CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Given the population growth, technological development and the increasing demand for natural resources becomes clear the importance of the rational and sustainable use of these resources, mainly in the Northeast region of Brazil, which has a major imbalance between supply and demand water and suffer with various problems related to inappropriate land use. Analysis and zoning of different environmental systems, aided by geoprocessing tools, serve as input for land use planning, allowing knowledge and a better use of the potential environmental and reducing the negative effects caused by the inappropriate use of natural resources. Noting the foregoing, it is intended to carry out an analysis and zoning of environmental systems in the watershed of the Mundaà River (BHRM) - Pernambuco / Alagoas using geoprocessing and empirical models for determination of environmental vulnerability, identifying the main negative environmental impacts and propose a Geoenvironmental zoning model of the study area. The thesis is organized into seven sections, the first section presents the introduction of the research, justifying the relevance of the subject, exposing the thesis objectives, the organizational structure of the same, the literature review and theoretical foundations, and finally is held a demonstration of the technical and methodological procedures. The second section seeks to assess the morphometry of the basin of the Mundaà River, at this stage, the morphometric characteristics were grouped according to their properties: linear analysis, areal analysis and hypsometric analysis, where the linear attributes involve the drainage network and its spatial arrangement in the basin. To detail the study was considered the characterization of the basin of the Mundaà River and its sub-basins where each was analyzed individually. The third section was elaborated the mapping and characterization of geomorphic units of the watershed of the Mundaà River, interpreting the relief forms using different scales of identification and analysis. The elaborate geomorphological compartmentation considers the first four taxonomic levels of relief, where the morphogenetic processes and morphodynamics of the river basin were observed. In the fourth section was prepared mapping coverage and land use in the watershed study, serving as a planning tool and guidance for decision-making. On Thursday seeks to assess section, with the help of GIS techniques, environmental systems in the mentioned river basin, from the systematization and the interrelationship that exists between society and nature from the perspective of rational use of Geoenvironments, taking into account the capabilities and vulnerabilities. The sixth section we sought to establish a proposal for environmental zoning, using empirical models, through interpretation of remote sensing products and field analysis. Finally in the seventh section are made final thesis considerations. / Tendo em vista o aumento populacional, o desenvolvimento tecnolÃgico e a crescente demanda pelos recursos naturais torna-se clara a importÃncia do uso racional e sustentÃvel desses recursos, principalmente para a regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil, que apresenta um grande desequilÃbrio entre a oferta e a demanda de Ãgua, alÃm de sofrerem com diversos problemas relacionados ao uso inapropriado do solo. A anÃlise e zoneamento de diferentes sistemas ambientais, auxiliados pelos usos de ferramentas de geoprocessamento, servem como subsÃdio para um ordenamento territorial, permitindo um conhecimento e um melhor aproveitamento das potencialidades ambientais e diminuindo os efeitos negativos ocasionados pelo uso inadequado dos recursos naturais. Observando o que foi exposto, pretende-se realizar uma anÃlise e zoneamento dos sistemas ambientais na bacia hidrogrÃfica do Rio Mundaà (BHRM) â Pernambuco/Alagoas, utilizando tÃcnicas de geoprocessamento e modelos empÃricos para determinaÃÃo da vulnerabilidade ambiental, identificaÃÃo os principais impactos ambientais negativos e propor um modelo de zoneamento geoambiental da Ãrea em estudo. A tese està organizada em sete seÃÃes, na primeira seÃÃo apresenta-se a introduÃÃo da pesquisa, justificando a relevÃncia do tema, expondo os objetivos da tese, a estrutura de organizaÃÃo da mesma, a revisÃo de literatura e fundamentaÃÃes teÃricas, e por fim à realizada uma demonstraÃÃo dos procedimentos tÃcnicos e metodolÃgicos. A segunda seÃÃo busca avaliar a morfometria da bacia hidrogrÃfica do Rio MundaÃ, nessa etapa, as caracterÃsticas morfomÃtricas foram agrupadas segundo suas propriedades em: anÃlise linear, anÃlise areal e anÃlise hipsomÃtrica, onde os atributos lineares envolvem a rede de drenagem e seu arranjo espacial dentro da bacia. Para detalhar o estudo foi considerada a caracterizaÃÃo da bacia do Rio Mundaà e suas sub-bacias, onde cada uma foi analisada individualmente. A terceira seÃÃo elaborou-se o mapeamento e caracterizaÃÃo das unidades geomorfolÃgicas da bacia hidrogrÃfica do Rio MundaÃ, interpretando as formas do relevo utilizando diferentes escalas de identificaÃÃo e anÃlise. A compartimentaÃÃo geomorfolÃgica elaborada considera os quatros primeiros nÃveis taxonÃmicos de relevo, onde foram observados os processos morfogenÃticos e a morfodinÃmica da bacia hidrogrÃfica. Na quarta seÃÃo foi elaborado o mapeamento da cobertura e do uso da terra da bacia hidrogrÃfica em estudo, servindo como ferramenta de planejamento e de orientaÃÃo à tomada de decisÃo. Na quinta seÃÃo busca-se avaliar, com o auxÃlio das tÃcnicas de geoprocessamento, os sistemas ambientais na mencionada bacia hidrogrÃfica, a partir da sistematizaÃÃo e da inter-relaÃÃo que se dà entre Sociedade-Natureza na perspectiva do uso racional dos geoambientes, levando em consideraÃÃo as potencialidades e vulnerabilidades. A sexta seÃÃo buscou-se estabelecer uma proposta de zoneamento ambiental, utilizando modelos empÃricos, atravÃs de interpretaÃÃo de produtos de sensoriamento remoto e anÃlise de campo. E por fim na sÃtima seÃÃo sÃo feitas as consideraÃÃes finais da tese.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O Distrito de Covalima situa-se no Sudoeste da RepÃblica DemocrÃtica de Timor-LesteâRDTL, constituindo um paÃs sob Estado de direito democrÃtico, soberano, independente e unitÃrio. Està baseado na vontade popular e no respeito pela dignidade da pessoa humana e pelo direito a um ambiente de vida humana, sadio, ecologicamente equilibrado e no dever de proteger e melhorar em prol das geraÃÃes vindouras. Reconhecendo a necessidade de preservar e valorizar os recursos naturais, alÃm de promover aÃÃes de defesa do meio ambiente e salvaguardar o desenvolvimento sustentÃvel da economia, bem como o aproveitamento dos recursos naturais para a manutenÃÃo do equilÃbrio e evitar a destruiÃÃo de ecossistemas. Atribui-se o significado importante nesta presente pesquisa, estabelecer Proposta de Zoneamento EcolÃgico-EconÃmico-ZEE como instrumento para o desenvolvimento sustentÃvel. Subsidia-se o planejamento ambiental em busca de compatibilizar o comportamento humano na base da gestÃo ambiental adequada, para o melhoramento do uso dos recursos naturais no processo do desenvolvimento sustentÃvel. Observaram-se os preceitos socioambientais a partir da fundamentaÃÃo teÃrica que sinaliza a relaÃÃo sociedade-natureza, primando a auto-concientizaÃÃo, respeitando a capacidade de suporte da natureza. Fundamenta-se como base no Zoneamento em que a organizaÃÃo repercute no poder democrÃtico das polÃticas pÃblicas, assumindo o papel do planejamento e gestÃo ambiental. Direciona-se, desse modo os planos estratÃgicos incidindo no uso e a ocupaÃÃo da terra em busca à recuperaÃÃo e manutenÃÃo da integridade funcional de sistemas ambientais. Evita-se como conseqÃÃncias os impactos negativas dos sistemas biofÃsicos naturais, alÃm da qualidade da vida da populaÃÃo na base do desenvolvimento sustentÃvel. O estabelecimento das caracterÃsticas dos sistemas ambientais e dos aspectos socioeconÃmicos e o uso da ocupaÃÃo da terra, basearam-se na fundamentaÃÃo do zoneamento com aplicaÃÃo de tÃcnicas de anÃlise digital de satÃlite (TM/LANDSAT 7 + ETM de 2000) e geoprocessamento, com conhecimentos prÃvios, bem como documentos bibliogrÃficos e geocartogrÃficos. Resultou a compartimentaÃÃo em 5 (cinco) sistemas ambientais, 8 (nove) sub-sistemas e nos aspectos socioeconÃmicos, possibilitando o estabelecimento da classificaÃÃo de 6 (seis) zonas de interesse, adotando singularmente a definiÃÃo e a funÃÃo das mesmas, como: Zona da PreservaÃÃo Ambiental-ZPA, Zona da RecuperaÃÃo Ambiental-ZRA, Zona de Uso SustentÃvel-ZUS, Zona de ProteÃÃo PaisagÃstica e Cultural-ZPPc, Zona de ExpansÃo Urbana-ZEU, Zona de SuperposiÃÃo Ãtnica-ZSE. à Ãbvio que a singularidade da funÃÃo de cada zona cumpre enfim contribuir dispor do Zoneamento EcolÃgico-EconÃmico que gera os cenÃrios tendenciais, propiciando o sistema do Desenvolvimento SustentÃvel na construÃÃo do Distrito de Covalima. Pretende-se que esse zoneamento contribua para subsidiar as polÃticas pÃblicas de Timor-Leste na busca do desenvolvimento sustentÃvel de Covalima. / The Covalima located in southwestern Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste-RDTL constituted country under a democratic rule of law, sovereign and independent, unitary, based on the popular will and respect for human dignity and the right to an environment a humane, healthy and ecologically balanced and duty to protect and enhance and support of future generations. Recognizing the need to preserve and enhance natural resources, and promote actions to protect the environment and safeguard the sustainable development of economy, stressing that the use of natural resources to maintain balance and prevent destruction of ecosystems. Is attributed to the significant meaning in this present study, to establish Proposal for ecological-Economic-ZEE as a tool for sustainable development. Subsidizes environmental planning is seeking to reconcile the human behavior on the basis of appropriate environmental management, to improve the use of natural resources in the process of sustainable environmental. There was bias from the socio-environmental theoretical framework which shows the relationship between society and nature, claiming self-conscientization, respecting the carrying capacity of nature. It is based on the basis of zoning in which the organization affects the democratic power of public policy, assuming the role of environmental planning and management. Is directed, so the strategic plans focusing on the use and occupancy of the land in search for the rehabilitation and maintenance of functional integrity of environmental systems. Avoidance of negative impacts and consequences of natural biophysical systems, besides the quality of life of the population on the basis of sustainable development. The establishment of the geoenvironmental characteristics, socioeconomic and use of land occupation, based on the reasoning of the zoning application of analytical techniques for digital satellite (TM / LANDSAT 7 ETM + 2000) and GIS, with prior knowledge, as well as documents bibliographic and geocartographic. Resulted in the subdivision within 5(five) environmental Systems, 8 (eight) sub-systems and socioeconomic aspects, allowing to determine the classification of 6 (six) areas of interest, uniquely adopting the definition and function the same as: Zone Environmental Conservation, Zone of the Environmental Recovery-ZRA, Sustainable Use Zone-ZUS, Landscape Protection Zone and Cultural-ZPPc, Urban Zone Expansion-ZEU, Ethnic-Zone Overlay-ZSE. It is obvious that the uniqueness of the function of each zone meets in contributing to dispose finally of the Zoning Environmental generating the emerging scenarios that the system provides for Sustainable Development in the construction of Covalima. It is intended that this zoning will help to subsidize the public politics of Timor-Leste in the pursuit of sustainable development Covalima.

La théorie de la viabilité propose des outils permettant de contrôler un système dynamique afin de le maintenir dans un domaine de contraintes. Le concept central de cette théorie est le noyau de viabilité, qui est l’ensemble des états initiaux à partir desquels il existe au moins une trajectoire contrôlée restant dans le domaine de contraintes. Cependant, le temps et l’espace nécessaires au calcul du noyau de viabilité augmentent exponentiellement avec le nombre de dimensions du problème considéré. C’est la malédiction de la dimension. Elle est d’autant plus présente dans le cas de systèmes incorporant des incertitudes. Dans ce cas-là, le noyau de viabilité devient l’ensemble des états pour lesquels il existe une stratégie de contrôle permettant de rester dans le domaine de contraintes avec au moins une certaine probabilité jusqu’à l’horizon de temps donné. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier et de développer des approches afin de combattre cette malédiction de la dimension. Pour ce faire, nous avons proposé deux axes de recherche : la parallélisation des calculs et l’utilisation de la théorie de la fiabilité. Les résultats sont illustrés par plusieurs applications. Le premier axe explore l’utilisation de calcul parallèle sur carte graphique. La version du programme utilisant la carte graphique est jusqu’à 20 fois plus rapide que la version séquentielle, traitant des problèmes jusqu’en dimension 7. Outre ces gains en temps de calcul, nos travaux montrent que la majeure partie des ressources est utilisée pour le calcul des probabilités de transition du système. Cette observation fait le lien avec le deuxième axe de recherche qui propose un algorithme calculant une approximation de noyaux de viabilité stochastiques utilisant des méthodes fiabilistes calculant les probabilités de transition. L’espace-mémoire requis par cet algorithme est une fonction linéaire du nombre d’états de la grille utilisée, contrairement à l’espace-mémoire requis par l’algorithme de programmation dynamique classique qui dépend quadratiquement du nombre d’états. Ces approches permettent d’envisager l’application de la théorie de la viabilité à des systèmes de plus grande dimension. Ainsi nous l’avons appliquée à un modèle de dynamique du phosphore dans le cadre de la gestion de l’eutrophisation des lacs, préalablement calibré sur les données du lac du Bourget. De plus, les liens entre fiabilité et viabilité sont mis en valeur avec une application du calcul de noyau de viabilité stochastique, autrement appelé noyau de fiabilité, en conception fiable dans le cas d’une poutre corrodée. / Viability theory provides tools to maintain a dynamical system in a constraint domain. The main concept of this theory is the viability kernel, which is the set of initial states from which there is at least one controlled trajectory remaining in the constraint domain. However, the time and space needed to calculate the viability kernel increases exponentially with the number of dimensions of the problem. This issue is known as “the curse of dimensionality”. This curse is even more present when applying the viability theory to uncertain systems. In this case, the viability kernel is the set of states for which there is at least a control strategy to stay in the constraint domain with some probability until the time horizon. The objective of this thesis is to study and develop approaches to beat back the curse of dimensionality. We propose two lines of research: the parallel computing and the use of reliability theory tools. The results are illustrated by several applications. The first line explores the use of parallel computing on graphics card. The version of the program using the graphics card is up to 20 times faster than the sequential version, dealing with problems until dimension 7. In addition to the gains in calculation time, our work shows that the majority of the resources is used to the calculation of transition probabilities. This observation makes the link with the second line of research which proposes an algorithm calculating a stochastic approximation of viability kernels by using reliability methods in order to compute the transition probabilities. The memory space required by this algorithm is a linear function of the number of states of the grid, unlike the memory space required by conventional dynamic programming algorithm which quadratically depends on the number of states. These approaches may enable the use of the viability theory in the case of high-dimension systems. So we applied it to a phosphorus dynamics for the management of Lake Bourget eutrophication, previously calibrated from experimental data. In addition the relationship between reliability and viability is highlighted with an application of stochastic viability kernel computation, otherwise known as reliability kernel, in reliable design in the case of a corroded beam.

Waste management has gone through a history of shiftingproblems, demands, and strategies over the years. In contrastto the long prevailing view that the problem could be solved byhiding or moving it, waste is now viewed as a problem rangingfrom local to global concern, and as being an integral part ofseveral sectors in society. Decisive for this view has beensociety’s increasing complexity and thus the increasingcomplexity of waste, together with a general development ofenvironmental consciousness, moving from local focus on pointemission sources, to regional and global issues of more complexnature. This thesis is about the development and application orware;a model for computer aided environmental systems analysis ofmunicipal waste management. Its origin is the hypothesis thatwidened perspectives are needed in waste managementdecision-making to avoid severe sub-optimisation ofenvironmental performance. With a strong foundation in lifecycle assessment (LCA), orware aims to cover the environmentalimpacts over the entire life cycle of waste management. It alsoperforms substance flow analysis (SFA) calculations at a ratherdetailed level of the system. Applying orware has confirmed the importance of applyingsystems perspective and of taking into account site specificdifferences in analysis and planning of waste manage-ment,rather than relying on overly simplified solutions. Somefindings can be general-ised and used as guidelines to reduceenvironmental impact of waste management. Recovery of materialand energy resources from waste generally leads to netreductions in energy use and environmental impact, because ofthe savings this brings about in other sectors. Waste treatmentwith low rate of energy and materials recovery should thereforebe avoided. The exact choice of technology however depends onwhat products can be recovered andhow they are used. Despite the complexity of the model and a certain degree ofuser unfriendliness, involved stakeholders have expressed thevalue of participating in orware case studies. It providesimproved decision-basis, but also wider understanding of thecomplexity of waste management and of environmental issues ingeneral. The thesis also contains a first suggestion of a frameworkto handle uncertainty in orware, based on a review of types ofuncertainty in LCA and tools to handle it. / QC 20100413

The main objective of this study is to develop a modeling methodology that facilitates incorporating the plant pathway into environmental contamination models recognizing the fact that plants are dynamic entities that regulate their life cycle according to natural and anthropogenic environmental conditions. A modeling framework that incorporates the plant pathway into an integrated water flow and contaminant transport model in terrestrial systems is developed. The modeling framework is aimed to provide a tool to analyze the plant pathway of exposure to contaminants. The model developed using this framework describes the temporal and spatial variation of the contaminant concentration within the plant as it is interacting with the soil and the atmosphere. The first part of the study focuses on the integration of the dynamics of water and contaminant distribution and plant related processes within the vadose zone. A soil-plant system model is developed by coupling soil-water flow, contaminant transport, plant life-cycle, and plant pathway models. The outcome unifies single media continuous models with multimedia compartmental models in a flexible framework. The coupling of the models was established at multiple interfaces and at different levels of solution steps (i.e. model development phase vs. numerical solution phase). In the second part of the study, the soil-plant system model is extended to cover large spatial areas by describing the environmental system as a collection of soil-plant systems connected through overland flow and transport processes on the ground surface and through lateral interactions in the subsurface. An overland flow model is integrated with the previously coupled model of unsaturated zone soil-water flow and plant life-cycle by solving the flow model equations simultaneously within a single global matrix structure. An overland / subsurface interaction algorithm is developed to handle the ground surface conditions. The simultaneous solution, single-matrix approach is also adopted when integrating the overland transport model with the previously coupled models of vadose zone transport and plant pathway. The model developed is applied to various environmental contamination scenarios where the effect of the presence of plants on the contaminant migration within environmental systems is investigated.

CRUZ, Rui António da. Proposta de zoneamento ecológico-econômico como instrumento de desenvolvimento sustentável: subsídios para o planejamento ambiental na construção do Distrito de Covalima – Timor-Leste. 2012. 190 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2012 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-04-19T14:18:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_racruz.pdf: 4944755 bytes, checksum: f1151a7e06978341a26a5264adc378c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-04-19T14:18:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_racruz.pdf: 4944755 bytes, checksum: f1151a7e06978341a26a5264adc378c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T14:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_racruz.pdf: 4944755 bytes, checksum: f1151a7e06978341a26a5264adc378c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / The Covalima located in southwestern Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste-RDTL constituted country under a democratic rule of law, sovereign and independent, unitary, based on the popular will and respect for human dignity and the right to an environment a humane, healthy and ecologically balanced and duty to protect and enhance and support of future generations. Recognizing the need to preserve and enhance natural resources, and promote actions to protect the environment and safeguard the sustainable development of economy, stressing that the use of natural resources to maintain balance and prevent destruction of ecosystems. Is attributed to the significant meaning in this present study, to establish Proposal for ecological-Economic-ZEE as a tool for sustainable development. Subsidizes environmental planning is seeking to reconcile the human behavior on the basis of appropriate environmental management, to improve the use of natural resources in the process of sustainable environmental. There was bias from the socio-environmental theoretical framework which shows the relationship between society and nature, claiming self-conscientization, respecting the carrying capacity of nature. It is based on the basis of zoning in which the organization affects the democratic power of public policy, assuming the role of environmental planning and management. Is directed, so the strategic plans focusing on the use and occupancy of the land in search for the rehabilitation and maintenance of functional integrity of environmental systems. Avoidance of negative impacts and consequences of natural biophysical systems, besides the quality of life of the population on the basis of sustainable development. The establishment of the geoenvironmental characteristics, socioeconomic and use of land occupation, based on the reasoning of the zoning application of analytical techniques for digital satellite (TM / LANDSAT 7 ETM + 2000) and GIS, with prior knowledge, as well as documents bibliographic and geocartographic. Resulted in the subdivision within 5(five) environmental Systems, 8 (eight) sub-systems and socioeconomic aspects, allowing to determine the classification of 6 (six) areas of interest, uniquely adopting the definition and function the same as: Zone Environmental Conservation, Zone of the Environmental Recovery-ZRA, Sustainable Use Zone-ZUS, Landscape Protection Zone and Cultural-ZPPc, Urban Zone Expansion-ZEU, Ethnic-Zone Overlay-ZSE. It is obvious that the uniqueness of the function of each zone meets in contributing to dispose finally of the Zoning Environmental generating the emerging scenarios that the system provides for Sustainable Development in the construction of Covalima. It is intended that this zoning will help to subsidize the public politics of Timor-Leste in the pursuit of sustainable development Covalima. / O Distrito de Covalima situa-se no Sudoeste da República Democrática de Timor-Leste–RDTL, constituindo um país sob Estado de direito democrático, soberano, independente e unitário. Está baseado na vontade popular e no respeito pela dignidade da pessoa humana e pelo direito a um ambiente de vida humana, sadio, ecologicamente equilibrado e no dever de proteger e melhorar em prol das gerações vindouras. Reconhecendo a necessidade de preservar e valorizar os recursos naturais, além de promover ações de defesa do meio ambiente e salvaguardar o desenvolvimento sustentável da economia, bem como o aproveitamento dos recursos naturais para a manutenção do equilíbrio e evitar a destruição de ecossistemas. Atribui-se o significado importante nesta presente pesquisa, estabelecer Proposta de Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico-ZEE como instrumento para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Subsidia-se o planejamento ambiental em busca de compatibilizar o comportamento humano na base da gestão ambiental adequada, para o melhoramento do uso dos recursos naturais no processo do desenvolvimento sustentável. Observaram-se os preceitos socioambientais a partir da fundamentação teórica que sinaliza a relação sociedade-natureza, primando a auto-concientização, respeitando a capacidade de suporte da natureza. Fundamenta-se como base no Zoneamento em que a organização repercute no poder democrático das políticas públicas, assumindo o papel do planejamento e gestão ambiental. Direciona-se, desse modo os planos estratégicos incidindo no uso e a ocupação da terra em busca à recuperação e manutenção da integridade funcional de sistemas ambientais. Evita-se como conseqüências os impactos negativas dos sistemas biofísicos naturais, além da qualidade da vida da população na base do desenvolvimento sustentável. O estabelecimento das características dos sistemas ambientais e dos aspectos socioeconômicos e o uso da ocupação da terra, basearam-se na fundamentação do zoneamento com aplicação de técnicas de análise digital de satélite (TM/LANDSAT 7 + ETM de 2000) e geoprocessamento, com conhecimentos prévios, bem como documentos bibliográficos e geocartográficos. Resultou a compartimentação em 5 (cinco) sistemas ambientais, 8 (nove) sub-sistemas e nos aspectos socioeconômicos, possibilitando o estabelecimento da classificação de 6 (seis) zonas de interesse, adotando singularmente a definição e a função das mesmas, como: Zona da Preservação Ambiental-ZPA, Zona da Recuperação Ambiental-ZRA, Zona de Uso Sustentável-ZUS, Zona de Proteção Paisagística e Cultural-ZPPc, Zona de Expansão Urbana-ZEU, Zona de Superposição Étnica-ZSE. É óbvio que a singularidade da função de cada zona cumpre enfim contribuir dispor do Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico que gera os cenários tendenciais, propiciando o sistema do Desenvolvimento Sustentável na construção do Distrito de Covalima. Pretende-se que esse zoneamento contribua para subsidiar as políticas públicas de Timor-Leste na busca do desenvolvimento sustentável de Covalima.

Watersheds are transformed into point of interaction between the environment and man acting as a point of convergence of actions and consequences. In this sense, it lists as an object of study sub-basin Alligator River, set in the context of territorial PiauiRiver Basin, specifically in its upper course, in the semi-arid region of Sergipe, with the purpose of analyzing in overall, the socio-environmental relations in the period between 1990 and 2010. To fulfill this and other specific objectives were established many steps associated with different methodological procedures, initially prioritizing the bibliographic and cartographic survey, and later data collection in office through the official organs of direct and indirect public administration, finally culminating with the fieldwork. The use of the methodology supported in general systems theory, possible to understand the dynamics of the physical and socioeconomic environment and identify areas and/or factors that may restrict or prevent certain uses of space. From this perspective, it is concluded , therefore, that the anthropogenic interference in different degrees within the sub -basin , marked over time configure various stages of its evolutionary process, leaving marks to the present day of a concentrated land ownership and serious problems that reflect the social development of the population. Furthermore, it was noted that in some sectors of the sub -basin, the lack of planning between the potential and actual land use, and the pursuit of productivity in a destructive process has generated an immense spatial concentration of environmental impacts and misuse of soil. / As bacias hidrográficas transformam-se em ponto de interação entre o meio ambiente e o homem atuando como ponto de convergência de ações e consequências. Neste sentido, elenca-se como objeto de estudo a Sub-bacia do rio Jacaré, inserida no contexto territorial da Bacia do rio Piauí, mais especificamente em seu alto curso, na região semi-árida de Sergipe, com o propósito de analisar, em termos gerais, as relações socioambientais no período entre 1990 e 2010. Para o cumprimento desse e outros objetivos específicos estabeleceram-se diversos procedimentos metodológicos associados a diferentes etapas, priorizando inicialmente o levantamento bibliográfico e cartográfico, e posteriormente a coleta de dados em gabinete através dos órgãos oficiais da Administração pública direta e indireta, culminando finalmente com o trabalho de campo. O emprego da metodologia adotada apoiada na Teoria Geral dos Sistemas,possibilitou compreender a dinâmica do meio físico e socioeconômico e identificar as áreas e/ou fatores que podem restringir ou impedir determinados usos do espaço. Nessa perspectiva, conclui-se, portanto, que as interferências antrópicas em graus diferenciados no território da sub-bacia, marcadas ao longo do tempo, configuram diversas fases de seu processo evolutivo, deixando marcas até os dias atuais de uma estrutura fundiária concentrada e com sérios problemas que refletem no desenvolvimento social da população. Além disso, pôde-se constatar que em alguns setores da sub-bacia, a falta de planejamento entre o uso potencial e o real do solo, e a busca da produtividade num processo destrutivo tem gerado uma imensa concentração espacial dos impactos ambientais e da má utilização do solo.

Diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) is a simple preconcetration method for in situ determination of labile metal ions in aquatic systems. It eliminates contamination problems associated with the sampling and transport into the laboratory. The DGT technique is based on a simple device that accumulates metal ions on a cation-exchange resin, immobilized in thin layer of hydrogel, after passage through the diffusion layer. The cation-exchanger, usually Chelex 100, is selective for binding free or weakly complexed metal ions in solution. This diploma thesis deals with the characterization of a new resin gel based on ion exchanger with anchored thiol-functional groups, Spheron-Thiol, for DGT technique. This new binding agent with a high selectivity for „heavy“ metal ions could provide more information on the labile metal species in water systems. The performance of DGT technique with utilization of Spheron-Thiol resin was investigated by the determination of Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb under laboratory conditions. Due to the strong adsorption of copper to the Spheron-Thiol, it is necessary to decompose the resin gel in nitric acid prior to the determination. New resin gel provides reliable information of trace metal concentrations within the pH range 6 – 8 typical for natural waters. The effect of competitive ligands, iminodiacetic and humic acids, on Cd, Cu, Ni a Pb sorption on Spheron-Thiol and Chelex 100 resin gels was determined.

Vorliegende Arbeit zeigt die jüngsten Möglichkeiten hochauflösender Fernerkundung am Beispiel von Stadtbäumen in Berlin, Deutschland. Es wurden neuste methodische Ansätze eingesetzt, wie beispielsweise maschinelles Lernens und individuelle Baumdetektion. Sie erwiesen sich von großem Vorteil für die detaillierte Analyse urbaner Ökosystemdienstleistungen in einer heterogenen Umwelt. Neueste Fernerkundung von hoher zeitlicher Auflösung hat Möglichkeiten gezeigt, Veränderungen des Stadtwaldes präziser zu untersuchen. Diesbezüglich konnten Baumspezies klassifiziert werden auf Grundlage saisonaler Veränderungen, die mittels Fernerkundungsdaten aufgenommen wurden. Dies ist für den urbanen Bereich einmalig und über große Flächen noch nicht durchgeführt worden. Darüber hinaus haben diese Baumarten einzelnen Bäumen zugeordnet werden können, deren Abmessung fernerkundlich erfasst worden ist. Diese neu erzeugten Umweltinformationen einzelner Bäume können damit verbundene urbane Ökosystemdienstleistungen präzise aktualisieren. Zum Beispiel haben so Unsicherheiten in der Schätzung zur Kohlenstoffspeicherung städtischer Wälder reduziert werden können. Es ist zudem von Vorteil gewesen, den gegenwärtigen Mangel an räumlich expliziten dreidimensionalen Informationen über Stadtwälder anzusprechen. Allerdings ist die Rolle städtischen Wälder, das Treibhausgas CO2 langfristig auszugleichen, immer noch wenig untersucht. Gerade der Mangel an präzisen, konsistenten und aktuellen Details führt zu großen Unsicherheiten im Rahmen von Lebenszyklus-Analysen. Auf Grund des aktuellen Fortschritts in hochauflösender Fernerkundung könnten diese Unsicherheiten reduziert werden. Dazu werden Möglichkeiten ausgiebig kritisch bewertet und anhand einer Lebenszyklus-Analyse am Beispiel Berlin andiskutiert, inwieweit sie präzisere langfristige Prognosen zum Stadtwald als Kohlenstoffspeicher liefern. / This work shows recent options for implementing high resolution remote sensing in assessing urban trees in Berlin, Germany. State-of-the-art methodological approaches like machine learning and individual tree detection proved to be highly advantageous for analyzing details of urban ecosystem services within a heterogeneous urban environment. Recent remote sensing of high temporal resolution offers new options for more precisely addressing urban forest dynamics. This successfully shows that tree species could be identified from seasonal changes of remotely sensed imagery, though this has not yet been applied across cities. Furthermore, these tree species results could be combined with remotely sensed individual tree dimensions. This newly generated data can be suggested to update spatially explicit information on related urban ecosystem services. For example, this could reduce the uncertainties of such estimates as urban forest carbon storage, and also address the present lack of spatially explicit three-dimensional information on urban forests. However, few studies have considered the local scale of urban forests to effectively evaluate their potential long-term carbon offset. The lack of precise, consistent and up-to-date forest details is challenging within the scope of life cycle assessments. This can cause high uncertainties in urban forest carbon offset. Although, recent progress in high resolution remote sensing is promising to reduce these uncertainties. For this purpose, remote sensing options are extensively reviewed and briefly discussed using an example of life cycle assessment for Berlin, which allow more precise long-term prognoses of urban forest carbon offset.

The author examines how a North American commercial Web site developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute serves as a vehicle through which American hegemony and cultural imperialism are propagated to Latin America. The author argues that the content of the web site pages, which contain American cultural symbols and values, may serve to influence or change the values of its Latin American visitors.