Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TiagoBAC.pdf: 2967080 bytes, checksum: 42941c1fdb0b2b9b7d9a5c59a220451a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-14 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / In the Guadalupe city, with the arrival of the Boa Esperan?a Hydroelectric, the landscape of the municipal district lived important transformations. Those transformations continue growing today, now together with new vectors of territorial ordering, especially the agricultural industry. In front of the context of stability-instability of the environmental systems, it original of its natural vulnerability to the instability and of the transformations in the territorial dynamics of Guadalupe, the present research it analyzed and it mapped that municipal territory with relationship to the degrees of vulnerability of the environmental systems. Therefore, working a leaning methodology in a systemic perspective of the landscape and in the geoprocessing technique, the dissertation showed with thematic mapping, the most vulnerable and less vulnerable parts of the municipal district of Guadalupe, looking for a strategic vision of the problem. / Em Guadalupe, com a chegada da Hidrel?trica de Boa Esperan?a, a paisagem do munic?pio passou por importantes transforma??es. Essas transforma??es continuam a se desenvolver hoje, agora juntamente com novos vetores de reordenamento territorial, especialmente a agroind?stria. Diante desse quadro de estabilidade-instabilidade dos sistemas ambientais, fruto tanto de suas vulnerabilidades naturais ? instabilidade quanto das transforma??es na din?mica territorial de Guadalupe, a presente pesquisa analisou e mapeou esse territ?rio municipal quanto aos graus de vulnerabilidade dos sistemas ambientais. Portanto, trabalhando uma metodologia apoiada numa perspectiva sist?mica da paisagem e na t?cnica de geoprocessamento, a disserta??o evidenciou atrav?s de mapeamentos tem?ticos, as partes mais vulner?veis e menos vulner?veis do munic?pio de Guadalupe, buscando uma vis?o estrat?gica do problema

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O avanÃo dos processos de desertificaÃÃo e degradaÃÃo da terra tem se manifestado de forma crescente no semiÃrido brasileiro, muitas vezes ocasionados pela utilizaÃÃo indiscriminada dos recursos naturais, seja para manutenÃÃo do sistema produtivo vigente, ou atà mesmo pela falta de informaÃÃo no manuseio desses recursos. A pesquisa faz uma anÃlise da sub-bacia hidrogrÃfica do Riacho Santa Rocha, localizada no baixo curso do Rio Banabuià cuja Ãrea total à de 675 kmÂ. Como objetivo geral tem-se a anÃlise dos sistemas ambientais da sub-bacia, em carÃter de diagnÃstico, com intuito de estabelecer subsÃdios para futuras intervenÃÃes. A concepÃÃo utilizada para a discussÃo foi pautada nos estudos integrados, com Ãnfase na anÃlise sistÃmica do ambiente. Do ponto de vista metodolÃgico o trabalho foi dividido em seis etapas: anÃlise de material bibliogrÃfico, cartogrÃfico e imagens de satÃlites; produÃÃo de mapas para auxÃlio no campo; trabalhos de campo para a comprovaÃÃo dos dados; correÃÃo e adequaÃÃo do material cartogrÃfico produzido para o contexto da pesquisa; aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios e dos indicadores geobiofÃsicos de desertificaÃÃo. A partir da metodologia empregada foram delimitados cinco sistemas ambientais: planÃcie ribeirinha e Ãrea de inundaÃÃo sazonal; tabuleiros interiores com coberturas colÃvio-eluviais detrÃticas; sertÃes pediplanados de Morada Nova; sertÃes moderadamente dissecados de Jaguaretama e cristas residuais e inselbergs. Percebeu-se que a utilizaÃÃo dos recursos naturais nÃo à uniforme ao longo da sub-bacia hidrogrÃfica, obedecendo Ãs potencialidades e limitaÃÃes de cada sistema ambiental. Os sistemas ambientais caracterizados pelos sertÃes ainda sÃo as Ãreas mais vulnerÃveis à desertificaÃÃo do ponto de vista geoambiental, ainda mais as Ãreas historicamente utilizadas para a subsistÃncia local. Mesmo com cenÃrios desanimadores, ainda se constatou uma melhora das condiÃÃes de vÃrias comunidades, fruto da melhor acessibilidade aos recursos e dinamicidade econÃmica. Apesar dessa variÃvel positiva, essas Ãreas ainda sÃo esquecidas e desprovidas de assistÃncia por parte do poder pÃblico local. / The advance of desertification and land degradation has manifested increasingly in the Brazilian semiarid region, often caused by the indiscriminate use of natural resources, is to maintain the current production system, or even the lack of information in the management of this resource. The research examined the sub-basin of the creek Santa Rock, located in the lower course of the river and Banabuià with a total area of 675 km Â. As a general objective has been the analysis of the sub-basin environmental systems in diagnostic character, in order to establish a basis for future interventions. The design used for the discussion was based on integrated studies, with emphasis on the systemic analysis of the environment. From the methodological point of view the work was divided into six stages: analysis of publications, cartographic and satellite images; production of maps to help in the field; fieldwork for verification of data; correctness and adequacy of cartographic material produced for the research context and questionnaires. From the methodology used five environmental systems were defined: riverine plain area and seasonal flooding; interior trays with colluvial - eluvial covers detrital; pediplanados hinterlands of New Street; hinterlands moderately dissected Jaguaretama and residual inselbergs and ridges. It was noticed that the use of natural resources is not uniform throughout the sub-basin, according to the potentialities of each environmental system. Environmental systems characterized by hinterland are still the most vulnerable areas from the point of view geoenvironmental, further areas traditionally used for local livelihoods. Even with disappointing scenarios was also found an improvement of the conditions of various communities as a result of better access to resources and economic dynamism. Despite this positive variable, these areas are still neglected and deprived of support by the local government.

Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW) / The Further Education and Training Colleges Sector is a new phenomenon and attract students from school who are unprepared for the rigours of further education and training. This could have a direct impact on retention and throughput of first-year students in the sector. Against this backdrop student retention and success or throughput is a critical topic for further education and training in the public FET Colleges. The goal of this research was to explore and describe the challenges of retention and throughput from the perceptions and experiences of successful first-year students based on the assumption that lessons can be learned from this. The objectives were to explore and describe successful first-year students’ perceptions and experiences of retention and throughput a selected FET college; make recommendations to the management of the FET college sector; and to describe the role of social work to increase retention. An explorative, descriptive and contextual research design was adopted for the purpose of the study. It was conducted at Northlink FET College, Protea campus in Bellville, Cape Town. The population encompasses academic inclusion criteria for homogeneity and included all successful first-year students who met the minimum pass requirements for all their subjects in the national examination results of November 2007 and the supplementary examination results of February 2008. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to select the sample of 21 participants. Focus group interviews were facilitated by a semi-structured interview guide. The interviews were conducted in English and Afrikaans to accommodate the diversity of the participants. The data analysis and verification were done according to the framework recommended by Cresswell (1998). The findings of the study revealed that the following factors are strong predictors for student retention and success: Environmental influences within the college contribute to successful throughput and retention. These include financial aid, student support and developmental services, monitoring student progress, study programs and safety of the college. Public internet, library and transport services were experienced as important essentials which contributed significantly to the retention and success of the participants. The participants experienced the lack of an internet and library service, and study facility at the campus a major challenge to overcome. Student support in the form of group support or peer help, study groups, student counselling and referral for rehabilitation services were key determinants or predictors for the retention and throughput of the participants. The importance of trusting relationships also featured as key factors in the form of family and role models contributing to the success and persistence of the participants. Relationships in the academic environment with the academic staff and their communication styles of practicing such as flexible communication channels and democratic authoritarian relationship building contributed significantly to the receptiveness of learning and the success and persistence of the participants.Key factors with regards to the significant strengths of the participants which have contributed to their retention and throughput highlighted by the findings of the study included self-efficacy with its underpinning developmental intrinsic aspects self-discipline,self-esteem, independent decision-making, locus of control and acquiring essentials skills to adapt to student life. These attributes are strong predictors of student success and retention as have emerged from the findings of the study. Personal challenges such as hard times, drug abuse, learning disabilities, health problems and single parenting were indicated by the participants as strong predictors to rise above these adversities by persisting and succeed to enjoy a good quality life. The participants’ perception of education and employment were inter-linked toward an outcome for economic benefit and also perceived as a strong predictor for retention and throughput. Other factors indicated by the participants that have contributed to their retention and throughput, are neighbourhood and socio-economic background. The findings of this research study are generally in line with most of the studies conducted at community colleges internationally, and with some of the studies conducted at institutions of Higher Education in South Africa.

<p>Modern, small-scale wastewater treatment faces a twofold challenge: On the one hand requirements from legal authorities regarding removal of eutrophying substances have become more demanding. On the other hand high-quality phosphorus reserves are dwindling, which has raised calls for increased recycling. The problem is acute in the county of Stockholm where about 34 000 households are identified to not possess adequate wastewater treatment facilities. In this master’s thesis, four treatment systems, of which three had some phosphorus recycling potential, were compared using life cycle assessment methodology. The small-scale treatment systems analyzed were infiltration, filter beds with Filtralite® P and Filtra P respectively as filter material and a chemical precipitation system. The system boundaries included the extraction of raw materials, production of materials and components, the construction and operation of the systems as well as deconstruction and recycling of the treatment plants. Apart from impacts on human health and acidification potential, which both proved to be of less relevance to the final results, energy usage, consumption of abiotic resources, global warming potential and eutrophication potential were taken into account in this study.</p><p>The infiltration system attained the most favourable results in all impact categories save eutrophication potential, which was due to both the low usage of energy and resources as well as the system’s high life expectancy. The filter bed system using Filtralite® P demonstrated the best performance in reduction of eutrophying substances. However, the system’s energy demand and emissions of greenhouse gases by far exceeded the other systems’ results in these categories. Both the filter bed system using Filtra P and the chemical precipitation system fared relatively equal in the overall analysis, with moderate impacts in all categories. The nutrient recycling potential was shown to be limited by the waste products’ relatively high heavy metal content. Sludge from chemical precipitation had higher potential for replacement of fertilizer than filter bed material.</p><p>The chemical precipitation system fared best in the overall assessment. Its technical immaturity and limited data foundation put the alternative using Filtra P into second place. The infiltration system’s limited treatment performance and inexistent recycling potential put this alternative into third place. The alternative using Filtralite® P was ruled out entirely because of its high impact on fossil fuel consumption and global warming. Based on this ranking recommendations were made.</p><p>Even though the filter bed materials in this study showed excellent phosphorus removal capacity, further research into alternative filter bed materials will have to be made due to the materials’ environmental impacts in other areas. Focus should be on waste material and natural products (such as shell sand) with low environmental impacts from production. Ways of separating heavy metals from plant nutrients need to be explored if nutrient recycling is to be an aim. This study showed that good phosphorus removal characteristics can lead to an increase in other environmental impacts, which in some cases even may outweigh the positive effects of decreased eutrophication.</p> / <p>Modern, småskalig avloppsreningsteknik står inför två utmaningar. Å ena sidan har kraven från lagstiftaren på rening av eutrofierande ämnen ökat. Problemet är akut i Stockholms län där det finns ca. 34 000 hushåll som inte anses uppfylla reningskraven. Å andra sidan minskar fosforförekomsterna av hög kvalitet i allt större takt, vilket har väckt krav på ökad återföring av växtnäring. I detta examensarbete undersöktes fyra olika reningstekniker, varav tre har en viss återföringspotential, med hjälp av metodik från livscykelanalys. Systemen som undersöktes var infiltration, filterbäddar dels med Filtralite® P och dels med Filtra P som filtermaterial, samt ett kemikaliefällningssystem. Systemgränserna omfattade extraktion av råmaterial, produktion av anläggningsmaterial och –komponenter, uppförande och drift av systemen samt avveckling av anläggningarna och återföring av restmaterial. Förutom påverkan på mänsklig hälsa och försurningspotential, som visade sig vara mindre relevanta för slutresultaten, omfattade analysen även en undersökning av energianvändning, förbrukning av abiotiska resurser, potential för global uppvärmning och eutrofieringspotential.</p><p>Infiltrationslösningen fick de mest fördelaktiga resultatvärden i alla kategorierna förutom eutrofieringspotential, vilket kan förklaras med systemets låga energi- och resursbehov samt dess höga livslängd. Filterbädden med Filtralite® P som filtermaterial uppvisade den största förmågan att reducera eutrofierande substanser. Systemets energibehov och utsläpp av växthusgaser översteg dock de andra systemens resultat i dessa kategorier kraftigt. Både anläggningen med Filtra P och kemikaliefällningslösningen fick liknande resultat, med måttlig påverkan i alla kategorier. Systemens återföringspotential visade sig vara begränsad av restprodukternas höga tungmetallhalt. Kemikaliefällt slam hade högre återföringspotential än filterbäddsmaterial.</p><p>Kemikaliefällning klarade sig totalt sett bäst i studien. Den relativt obeprövade tekniska utformning och det osäkra dataunderlaget ledde till att Filtra P hamnade i rangordningen efter kemikaliefällning. Infiltrationssystemets begränsade reningsförmåga och den obefintliga återföringspotentialen ledde till att alternativet hamnade näst sist. Filtralite® P-alternativet blev placerat sist i rangordningen på grund av dess stora påverkan på förbrukning av fossila bränslen och global uppvärmning. Baserat på rangordningen utfärdades rekommendationer.</p><p>Trots att filtermaterialen som undersöktes i denna studie har en utmärkt fosforreningsförmåga, kommer det att krävas fler studier med avseende på alternativa filtermaterial, eftersom materialens användning av icke-förnybara energikällor är mycket stor vid tillverkningen. Fokus borde ligga på återvunna eller naturliga material (som t.ex. snäcksand) med låg miljöpåverkan vid tillverkning. Om återföring av växtnäring ska bli ett mål inom småskalig avloppsvattenrening, måste effektiva sätt att separera tungmetaller från växtnäringsämnen utforskas. Denna studie visade att goda fosforavskiljningsegenskaper kan medföra att andra typer av miljöpåverkan ökar, vilket i vissa fall kan leda till att de negativa konsekvenserna överväger nyttan av minskad eutrofiering.</p> / <p>Moderne, dezentrale Abwassertechnik steht zwei großen Herausforderungen gegenüber. Zum einen sind die Ansprüche von Seiten des Gesetzgebers gestiegen, die effektivere Abwasserreinigungstechniken erfordern. Zum andern werden Phosphorvorkommen von hoher Qualität zunehmend knapper, was Rufe nach verstärkter Rückführung von Phosphor hat laut werden lassen. Im Verwaltungsbezirk Stockholm, in dem es ungefähr 34 000 Haushalte mit unzureichender Abwasserreinigung gibt, ist das Problem von besonderer Bedeutung. In dieser Diplomarbeit wurden vier Abwasserreinigungssysteme, wovon drei ein gewisses Potential für Phosphorrückführung haben, mit Hilfe einer Ökobilanzierung untersucht. Folgende Systeme wurden untersucht: Eine Infiltrationsanlage, zwei Filterbettsanlagen, eine mit Filtralite® P und eine mit Filtra P als Filtermaterial sowie ein System mit Chemikaliefällung. Die Systemgrenzen umfassten die Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Rohstoffen, das Errichten der jeweiligen Anlage, deren Betrieb sowie Rückgewinnung und Entsorgung von Restmaterialien. Neben Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit und Versauerungspotential, die sich im Nachhinein als weniger relevant erwiesen, wurden Energiebedarf, Verbrauch abiotischer Resourcen, Potential für globale Erwärmung und Eutrophierungspotential untersucht.</p><p>Die niedrigsten Resultate in allen Kategorien außer Eutrophierungspotential wurden vom Infiltrationssystem erreicht. Filtralite® P erwies sich als am leistungsstärksten, was die Reduktion von eutrophierenden Substanzen angeht. Der Energiebedarf und die Emissionen von Treibhausgasen dieser Alternative überstieg die Ergebnisse der anderen Alternativen in diesen Kategorien doch bei weitem. Filtra P und Chemikaliefällung erzielten moderate Auswirkungen in allen Kategorien. Das Potential für die Rückführung von Pflanzennährstoffen wird, wie die Ergebnisse zeigen, vom relativ hohen Schwermetallhalt in den Restprodukten begrenzt.</p><p>Chemikaliefällung ist in dieser Studie die beste Alternative. Filtra P zeigte sich als technisch noch zu wenig ausgereift und die Datenunterlage als zu unvollständig, weswegen diese Alternative an zweiter Stelle steht. Die begrenzte Reinigungsfähigkeit des Infiltrationssystemes und das nicht vorhandene Potential für Rückführung von Phosphor führten dazu, dass diese Lösung an dritter Stelle steht. Das System mit Filtralite® P als Filtermaterial wurde wegen seines großen Verbrauchs von fossilen Brennstoffen für wenig brauchbar befunden und steht damit an letzter Stelle.</p><p>Trotz ihrer hervorragenden phosphorreduzierenden Eigenschaften, wird weitere Forschung im Bereich alternativer Filtermaterialien notwendig werden. Hierbei sollten natürliche Materialien (wie Muschelsand) oder Restprodukte im Mittelpunkt des Interesses stehen, um die Umweltauswirkungen gering zu halten. Wenn die Rückführung von Phosphor ein Ziel der Abwasserreinigung sein soll, müssen Lösungen, Schwermetalle von Pflanzennährstoffen zu trennen, gefunden werden. Diese Studie hat gezeigt, dass gute phosphorreduzierende Eigenschaften zu verstärkten Umweltauswirkungen in anderen Bereichen führen können, welche in manchen Fällen sogar die Vorteile einer verringerten Eutrophierung übersteigen können.</p>

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Buscam-se de soluÃÃes de automaÃÃo computadorizada de baixo custo que auxiliem estaÃÃes compactas de tratamento de efluentes a adequar o efluente tratado aos requisitos legais, protegendo os corpos receptores contra lanÃamentos inadequados. Tem por objetivos especÃficos o desenvolvimento de um sistema de supervisÃo automÃtica para pequenas estaÃÃes de tratamento de Ãguas residuais e a criaÃÃo de uma base de dados histÃrica para apoio à tomada de decisÃo no que concerne a operaÃÃo e manutenÃÃo do processo. Para alcanÃar tais objetivos, foi analisada uma configuraÃÃo combinada, constituÃda pelo reator anaerÃbio de fluxo ascendente em manta de lodo, seguido do sistema de lodo ativado convencional. Tal sistema à utilizado para tratar os efluentes sanitÃrios do Hospital Waldemar de AlcÃntara, situado no bairro de Messejana, em Fortaleza â CE. De modo geral, hà poucos estudos sobre instrumentaÃÃo eletrÃnica e automaÃÃo aplicados a sistemas combinados desse tipo. Inicialmente sÃo apresentados os conceitos bÃsicos sobre o tratamento de efluentes, bem como descritas as partes componentes do sistema de tratamento, dando, assim, suporte para que estudos sobre automaÃÃo sejam desenvolvidos. No decorrer do trabalho sÃo apresentadas a descriÃÃo e a motivaÃÃo para o uso de sensores no sistema de monitoramento automÃtico de estaÃÃes de tratamento, bem como da eletrÃnica necessÃria para sua implantaÃÃo. TambÃm à apresentada a descriÃÃo da arquitetura mestre-escravo usada no sistema, bem como do funcionamento de cada mÃdulo que o compÃe, abordando o desenvolvimento de hardware e software para cada um. Por fim, sÃo analisados os resultados da experimentaÃÃo de campo do sistema de monitoramento automÃtico. A pesquisa resultou em um sistema computadorizado de monitoramento aplicado a situaÃÃes reais em campo, possibilitando uma compreensÃo mais profunda a respeito do processo de tratamento de esgoto e de sua operaÃÃo mediante o acesso a dados, seja em tempo real, seja acessando a base de dados formada. / This work focuses on the investigation of low costs computerized automation solutions to assist compact wastewater treatment plants, adjusting the treated effluent to the legal requirements, protecting the waterâs receptors against inadequate discharge. The objectives are the development of an automatic supervision system for small wastewater treatment plants and the creation of a historical database to support the decision making process concerning the process operation and maintenance. In this work, a combined configuration is analyzed, constituted of the up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor followed by conventional active sludge. Such system treats the effluents of the Hospital Waldemar de AlcÃntara, situated in the neighborhood of Messejana, in Fortaleza - CE. In general, few researches can be found onthe electronics instrumentation and automation applied for combined systems like this one. Initially, the basic concepts on wastewater treatments are presented, as well as a description of parts that compose the system, therefore supporting the development of automation studies. After that, the description and the motivation for the use of the sensors in the automatic supervision system for small effluent treatment systems is presented, as well as the electronics necessary for its implementation. A description of the master-slave architecture used in the system is presented, as well as the functioning of each module that composes it, approaching the hardware and software development for each one. The research resulted in an applied system for real field situations, making possible a deeper understanding of the wastewater process and its operation through the data access, either in real time or by the access of the built database.

In dieser Arbeit werden die dynamischen Strukturen und Mannigfaltigkeiten in geschlossenen chaotischen Systemen untersucht. Das Wissen um diese dynamischen Strukturen (und Mannigfaltigkeiten) ist von Bedeutung, da sie uns einen ersten Überblick über die Dynamik des Systems geben, dass heisst, mit ihrer Hilfe sind wir in der Lage, das System zu charakterisieren und eventuell sogar seine Dynamik vorherzusagen. Die Visualisierung der dynamischen Strukturen, speziell in geschlossenen chaotischen Systemen, ist ein schwieriger und oft langer Prozess. Hier werden wir die sogenannte 'Leaking-Methode' (an Beispielen einfacher mathematischer Modelle wie der Bäcker- oder der Sinus Abbildung) vorstellen, mit deren Hilfe wir die Möglichkeit haben, Teile der Mannigfaltigkeiten des chaotischen Sattels des Systems zu visualisieren. Vergleiche zwischen den gewonnenen Strukturen und Strukturen die durch chemische oder biologische Reaktionen hervorgerufen werden, werden anhand eines kinematischen Modells des Golfstroms durchgeführt. Es wird gezeigt, dass mittels der Leaking-Methode dynamische Strukturen auch in Umweltsystemen sichtbar gemacht werden können. Am Beispiel eines realistischen Modells des Mittelmeeres erweitern wir die Leaking-Methode zur sogenannten 'Exchange-Methode'. Diese erlaubt es den Transport zwischen zwei Regionen zu charakterisieren, die Transport-Routen und Austausch-Bassins sichtbar zu machen und die Austausch-Zeiten zu berechnen. Austausch-Bassins und Zeiten werden für die nördliche und südliche Region des westlichen Mittelmeeres präsentiert. Weiterhin werden Mischungseigenschaften im Erdmantel charakterisiert und die geometrischen Eigenschaften von Mannigfaltigkeiten in einem 3dimensionalen mathematischen Modell (ABC-Abbildung) untersucht. / In this thesis, dynamical structures and manifolds in closed chaotic flows will be investigated. The knowledge about the dynamical structures (and manifolds) of a system is of importance, since they provide us first information about the dynamics of the system - means, with their help we are able to characterize the flow and maybe even to forecast it`s dynamics. The visualization of such structures in closed chaotic flows is a difficult and often long-lasting process. Here, the so-called 'Leaking-method' will be introduced, in examples of simple mathematical maps as the baker- or sine-map, with which we are able to visualize subsets of the manifolds of the system`s chaotic saddle. Comparisons between the visualized manifolds and structures traced out by chemical or biological reactions superimposed on the same flow will be done in the example of a kinematic model of the Gulf Stream. It will be shown that with the help of the leaking method dynamical structures can be also visualized in environmental systems. In the example of a realistic model of the Mediterranean Sea, the leaking method will be extended to the 'exchange-method'. The exchange method allows us to characterize transport between two regions, to visualize transport routes and their exchange sets and to calculate the exchange times. Exchange times and sets will be shown and calculated for a northern and southern region in the western basin of the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, mixing properties in the Earth mantle will be characterized and geometrical properties of manifolds in a 3dimensional mathematical model (ABC map) will be investigated.

Modern, small-scale wastewater treatment faces a twofold challenge: On the one hand requirements from legal authorities regarding removal of eutrophying substances have become more demanding. On the other hand high-quality phosphorus reserves are dwindling, which has raised calls for increased recycling. The problem is acute in the county of Stockholm where about 34 000 households are identified to not possess adequate wastewater treatment facilities. In this master’s thesis, four treatment systems, of which three had some phosphorus recycling potential, were compared using life cycle assessment methodology. The small-scale treatment systems analyzed were infiltration, filter beds with Filtralite® P and Filtra P respectively as filter material and a chemical precipitation system. The system boundaries included the extraction of raw materials, production of materials and components, the construction and operation of the systems as well as deconstruction and recycling of the treatment plants. Apart from impacts on human health and acidification potential, which both proved to be of less relevance to the final results, energy usage, consumption of abiotic resources, global warming potential and eutrophication potential were taken into account in this study. The infiltration system attained the most favourable results in all impact categories save eutrophication potential, which was due to both the low usage of energy and resources as well as the system’s high life expectancy. The filter bed system using Filtralite® P demonstrated the best performance in reduction of eutrophying substances. However, the system’s energy demand and emissions of greenhouse gases by far exceeded the other systems’ results in these categories. Both the filter bed system using Filtra P and the chemical precipitation system fared relatively equal in the overall analysis, with moderate impacts in all categories. The nutrient recycling potential was shown to be limited by the waste products’ relatively high heavy metal content. Sludge from chemical precipitation had higher potential for replacement of fertilizer than filter bed material. The chemical precipitation system fared best in the overall assessment. Its technical immaturity and limited data foundation put the alternative using Filtra P into second place. The infiltration system’s limited treatment performance and inexistent recycling potential put this alternative into third place. The alternative using Filtralite® P was ruled out entirely because of its high impact on fossil fuel consumption and global warming. Based on this ranking recommendations were made. Even though the filter bed materials in this study showed excellent phosphorus removal capacity, further research into alternative filter bed materials will have to be made due to the materials’ environmental impacts in other areas. Focus should be on waste material and natural products (such as shell sand) with low environmental impacts from production. Ways of separating heavy metals from plant nutrients need to be explored if nutrient recycling is to be an aim. This study showed that good phosphorus removal characteristics can lead to an increase in other environmental impacts, which in some cases even may outweigh the positive effects of decreased eutrophication. / Modern, småskalig avloppsreningsteknik står inför två utmaningar. Å ena sidan har kraven från lagstiftaren på rening av eutrofierande ämnen ökat. Problemet är akut i Stockholms län där det finns ca. 34 000 hushåll som inte anses uppfylla reningskraven. Å andra sidan minskar fosforförekomsterna av hög kvalitet i allt större takt, vilket har väckt krav på ökad återföring av växtnäring. I detta examensarbete undersöktes fyra olika reningstekniker, varav tre har en viss återföringspotential, med hjälp av metodik från livscykelanalys. Systemen som undersöktes var infiltration, filterbäddar dels med Filtralite® P och dels med Filtra P som filtermaterial, samt ett kemikaliefällningssystem. Systemgränserna omfattade extraktion av råmaterial, produktion av anläggningsmaterial och –komponenter, uppförande och drift av systemen samt avveckling av anläggningarna och återföring av restmaterial. Förutom påverkan på mänsklig hälsa och försurningspotential, som visade sig vara mindre relevanta för slutresultaten, omfattade analysen även en undersökning av energianvändning, förbrukning av abiotiska resurser, potential för global uppvärmning och eutrofieringspotential. Infiltrationslösningen fick de mest fördelaktiga resultatvärden i alla kategorierna förutom eutrofieringspotential, vilket kan förklaras med systemets låga energi- och resursbehov samt dess höga livslängd. Filterbädden med Filtralite® P som filtermaterial uppvisade den största förmågan att reducera eutrofierande substanser. Systemets energibehov och utsläpp av växthusgaser översteg dock de andra systemens resultat i dessa kategorier kraftigt. Både anläggningen med Filtra P och kemikaliefällningslösningen fick liknande resultat, med måttlig påverkan i alla kategorier. Systemens återföringspotential visade sig vara begränsad av restprodukternas höga tungmetallhalt. Kemikaliefällt slam hade högre återföringspotential än filterbäddsmaterial. Kemikaliefällning klarade sig totalt sett bäst i studien. Den relativt obeprövade tekniska utformning och det osäkra dataunderlaget ledde till att Filtra P hamnade i rangordningen efter kemikaliefällning. Infiltrationssystemets begränsade reningsförmåga och den obefintliga återföringspotentialen ledde till att alternativet hamnade näst sist. Filtralite® P-alternativet blev placerat sist i rangordningen på grund av dess stora påverkan på förbrukning av fossila bränslen och global uppvärmning. Baserat på rangordningen utfärdades rekommendationer. Trots att filtermaterialen som undersöktes i denna studie har en utmärkt fosforreningsförmåga, kommer det att krävas fler studier med avseende på alternativa filtermaterial, eftersom materialens användning av icke-förnybara energikällor är mycket stor vid tillverkningen. Fokus borde ligga på återvunna eller naturliga material (som t.ex. snäcksand) med låg miljöpåverkan vid tillverkning. Om återföring av växtnäring ska bli ett mål inom småskalig avloppsvattenrening, måste effektiva sätt att separera tungmetaller från växtnäringsämnen utforskas. Denna studie visade att goda fosforavskiljningsegenskaper kan medföra att andra typer av miljöpåverkan ökar, vilket i vissa fall kan leda till att de negativa konsekvenserna överväger nyttan av minskad eutrofiering. / Moderne, dezentrale Abwassertechnik steht zwei großen Herausforderungen gegenüber. Zum einen sind die Ansprüche von Seiten des Gesetzgebers gestiegen, die effektivere Abwasserreinigungstechniken erfordern. Zum andern werden Phosphorvorkommen von hoher Qualität zunehmend knapper, was Rufe nach verstärkter Rückführung von Phosphor hat laut werden lassen. Im Verwaltungsbezirk Stockholm, in dem es ungefähr 34 000 Haushalte mit unzureichender Abwasserreinigung gibt, ist das Problem von besonderer Bedeutung. In dieser Diplomarbeit wurden vier Abwasserreinigungssysteme, wovon drei ein gewisses Potential für Phosphorrückführung haben, mit Hilfe einer Ökobilanzierung untersucht. Folgende Systeme wurden untersucht: Eine Infiltrationsanlage, zwei Filterbettsanlagen, eine mit Filtralite® P und eine mit Filtra P als Filtermaterial sowie ein System mit Chemikaliefällung. Die Systemgrenzen umfassten die Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Rohstoffen, das Errichten der jeweiligen Anlage, deren Betrieb sowie Rückgewinnung und Entsorgung von Restmaterialien. Neben Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit und Versauerungspotential, die sich im Nachhinein als weniger relevant erwiesen, wurden Energiebedarf, Verbrauch abiotischer Resourcen, Potential für globale Erwärmung und Eutrophierungspotential untersucht. Die niedrigsten Resultate in allen Kategorien außer Eutrophierungspotential wurden vom Infiltrationssystem erreicht. Filtralite® P erwies sich als am leistungsstärksten, was die Reduktion von eutrophierenden Substanzen angeht. Der Energiebedarf und die Emissionen von Treibhausgasen dieser Alternative überstieg die Ergebnisse der anderen Alternativen in diesen Kategorien doch bei weitem. Filtra P und Chemikaliefällung erzielten moderate Auswirkungen in allen Kategorien. Das Potential für die Rückführung von Pflanzennährstoffen wird, wie die Ergebnisse zeigen, vom relativ hohen Schwermetallhalt in den Restprodukten begrenzt. Chemikaliefällung ist in dieser Studie die beste Alternative. Filtra P zeigte sich als technisch noch zu wenig ausgereift und die Datenunterlage als zu unvollständig, weswegen diese Alternative an zweiter Stelle steht. Die begrenzte Reinigungsfähigkeit des Infiltrationssystemes und das nicht vorhandene Potential für Rückführung von Phosphor führten dazu, dass diese Lösung an dritter Stelle steht. Das System mit Filtralite® P als Filtermaterial wurde wegen seines großen Verbrauchs von fossilen Brennstoffen für wenig brauchbar befunden und steht damit an letzter Stelle. Trotz ihrer hervorragenden phosphorreduzierenden Eigenschaften, wird weitere Forschung im Bereich alternativer Filtermaterialien notwendig werden. Hierbei sollten natürliche Materialien (wie Muschelsand) oder Restprodukte im Mittelpunkt des Interesses stehen, um die Umweltauswirkungen gering zu halten. Wenn die Rückführung von Phosphor ein Ziel der Abwasserreinigung sein soll, müssen Lösungen, Schwermetalle von Pflanzennährstoffen zu trennen, gefunden werden. Diese Studie hat gezeigt, dass gute phosphorreduzierende Eigenschaften zu verstärkten Umweltauswirkungen in anderen Bereichen führen können, welche in manchen Fällen sogar die Vorteile einer verringerten Eutrophierung übersteigen können.

A procedure has been developed for the preliminary selection of high-performance systems for office buildings in hot and humid climates. High-performance building systems and components were surveyed for buildings in the U.S., which were applicable for office buildings in hot and humid climates. This research developed a calibrated DOE-2.1e simulation model of a prototypical large office building. In addition, a Simplified Geometry DOE-2.1e (SGDOE-2.1e) model, was also developed, which used a simplified geometry to demonstrate the use of a proposed easy-to-use tool. The calibrated DOE-2.1e simulation model and the SGDOE-2.1e were compared and showed a good match with each. The SGDOE-2.1e model was then further modified based on the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999 commercial building energy code. A code-compliant (ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999) SGDOE-2.1e simulation model was then used as a baseline for the evaluation of the high-performance measures. A total of 14 high-performance measures were implemented including the energy savings, while the comfort level was maintained based on the ASHRAE comfort zone. In addition to the 14 high-performance measures, solar thermal and solar PV system analysis were integrated with the SGDOE-2.1e simulation model to further reduce the annual energy use. Finally, specifications of the proposed easy-to-use simulation tool were developed. This tool includes options to choose systems from the 14 high-performance measures and solar systems. The proposed easy-to-use systems selection tool can be used for new building practitioners and existing building owners as well to evaluate the performance of their new buildings compared to the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999 code-compliant building, and to assess the feasibility of implementing high-performance measures to their existing buildings in terms of energy and cost savings.

Den svenska miljöpolitiken drivs huvudsakligen genom ett system med 16 så kallade nationella miljökvalitetsmål och övergripande så kallade generationsmål. Dessa målsätter ramarna för miljöarbetet i Sverige på nationell, regional och lokal nivå. Utgångsläget för Sveriges miljöpolitik är att vi till nästa generation, år 2020, ska lämnaöver ett välmående samhälle där de stora miljöproblemen i Sverige är lösta. Nyckelpersoner från Kalmar, Jönköping och Skåne länsstyrelser har intervjuats, såvälsom nyckelpersoner från utvalda kommuner i respektive län. Resultatet av intervjuerna tyder på att arbetet med miljömål kräver kommunikation och samverkan både horisontellt och vertikalt och att länsstyrelsen har en central och viktigroll.Syftet med denna studie är att den ska vara till hjälp för Länsstyrelsen i Kalmar imiljömålsarbetet. / The Swedish environmental policy is dictated through a system of 16 so called national environmental quality objectives, and broad so called generational objectives. These set the frames of the environmental work done in Sweden at a national, regional and local level.The overall goal of the environmental work done in Sweden is to hand over aprosperous, healthy society to the next generation, where the major environmental challenges has been overcome, no later than the year 2020. Key persons at the county administrations of Kalmar, Jönköping and Skåne have been interviewed, as well as persons from selected municipalities in each county.The results of these interviews show the importance of the county administration in the environmental work of the municipalities and that this work requires extensive communication, both vertical and horizontal.The results of this paper is meant to help the county administration of Kalmar in the environmental work.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FlaviaJL.pdf: 4348490 bytes, checksum: 9833ad5ebc75cab0e9063c256b3ba90c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The geo-environmental zoning is an important means to plan the management of the territory, once it is the result of integration of different elements of the physical environment. The Municipality of Crato has a diversity of geo-environmental systems due to its complex landscape, which characterization and delimitation will contribute to the most appropriate occupation and the fewer prejudicial to municipal area. This study, which was supported by geo-systemic theory, searched to reach the following objectives: to elaborate a proposal of geo-environmental zoning; to characterize identified and demarcated geo-environmental systems, including their potentiality and limitations of land use and human occupation; and to generate a database on digital maps through GIS Geographic Information System. Four geo-environmental systems were identified (Chapada do Araripe: plateau and hillside, Massif and residual crest, Sert?o of peripheric southern depression and fluvial Plains) and ten geo-environmental subsystems (Eastern plateau covered by cerrad?o/cerrado, Western plateau covered by cerrado/carrasco, Northern-west hillside, central residual Massif, Northern Residual Massifs, Sertaneja depression dominated by sedimentary materials, Sertaneja depression dominated by embasement crystalline material; wet fluvial plains and dry fluvial plains). The identified system and subsystem are similar to those proposed by FUNCEME in spite of some changes due to the more detailed mapping / O zoneamento geoambiental, como produto da integra??o dos diferentes elementos do meio f?sico, ? um importante instrumento para o planejamento da gest?o do territ?rio. O munic?pio do Crato, em fun??o de sua complexa paisagem, apresenta uma diversidade de sistemas geoambientais, cuja caracteriza??o e delimita??o poder?o contribuir para a ocupa??o mais adequada e menos impactante do espa?o municipal. Esse trabalho, apoiado na teoria geossist?mica, buscou atingir os seguintes objetivos: elaborar uma proposta de zoneamento geoambiental; caracterizar os sistemas geoambientais identificados e delimitados, envolvendo suas potencialidades e limita??es em termos de uso e ocupa??o do solo; e gerar uma base de dados com mapas digitais em ambiente SIG (Sistema de Informa??o Geogr?fica). Foram identificados quatro sistemas geoambientais (Chapada do Araripe: Plat? e Encostas, Maci?os e Cristas Residuais, Sert?es da Depress?o Perif?rica Meridional do Cear? e Plan?cies Fluviais) e dez subsistemas geoambientais (Plat? Oriental Revestido por Cerrad?o/Cerrado, Plat? Ocidental Revestido por Cerrado/Carrasco, Encosta Norte-Ocidental, Encosta Oriental, Maci?o Residual Central, Maci?os Residuais Setentrionais, Depress?o Sertaneja Dominada por Material Sedimentar, Depress?o Sertaneja Dominada por Material do Embasamento Cristalino, Plan?cies Fluviais ?midas e Plan?cies Fluviais Secas). Os sistemas e subsistemas identificados seguem, em parte, aqueles propostos pela FUNCEME, com mudan?as em fun??o do maior detalhe do mapeamento proposto