O objetivo principal deste trabalho é compreender a construção dos discursos jornalísticos sobre pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA), nos jornais Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo e O Globo. Para isso, utilizamos o referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise do Discurso de matriz francesa, além de acionarmos reflexões sobre a crise ambiental que vivenciamos e sobre o Jornalismo Ambiental, como prática profissional engajada na militância pela vida. Nosso recorte do objeto empírico compreendeu todas as notícias e reportagens desses periódicos, com aparições dos termos serviço(s) ambiental(is) e serviço(s) ecossistêmicos(s), desde a primeira menção (no jornal Folha de S. Paulo, em 1997, em O Estado de S. Paulo, 2001, e em O Globo, 2002) até a última do ano de 2013. Com isso, chegamos a 159 textos e 361 sequências discursivas para análise. Os gestos de leitura que foram realizados, a partir do corpus discursivo, permitiram perceber que esse discurso mostra incerteza frente ao caminho a seguir para resolução da crise ambiental e planetária. Além disso, foram percebidos sentidos que evidenciam uma visão rasa da natureza, ao enquadrá-la como capital natural e um ativo da economia. Destacou-se assim um discurso predominantemente regido por uma Formação Ideológica Capitalista, a qual se desdobrou em três Formações Discursivas identificadas: Formação Discursiva (FD) da Percepção da Crise Planetária no Capitalismo; FD do Capitalismo Verde; e FD do Capitalismo Marrom. Concluímos que, para superação dos problemas socioambientais globais, ainda temos o desafio, como humanidade, de transformarmos as bases mecanicistas e cartesianas do pensamento, para uma visão de mundo sistêmica e complexa, que abranja uma ética solidária e cooperativa. / The main objective of this research is to understand the framing of journalistic discourse on payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian reference newspapers: Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo and O Globo. For this purpose, we use the theoretical and methodological framework of the French Discourse Analysis, and we activate reflections on the current environmental crisis and the Environmental Journalism, as a profession engaged in militancy in favor of life. Our empirical object is all the news and feature stories from these newspapers, with occurrences of the terms environmental(s) service(s) and ecosystem(s) service(s), from its first mention (Folha de S. Paulo in 1997, O Estado de S. Paulo in 2001, and O Globo in 2002) to the last of the year 2013. That brings us to 159 texts and 361 discursive sequences for analysis. The reading gestures that we made from the discursive corpus allowed us to realize that this discourse shows uncertainty facing the way to resolve the environmental and planetary crisis. In addition, we perceived meanings that show a superficial view of nature, because the discourse frame it as a natural capital and as an economic asset. This discourse is predominantly governed by an Ideological Formation that we called Capitalist, which was divided into three Discursive Formations: Discursive Formation of Perception of Planetary Crisis in Capitalism; Discursive Formation of Green Capitalism; and Discursive Formation of Brown Capitalism. We conclude that, to overcome the global environmental problems, we have yet to transform the mechanistic and Cartesian thought basis to a systemic and complex worldview comprising an ethics of solidarity and cooperation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura Licia de Mendonca Vicente.pdf: 3807587 bytes, checksum: c86dd063a564f0f6506c379c653d792d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-14 / This paper aims to discuss the possibility of establishment of public schemes of payments for environmental services to rural producers who recover and preserve the legal reserve areas within their properties. That s because, even if imposed by law, this positive obligation, whose costs are assigned exclusively to rural producers, generates positive environmental externalities that are freely enjoyed by the whole society. In our view, this equation must find a new equilibrium point, forming a just distribution of benefits and costs of environmental preservation. In this approach, we consider the Payment for Environmental Services PES mechanism an important economic instrument capable of inducing socially desirable behaviors, effectively ensuring the protection of the legal reserve areas, and allowing at the same time, an increase in the producer s income. Our understanding is supported in the protector-receiver principle, which houses the idea of the internalizations of positive externalities as a way to balance economic relationship among the stakeholders (providers and beneficiaries) / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir a possibilidade de instituição de esquemas públicos de pagamentos por serviços ambientais a produtores rurais que recuperem e conservem as áreas de reserva legal no interior de suas propriedades. Isso porque, ainda que impostas por força legal, essa prestação positiva, realizada às custas exclusivas do produtor rural, geram externalidades ambientais positivas que são usufruídas gratuitamente por toda a sociedade. A nosso ver, essa equação deve encontrar um novo ponto de equilíbrio, conformando uma justa distribuição das vantagens e encargos da preservação ambiental. Nesse enfoque, vislumbramos no mecanismo do Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais - PSA um importante instrumento econômico passível de induzir condutas socialmente desejadas, assegurando de forma efetiva a proteção das áreas de reserva legal e possibilitando, ao mesmo tempo, um incremento na renda do produtor rural. Nosso entendimento está respaldado no princípio do protetor-recebedor, que alberga a ideia de internalização das externalidades positivas, como forma de reequilibrar relação econômica entre os envolvidos (provedores e beneficiários)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Paulo Schwandner Ferreira.pdf: 873036 bytes, checksum: c3abd6244c5f40cb0decc12b1754f4dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-22 / The present research aims to propose an analysis of The Payment for Environment Services from the point of view of the fundamental right to an ecologically balanced environment and the fundamental obligations related to it; more specifically, the obligation to preserve Nature/ Biodiversity. These obligations rely on Individuals, but are profited by the whole society, and impose on them a series of tasks for the environment and for future generations. Ecosystems provide a range of services to Humanity, which are essential for its production and for the development of Humankind. A number of programs have emerged aiming to identify these services; to create mechanisms to integrate them in the economic system and to reward those involved. The proposed analysis deals with the conflict, so to speak, between the urgency to meet tax obligations and the mechanisms of incentives to pay for them. In the process of verifying its constitutionality, a rights and obligations match was taken for granted and classified as a legal principle. The question which was intended to be answered is whether PSA initiatives are constitutional as a mechanism of incentive which aims to meet the fundamental obligation of preserving the Biodiversity / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo propor uma análise do Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais a partir da abordagem de aspectos do direito fundamental ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado e de deveres fundamentais associados, especificamente, o dever de preservar a biodiversidade. Esses deveres obrigam os particulares em relação a toda a sociedade e impõe uma série de tarefas para com o meio ambiente e as futuras gerações. Os ecossistemas prestam uma série de serviços para a humanidade, essenciais para a produção e para o desenvolvimento da vida humana. Uma série de programas tem surgido com o objetivo de identificar esses serviços, criar mecanismos para sua integração ao sistema econômico e remunerar aqueles que contribuem para a sua produção. A análise partiu do conflito, em tese, entre o imperativo de se cumprir deveres fundamentais e mecanismos de incentivos destinados ao cumprimento desses deveres. No processo de verificação da constitucionalidade, tomou-se como pressuposto a equiparação teórica entre deveres e direitos, na classificação de ambos como princípio jurídico. A questão que se pretendeu responder é se são constitucionais as iniciativas de PSA, sob o prisma de mecanismo de incentivo para o cumprimento do dever fundamental de proteger a biodiversidade

O Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) tem despertado o interesse dos proprietários rurais e dos tomadores de decisão por ser considerado um instrumento de transformação dos serviços ambientais sem valor de mercado em verdadeiros incentivos econômicos para os atores que os detêm. Dentre os mercados de PSA existentes (i.e. água, carbono, beleza cênica e biodiversidade), os de biodiversidade são os que mais encontram dificuldades em se desenvolver, principalmente, devido a pouca disposição a pagar pela promoção de serviços não exclusivos e não rivais. Dessa forma, para obter o maior custo efetivo de mercado e otimizar a proteção da diversidade biológica, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo geral propor uma estrutura de identificação de áreas prioritárias para a implantação de esquemas de PSA-biodiversidade. Para tanto, a metodologia foi dividida em duas etapas de execução. A primeira etapa correspondeu à seleção dos elementos indicados pela literatura científica para priorizar áreas ao PSA-biodiversidade. Estes foram divididos em dois grupos: \"Grupo I - elementos biológicos e físicos\" e \"Grupo II - elementos socioeconômicos e de governança\". A segunda etapa, por sua vez, correspondeu à aplicação dos elementos obtidos na primeira etapa no contexto do estado de São Paulo - Brasil, tendo como unidade de planejamento os municípios paulistas. Neste momento, utilizou-se como auxílio á tomada de decisão ferramentas de Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Foram obtidos três rankings dos municípios prioritários para a implantação de esquemas de PSA-biodiversidade: (i) ranking considerando somente os elementos do Grupo I; (ii) somente os elementos do Grupo II; e (iii) os elementos do Grupo I e II. Os resultados mostraram que ao considerar apenas os elementos do Grupo I, os esquemas são direcionados para áreas extremamente importantes para a conservação da biodiversidade, mas que, em sua maioria, apresentam baixa adicionalidade. Por outro lado, ao considerar apenas os elementos do Grupo II, os esquemas são direcionados para áreas com intensas atividades agropecuárias, onde os custos de oportunidade da terra são mais altos. Não obstante, ao considerar tanto os elementos do Grupo I quanto os elementos do Grupo II, o instrumento tem potencial de atingir seus múltiplos objetivos, tais como conservação da biodiversidade, menor custo, menor risco de insucesso, maior aceitação pública, redução das desigualdades sociais, entre outros. As informações geradas nesta pesquisa poderão contribuir com o auxílio ao desenvolvimento de uma política pública ainda incipiente, e otimizar a conservação da biodiversidade em terras privadas. / Payment for Environmental Services (PES) has been aroused the interest of landowners and decision makers as a tool of transformation of environmental services without market value into real financial incentives for them. Among the existing PES markets (i.e. watershed protection, carbon storage, landscape beauty and biodiversity), the biodiversity market is harder to develop, mainly, due to the little willingness to pay for the promotion of non-exclusive and non-competing services. In this way, in order to obtain the most effective market cost and maximize the biodiversity protection, this work had as objective to propose a structure to identify priority areas for the implementation of PSE-biodiversity. For this purpose, the methodology was divided into two stages. The first stage corresponded to the selection of the elements indicated by the scientific literature to prioritize areas for PSE-biodiversity. These elements were split into two groups: \"Group I - biological and physical elements\" and \"Group II - socioeconomics and governance elements\". The second stage corresponded to the application of these elements in the context of São Paulo State - Brazil, using the municipalities of São Paulo State as a planning unit. In this point, Geographic Information System (GIS) tools were used as an aid to decision making. Three rankings of priorities municipalities were developed: (i) ranking considering just the elements of Group I; (ii) ranking considering just the elements of Group II; and (ii) ranking considering both the elements of Group I and Group II. The results showed that considering just the elements of Group I, the schemes are targeted to extremely important areas for biodiversity conservation, but with low additionality. On the other hand, considering just the elements of Group II, the schemes area targeted to intensive agribusiness areas, where the opportunities costs of land are higher. Notwithstanding, considering both the elements of Group I and Group II, the tool has the potential to achieve multiple objectives, such as biodiversity conservation, lower opportunities costs, lower failure risks, public approval, poverty alleviation, among others. The information obtained in this work may contribute to the development of a still incipient public policy and maximize the protection of biodiversity in private lands.

A necessidade de minimizar os impactos ambientais, sem reduções da produtividade, levou à busca por métodos alternativos de produção, visando à manutenção da qualidade do solo (QS) e a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas. Para a avaliação e quantificação da QS, o estudo foi dividido em três capítulos, cada qual com um objetivo específico: avaliação dos atributos do solo para obter um conjunto mínimo de indicadores (MDS, minimum data set) e cálculo de índice aditivo (IQSa) e aditivo ponderado (IQSap); avaliação do desempenho ambiental de sistemas agrícolas na produção de biomassa pela ótica da emergia e; aplicação do modelo de árvore de decisão (AD) para identificar os principais atributos afetados com a mudança do uso da terra. O estudo foi conduzido em São Carlos e São Desidério, Estado de São Paulo e da Bahia, respectivamente. Em São Carlos, as amostras de solo foram coletadas de duas áreas nativas (cerradão e cerrado stricto sensu) e áreas de cana-de-açúcar e pastagem. Em São Desidério, foram avaliadas quatro áreas agrícolas com diferentes tempos de uso (5, 8, 12 e 18 anos) no sistema de rotação soja-milho-algodão e área de Cerrado nativo. No 1º capítulo, o MDS foi obtido por meio da análise de componentes principais, normalizado em escores e integrado em IQSa e IQSap. No 2º capítulo foi quantificada somente a alteração da qualidade do solo (?QS) entre as áreas agrícolas e Cerrado nativo e, aliado à adoção de protocolos de contabilidade ambiental, foram propostos os indicadores emergéticos Input Embodiment in Soil Quality Change (IESQ) e Input Embodiment in Additional Biomass (IEAB). No último capítulo, foi gerada AD com o uso do solo estabelecido como atributo meta, enquanto atributos químicos e físicos do solo foram utilizados como atributos preditores. No 1º capítulo, o MDS foi composto por: soma de bases, pH, matéria orgânica do solo, teor de alumínio (Al), teor de argila, densidade do solo, água na capacidade de campo e carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo. Os valores de IQSa e IQSap para cerradão, cerrado stricto sensu, cana-de-açúcar e pastagem foram de 3,88, 2,24, 4,72 e 3,76 e 0,62, 0,36, 0,57 e 0,54, respectivamente, onde os maiores valores foram observados para o cerradão. No 2º capítulo, a área com 12 anos apresentou o maior ?QS com valores de +29,3. O total de emergia incorporada à soja, milho e algodão foram de 4,68E+15, 5,38E+15 e 7,28E+15 sej ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. A área de 12 anos foi a que apresentou maior eficiência no uso de recursos por acréscimo de QS (IESQ = 0,19E+15 sej unidade-1) e por unidade de biomassa (IEAB = 0,78E15 sej Mg-1), o que equivale a uma demanda de 73% a menos de insumos (em termos de emergia) para obter o mesmo acréscimo de biomassa que a área de 8 anos de cultivo. A AD gerada no 3º capítulo permitiu a identificação dos atributos do solo mais importantes na diferenciação de Cerrado nativo e de cultivos agrícolas. O teor de Al, pH, fósforo e carbono orgânico total foram os atributos selecionados pela AD / The need to minimize environmental impacts without productivity reductions led to the search for alternative methods of production, in order to maintain soil quality (SQ) and the sustainability of ecosystems. This study was divided into three chapters, each one with a specific goal: soil attributes were analyzed in an attempt to obtain a minimum data set (MDS). Then the additive and weighted additive index were calculated, aimed at quantifying the SQ; the environmental performance of agricultural systems in the production of biomass was evaluated from the perspective of emergy; decision tree model (DT) was applied to identify the soil attributes which are affected by the change use from native Cerrado to non-tillage systems. This study was carried out in São Carlos and São Desidério cities, São Paulo and Bahia States, respectively. At São Carlos, topsoil samples were collected from different land uses includes two natural (cerradão and stricto sensu cerrado) and two agricultural areas (sugarcane and pasture). At São Desidério, soil samples were collected from four agricultural areas with different usage periods (5, 8, 12 and 18 years) in the rotation soy-corn-cotton system and native Cerrado area. In chapter 1, MDS was identified through principal component analysis, normalized and integrated into additive and weight additive index. In chapter 2, only the soil quality change (?SQ) between agricultural areas and native Cerrado was quantified, and combined with the adoption of environmental accounting protocols, the emergy indicators Input Embodiment in Soil Quality Change (IESQ) and Input Embodiment in Additional Biomass (IEAB) were proposed. In chapter 3, the data set used was the same from the second chapter. The soil attributes were used as potential predictor in the generation of the DT and the target attribute was land use. In chapter 1, the MDS was composed by sum of bases, pH, soil organic matter, aluminum content (Al), clay, bulk density, water content at field capacity and microbial biomass carbon. The SQI additive and weight additive for cerradão, cerrado, sugarcane and pasture were 3.88, 2.24, 4.72 and 3.76, and 0.62, 0.36, 0.57 and 0.54, respectively, with the highest value for cerradão. In chapter 2, the 12 years area had the highest ?SQ with +29.3 values. The total emergy incorporated into the soybeans, corn and cotton crops were 4.68E+15, 5.38E+15 and 7.28E+15 sej ha-1 year-1, res pectively. The 12 year area was the most efficient on the use of resources (external inputs) by SQ increase (IESQ = 0.19E+15 sej unit-1) and per unit of biomass (IEAB = 0.78E+15 sej Mg-1). This is equivalent to 73% less inputs demand (in terms of emergy) for obtaining the same increase of biomass of area of 8 years of cultivation. The DT model in chapter 3 allowed us to better understand the main attributes responsible for the differentiation of native Cerrado and agricultural areas. The content of Al, pH, phosphorus and total organic carbon were the attributes selected for the DT

O presente projeto de pesquisa tem como objetivo a construção de um Guia para a implementação de um programa de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) em nível local, visando à melhoria da saúde ambiental, para tanto foi necessário: a) identificação dos Serviços Ambientais prestados pela região, demanda por esses serviços, oportunidades de PSA e seleção daqueles cujo resultado promova melhoria da saúde ambiental da região; b) identificação de associações ou organizações de moradores com potencial para participar do programa de PSA; c) seleção das metodologias para avaliação (valoração) e monitoramento de serviços ambientais; d) identificação e avaliação de custos para a viabilização do programa de PSA; e) identificação de entraves para a implementação do programa; f) avaliação de mecanismos financeiros existentes para a viabilização da remuneração necessária ao PSA; g) construção do Guia de implementação de PSA visando à melhoria da saúde ambiental. Trata-se de um levantamento bibliográfico e documental de estudos e experiências sobre PSA no Brasil e no mundo e de um levantamento de informações documentais pertinentes sobre o município de Rio Grande da Serra. Como resultado dessa pesquisa apresenta-se o Guia de implementação de PSA. / This research project aims to develop a Guide to the local implementation of a program of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) in order to improve the Environmental Health. Thus it was necessary: a) identification of the environmental services provided by the region, the demand for these services, the PES opportunities and selecting those whose results would promote the improvement of the environmental health in the region, b) identification of associations or organizations of residents with potential to participate in the PES program, c) selection of methodologies for assessment (valuation) and monitoring of environmental services; d) costs identification and assessment of the PES program viability, e) identify barriers to program implementation; f) evaluation of existing financial mechanisms to enable the necessary remuneration to the PES program; g) development of the Implementation Guide of the PES in order to contribute to improving the environmental health in the region. This is a bibliographic and documentary research about studies and experiments on PES in Brazil and abroad as well as documentary information relevant survey to the municipality of Rio Grande da Serra. As a result of this research is presented the Guide to the local implementation of Payment for Environmental Services Program.

<p>This thesis consists of four papers: two of them deal with the relationship between consumption, energy taxation, and emissions on macro level, and two of them focuses on the effects of changes in consumption and income on the environmental quality on a micro level.</p><p>The main objective of paper [I] is to examine how exogenous technological progress, in terms of an increase in energy efficiency, affects consumption choice by Swedish households and thereby emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). The aim of the paper is closely related to the discussion of what is known as the “rebound effect”. To neutralise the rebound effect, we estimate the necessary change in CO2 tax, i.e. the CO2 tax that keeps CO2 emissions at their initial level. In addition, we estimate how this will affect emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The results indicate that an increase in energy efficiency of 20 percent will increase emissions of CO2 by approximately 5 percent. To reduce the CO2 emissions to their initial level, CO2 tax must be raised by 130 percent. This tax increase will reduce the emissions of sulphur dioxide to below their initial level, but will leave the emissions of nitrogen oxides at a higher level than initially.</p><p>One of the premises implied in paper [II] is that the changes in consumer prices, as a result of changes in environmental taxes, may send a different signal to the consumer compared with other changes in consumer prices, such as changes in producer price. In addition, this assumed difference in the signaling effect of the changes in environmental taxes, compared to changes in the producer price, may also differ between different commodities. To achieve the objectives a system of demand functions for Swedish households is estimated. To test for the signalling effect of environmental taxes the consumer price for energy goods is partitioned into a producer price part and a tax part.</p><p>In Paper [III], we estimate the income elasticity of demand for recreational services and other traditional groups of goods in Sweden and we test for potential changes in such estimates over the twentieth century. The paper uses Swedish household surveys for the years 1913, 1984, 1988, and 1996. Because of the difficulty of directly observing the demand for recreational services, we employ an indirect methodology by using the demand for some outdoor goods as proxies for the recreational services demand.</p><p>In paper [IV], we investigate the relationship between pollution and income at the household level. Here we want to investigate, and hence contribute to the existing literature, under what conditions concerning individual preferences and the link between consumption and pollution a linear relationship are to be expected, but also to empirically assess the relationship. To achieve our objective we formulate a model determining different type of households’ choice of consumption for goods. Furthermore we link the demand model to emission functions for the various goods. The results from the empirical analysis show that, at least in a close neighbourhood of observed income/pollution, we can reject linearity for all three types of pollutions, CO2, SO2, and NOx. According to our results the pollution/income relationships are all strictly concave. Thus the implication is that the income distribution seems to matter in the sense that equalization of income will lead to higher emissions. Furthermore it is shown that the slope as well as the curvature differs between different types of households, which means that preferences differ across households.</p>

This thesis consists of four papers: two of them deal with the relationship between consumption, energy taxation, and emissions on macro level, and two of them focuses on the effects of changes in consumption and income on the environmental quality on a micro level. The main objective of paper [I] is to examine how exogenous technological progress, in terms of an increase in energy efficiency, affects consumption choice by Swedish households and thereby emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). The aim of the paper is closely related to the discussion of what is known as the “rebound effect”. To neutralise the rebound effect, we estimate the necessary change in CO2 tax, i.e. the CO2 tax that keeps CO2 emissions at their initial level. In addition, we estimate how this will affect emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The results indicate that an increase in energy efficiency of 20 percent will increase emissions of CO2 by approximately 5 percent. To reduce the CO2 emissions to their initial level, CO2 tax must be raised by 130 percent. This tax increase will reduce the emissions of sulphur dioxide to below their initial level, but will leave the emissions of nitrogen oxides at a higher level than initially. One of the premises implied in paper [II] is that the changes in consumer prices, as a result of changes in environmental taxes, may send a different signal to the consumer compared with other changes in consumer prices, such as changes in producer price. In addition, this assumed difference in the signaling effect of the changes in environmental taxes, compared to changes in the producer price, may also differ between different commodities. To achieve the objectives a system of demand functions for Swedish households is estimated. To test for the signalling effect of environmental taxes the consumer price for energy goods is partitioned into a producer price part and a tax part. In Paper [III], we estimate the income elasticity of demand for recreational services and other traditional groups of goods in Sweden and we test for potential changes in such estimates over the twentieth century. The paper uses Swedish household surveys for the years 1913, 1984, 1988, and 1996. Because of the difficulty of directly observing the demand for recreational services, we employ an indirect methodology by using the demand for some outdoor goods as proxies for the recreational services demand. In paper [IV], we investigate the relationship between pollution and income at the household level. Here we want to investigate, and hence contribute to the existing literature, under what conditions concerning individual preferences and the link between consumption and pollution a linear relationship are to be expected, but also to empirically assess the relationship. To achieve our objective we formulate a model determining different type of households’ choice of consumption for goods. Furthermore we link the demand model to emission functions for the various goods. The results from the empirical analysis show that, at least in a close neighbourhood of observed income/pollution, we can reject linearity for all three types of pollutions, CO2, SO2, and NOx. According to our results the pollution/income relationships are all strictly concave. Thus the implication is that the income distribution seems to matter in the sense that equalization of income will lead to higher emissions. Furthermore it is shown that the slope as well as the curvature differs between different types of households, which means that preferences differ across households.

<p>Currently, there is a great rampage among conservationists looking for useful approaches that can be used to bring efficiency towards conservation of global natural ecosystems. But which approach can be really effective to halt destruction of a particular natural ecosystem where the local people depend on the same ecosystem resources for their livelihoods? Do the local communities accept to refrain themselves from using natural ecosystem resources (loss of free access), which they believe is under their local territory since they are born, without having alternatives that will replace and improve economic gain of their livelihoods? Are the consumers who benefited from the ecosystem services always willing to compensate local communities around natural ecosystem as a means of replacing what they lose?</p><p>This study looks at the reliability of Payment for Water Environmental Services (PWES) approach at Kiwengwa-Pongwe Forest Reserve (KPFR) as a device aimed at promoting the sustainable management of KPFR watershed resources without undermining livelihoods of the Kiwengwa-Pongwe local communities. Hoteliers along the Kiwengwa-Pongwe Tourist Area (KPTA) are the potential customers benefiting from water resources found in the KPFR, which is claimed to be deteriorated by the intensity of the livelihood activities of Kiwengwa-Pongwe (KP) local communities. Based on Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), KPTA hoteliers were asked about the amount they would be willing to pay as maximum (WTP) for improvement of water services through sustainable management of watershed areas in KPFR. On the other hand, KP communities were asked what level of compensation they would be willing to accept as minimum amount (WTA) for a loss of free access to KPFR.</p><p>Both hoteliers (75 %) and KP communities (91 %) agreed on the establishment of the PWES system. However, there were differences between amount accepted by KP communities (10 US$ per 200 litres) and the amount claimed to be paid by hoteliers (1US$ per 200 litres), thus giving a gap of 9US$. Based on the overall study findings and experiences from other parts of the world where similar systems have been implemented, this issue is negotiable. It is upon existing KPFR management team and proposed board from Zanzibar water authority to launch a constructive dialogue between stakeholders to reach the amount that can be used as compensation causing no harm to both parts and without compromising the sustainable management of KPFR.</p>

CASTELO BRANCO, Antonia Francivan Vieira. Avaliação de Perda da Biodiversidade no Ecossistema da Mata Atlântica em Viçosa do Ceará (CE). 2011. 125 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente (PRODEMA), Fortaleza-CE. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-04-15T14:07:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_afvcastelobranco.pdf: 8049538 bytes, checksum: d3b6a7983b218cc47bc1209296490a45 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-04-15T14:11:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_afvcastelobranco.pdf: 8049538 bytes, checksum: d3b6a7983b218cc47bc1209296490a45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T14:11:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_afvcastelobranco.pdf: 8049538 bytes, checksum: d3b6a7983b218cc47bc1209296490a45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / The Atlantic Forest biodiversity in Viçosa do Ceará is considered of extreme biological importance, but this wealth of animals and plants is threatened by the deforestation, that provoked a loss of 80% of the original covering of the ecosystem in the city. The aim of this study is to analyze the loss of biodiversity from the decrease of varieties of birds, mammals and reptiles that inhabit the Atlantic Forest, in Viçosa do Ceará, and estimate the cost of preserving the remnants of the ecosystem through payment for environmental services to farmers who have preserved the forest area in the city. In the first part of the methodology, a model is built to estimate the loss of biodiversity from the model of species-area relationship. In the second part, in the amount of payment for environmental services to producers of biodiversity (landowners that preserve the native vegetation of the Atlantic Forest), was measured the model of loss of species richness as a result indicated out the critical point of the ecosystem to reach 93% of deforestation and the coefficient of loss of biodiversity showed extreme level of loss. The owners of property with the remaining Atlantic Forest proved to be receptive to receiving financial incentive to protect local biodiversity. We conclude that the model estimate of the loss of birds, mammals and reptiles presented significantly to assessment of loss of biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest ecosystem in the city, proposing politics of payment for environmental services for the maintenance of biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest in Viçosa do Ceará. / A biodiversidade de Mata Atlântica no município de Viçosa do Ceará é considerada de extrema importância biológica, mas essa riqueza de fauna e flora está ameaçada pelo desmatamento, que provocou uma perda de 80% da cobertura original do ecossistema no município. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a perda da biodiversidade a partir do decréscimo da riqueza de aves, mamíferos e répteis que habitam a Mata Atlântica, no município de Viçosa do Ceará, e estimar o custo da preservação das remanescentes do ecossistema através do pagamento por serviços ambientais aos agricultores que mantêm área preservada da floresta no município. Na primeira parte da metodologia é construído um modelo para estimativa da perda da biodiversidade a partir do modelo da relação espécie-área. Na segunda parte mensura-se o valor de pagamento por serviços ambientais aos produtores de biodiversidade (proprietários de terras que preservam a vegetação nativa da Mata Atlântica). O modelo da perda da riqueza de espécies indicou como resultado o ponto crítico do ecossistema ao atingir 93% de área devastada e o coeficiente de perda da biodiversidade apontou nível extremo de perda. Os donos de propriedade com remanescente de Mata Atlântica mostraram-se receptivos ao recebimento de incentivo financeiro para resguardar a biodiversidade local. Conclui-se que o modelo de estimativa da perda de aves, mamíferos e répteis apresentou-se de forma significativa para a avaliação da perda da biodiversidade no ecossistema de Mata Atlântica no município, sendo proposta a política de pagamento por serviços ambientais para a manutenção da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica em Viçosa do Ceará.