ideals. These questions were investigated for a suite of biodiversity conservation interventions, implemented during 2005-2012 in the Northern Plains landscape of Cambodia. The interventions included the establishment of Protected Areas (PAs), village-level land-use planning, and three different types of Payments for Environmental Services (PES) instituted within the PAs. The PES programmes were (1) direct payments for species protection; (2) community-managed ecotourism linked to wildlife and habitat protection; and (3) payments to keep within land-use plans. The impact evaluation compared the results of each of the interventions with appropriate matched controls, considering both environmental and social impacts between 2005-2011. Both PAs and PES delivered additional environmental outcomes: reducing deforestation rates significantly in comparison with controls and protecting species for those cases where appropriate data was available. PAs increased security of access to land and forest resources for local households, benefiting forest resource users, but restricting households’ ability to expand and diversify their agriculture. PES impacts on household wellbeing were related to the magnitude of the payments provided: the two higher-paying PES programmes had significant positive impacts for participants, whereas a lower-paying programme that targeted biodiversity protection had no detectable effect on livelihoods, despite its positive environmental outcomes. Households that signed up to the higher-paying PES programmes, however, typically needed more capital assets and hence they were less poor and more food secure than other villagers. Therefore, whereas the impacts of PAs on household wellbeing were limited overall and varied between livelihood strategies, the PES programmes had significant positive impacts on livelihoods for those that could afford to participate. This is one of the first evaluations of the social impacts of PES that has been completed globally. The PA authorities were primarily effective at deterring external drivers of biodiversity loss, especially large-scale developments, land grabbing and in-migration, and had much more limited impact on local residents as the impact evaluation results demonstrated. The PES programmes had little or no effect on the external drivers, and instead explicitly targeted the behaviour of local residents. The three PES programmes differed in the extent to which they rewarded changes in individual or collective behaviour, and whether or not they were managed locally or externally. Household-level, conditional, payments were more effective at changing individual behaviour than collective payments; although there was evidence that both types of payments did lead to protection of forests at the village scale. Village-managed PES programmes empowered a subset of households that were then effective at enforcing regulations within the village. Externally managed PES programmes were more popular and viewed as fairer, but did not change collective behaviour. The general conclusion is that the design and institutional arrangements of PES programmes determines how participants perceive the programmes, and then the extent to which they bring about changes in behaviour.

Mesmo com o crescimento da dependência da vida humana em relação aos serviços ecossistêmicos, a taxa de perda de diversidade genética no planeta tem alcançado níveis semelhantes à de grandes eventos de extinção, evidenciando a necessidade de ações para a conservação dos recursos naturais. Em adição aos tradicionais instrumentos de comando e controle para a conservação, os instrumentos econômicos têm tido crescente atenção no mundo nos últimos anos, com especial destaque para os Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais (PSA). A abordagem de pagamentos de incentivos tem crescido na última década e, apesar das potencialidades que o PSA apresenta, muitos programas falham em incorporar o conhecimento científico em sua execução, sendo esse um dos aspectos que podem acarretar baixo desempenho ambiental e econômico. Neste contexto, o presente projeto buscou avaliar a custo-eficácia do PSA em paisagens fragmentadas. A área de estudo é o estado de São Paulo, cuja fragmentação historicamente ocorre pela expansão agropecuária e pelos diversos impactos decorrentes do grande crescimento populacional em seu território. Foram distribuídos questionários para a obtenção das preferências dos proprietários rurais paulistas em relação aos programas de PSA para restauração de vegetação nativa. Os dados coletados foram relacionados a características socioeconômicas e ambientais e um modelo beta inflacionado de zero misto dentro da classe GAMLSS foi utilizado. Em seguida, o modelo foi utilizado para predizer os resultados para os proprietários não entrevistados e a curva de investimento para diferentes retornos para conservação foi construída. Os resultados apontaram que o PSA é uma alternativa muito custosa frente aos orçamentos ambientais paulistas e que traz poucos benefícios para a restauração no estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa possui uma vertente teórica, pois contribui para a compreensão da adequabilidade do PSA em paisagens fragmentadas, e uma vertente prática, pois explicita a quantidade de recursos necessária para a execução dos programas analisados. / Although the dependence of human activities on ecosystem services has risen in the past decades, the current rate of genetic diversity loss has substantially declined and reached alarming levels. In addition to the traditional command and control approach for the promotion of conservation, growing attention has been given to economic instruments, especially to Payments for Environmental Services (PES). Despite all potentialities of the PES instrument, many programs fail to introduce scientic knowledge in the execution. Such a lack of foundation may result in low environmental and economic performance. The present research aims at evaluating the cost-effectiveness of PES in fragmented landscapes. The study area is the state of São Paulo, which has been fragmented by the agricultural and pasture expansion, and the impacts linked to the large population growth. A survey with dierent PES programs was sent to rural landowners and responses were analyzed and linked to socioeconomic and environmental characteristics through a zero-inflated beta mixed model, within the GAMLSS framework. The model was used to predict enrollment of non-respondents in different PES programs. Finally, the relationship between total area for restoration and the amount of resources needed for each program was compared to the environmental budget of the state of São Paulo. Results show that PES is a very costly alternative that can provide only few results for restoration. The present work has a theoretical orientation, as it contributes to the comprehension of the feasibility of PES programs in fragmented landscapes, and a practical orientation, as it quantifies the amount of resources required by the programs analyzed.

Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2017-02-01T18:28:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Jardim.pdf: 3137267 bytes, checksum: 0b57ab0b34a3ed45d9995885d6918674 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-01T18:28:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Jardim.pdf: 3137267 bytes, checksum: 0b57ab0b34a3ed45d9995885d6918674 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-22 / Brazil is considered one of the countries with the greatest number of environmental legislation in the world, ingroducing as Governmental strategy the use of command-and-control standards in the conservation of areas of permanent preservation and legal reserve located in rural properties. However, the so-called environmental punishment rules (command and control) have been showing an ineffective result, discouraging rural producers in the care of their environmental areas because the reforestation (planting, cleaning the land, fencing in the area, pest control, seedlings) presents itself very costly for producers. Some economic instruments, however, have been being used in the preservation of resources, in particular the payment for environmental services (PSA), used by many countries in Latin America and in Brazil, this payment model is gaining economic strength. The payment for environmental services is presented as a Prized Punishment, one that does something positive for the environment, should be awarded a prize or reward for the option of keeping the forest standing, taking care and pricing the marginalised services by the market. The work had as main objective to present the importance of payment for environmental services in areas of permanent preservation (APP) in an area located in the basin of the Confusão stream within Rancharia- SP city. At first, the bibliographic survey was about the topic and from seized theories and concepts raised, mapping were held as: arboreal vegetation, water resources and permanent preservation areas. Secondly, we conducted a survey of data through documental research (satellite images and data from the IBGE) in Rancharia city, focusing on the properties located on the banks of the Confusão basil. The hypothesis adopted in this work is that the payment for environmental services in the city of Rancharia is viable and this will facilitate the awareness of farmers in conservation of natural resources within the municipality. The research here adopted, was based on a qualitative research, using the bibliographical and documentary research and techniques of direct intensive observation. It was concluded that the implementation of the payment for environmental services in the areas of permanent preservation located in the basin of the Confusão, would contribute to the formation of public policy focused on the management of natural resources located in the city of Rancharia, in order to restore these forests, due to the multitude of ecosystem services that they provide to all collective. However, the results of the survey showed that it will only be possible through the installation of public policy adhered by municipal bodies. / O Brasil é considerado um dos países que mais possuem legislação ambiental do mundo, apresentando como estratégia governamental a utilização de normas de comando e controle na conservação das áreas de preservação permanente e reserva legal localizadas nas propriedades rurais. Porém, as referidas normas de penalização ambiental (comando e controle) vêm se apresentando de maneira ineficaz, desestimulando os produtores rurais no cuidado de suas áreas ambientais, pois a reposição florestal (plantio, limpeza do terreno, cercamento da área, controle de pragas, mudas) se apresenta muito onerosa aos produtores. Alguns instrumentos econômicos, entretanto, vêm sendo utilizados na preservação dos recursos, em especial o pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA), utilizado por muitos países da América Latina e no Brasil, este modelo de pagamento econômico vem ganhando força. O pagamento por serviços ambientais consiste na sanção premial, ou seja, aquele que faz algo positivo para o meio ambiente deve ser agraciado com um prêmio ou recompensa pela opção de manter a floresta em pé valorando e precificando os serviços ambientais marginalizados pelo mercado. O trabalho teve como objetivo principal em apresentar a importância do pagamento por serviços ambientais em áreas de preservação permanente (APP) em uma área localizada na Bacia da Confusão dentro do Município de Rancharia SP. Num primeiro momento da pesquisa, fez-se o levantamento bibliográfico sobre o tema e a partir da teoria apreendida e dos conceitos levantados, foram realizados os mapeamentos de aspectos como: vegetação arbórea, recursos hídricos e áreas de preservação permanente. Num segundo momento, foi realizado um levantamento de dados através de pesquisa documental (imagens de satélite e dados do IBGE) no Município de Rancharia, enfocando as propriedades localizadas as margens Bacia da Confusão. A hipótese adotada no trabalho é que o pagamento por serviços ambientais no município de Rancharia seja viável e com isso venha possibilitar a conscientização dos produtores rurais na preservação dos recursos naturais dentro do município. A pesquisa aqui adotada foi baseada sob uma investigação qualitativa, utilizando-se do levantamento bibliográfico e da pesquisa documental e com técnicas da observação direta intensiva. Foi possível concluir que a implementação do pagamento por serviços ambientais nas áreas de preservação permanentes localizadas na Bacia do Ribeirão da Confusão, contribuiria para a formação de uma política pública voltada para o gerenciamento dos recursos naturais localizados no município de Rancharia, de modo a restaurar essas matas, pela infinidade de serviços ecossistêmicos que elas prestam a toda coletividade. Contudo os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que só será possível, mediante a instalação de políticas públicas aderidas pelos órgãos municipais.

As áreas de várzea estão entre os ecossistemas mais ameaçados, porém no Brasil essa situação agrava-se devido à falta de uma abordagem ecológica robusta na Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa, o que torna necessário a atuação do poder público municipal para salvaguardar esses sistemas. A presente pesquisa empregou uma abordagem ecológica aplicada (limnologia, macroinvertebrados, macrófitas aquáticas) para avaliar a relação do rio Sorocaba com suas várzeas no município de Sorocaba, o uso e ocupação da terra e a sua influência sobre às variáveis limnológicas, além das demandas dos serviços ambientais fornecidos pelas várzeas ao município. Duas amostragens foram realizadas durante o ano de 2017, sendo uma no período de cheia (fevereiro) e outra na estiagem (junho). Métodos padronizados foram empregados para o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho. Evidenciou-se que a poluição orgânica e o predomino de áreas antropizadas são os principais fatores responsáveis pela alteração das variáveis limnológicas analisadas. Alguns serviços ambientais (i.e. provisão de água, controle do fluxo, regulação dos processos erosivos, regulação de nutrientes, ciclagem da água, pesca voltada ao lazer e valor intrínseco da biodiversidade) prestados pelos ecossistemas de várzea do Município de Sorocaba apresentam um balanço negativo (i.e. demanda superior à oferta). As espécies de macrófitas e famílias de macroinvertebrados encontradas são espécies indicadoras de poluição orgânica. Por fim, destaca-se a contribuição da ação estratégica e o papel da gestão municipal para o manejo dos ecossistemas de várzea. / The wetlands are among the most threatened ecosystems, although in the Brazil that situation is worse because of an ecological approach lack in the Law of Native Vegetation Protection, what makes necessary the public power action to safeguard those systems. The present research employed an applied ecological approach (limnology, macroinvertebrates, aquatic macrophytes) for Sorocaba River and its wetlands assessment in Sorocaba-SP municipality, the land cover and its influence on limnological variables, as well as the environmental services demand supplied by the municipality wetlands. Two samples were performed during 2017, one during the rainy (February) season and other on the dry season (June). Patronized methods were employed in the present research. The organic pollution and the anthropic areas predominance are the mainly factors responsible for limnological variables alteration. Some environmental services (i.e. water provision, water flow control, erosive process control, nutrient control, water cycling, recreation fishing and biodiversity intrinsic value) provided by the studied wetlands showed a negative balance (i.e. demand superior to the provision capacity). The macrophyte species and macroinvertebrate families found are organic pollution indicators. Finally, stand out the strategic action contribution and the municipality governance role for wetlands ecosystem management.