Sverige har fastslagit nationella miljömål som bland annat fastställer att Sverige inte ska orsaka några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser år 2045. För att nå klimatmålen krävs insatser från en rad olika sektorer. Transportsystemets miljöpåverkan är stor men därav är också möjligheterna att minska de totala utsläppen av växthusgaser. En utmaning för att lyckas med detta är att hitta helt nya lösningar samtidigt som redan existerande funktionella lösningar behöver effektiviseras och byggas ut. En hållbar samhällsutveckling kan bara uppnås genom ett helhetsperspektiv. I syfte att minska den antropogena påverkan på klimatet och miljön, men även för att anpassa stadsmiljön till klimatförändringarna, är det därför av stor vikt att tillfullo integrera klimatförändringar i planerade planer, program och projekt. Miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar (MKB) är lagstadgade och metodiska verktyg, passande för detta ändamål. Därmed finns det en möjlighet att systematiskt integrera klimatförändringar i en rad olika offentliga och privata projekt, i arbetet mot ett mer hållbart samhälle. Fram till nyligen (år 2018) har detta inte varit lagstadgat men ändringen av Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv (2011/92/EU) till (2014/52/EU) gällande miljöbedömningar förändrar detta. Nu måste även klimatförändringar behandlas tydligare i miljöbedömningar. Trafikverket är en aktör som ansvarig för statlig infrastruktur och för att styra anläggningsbranschen mot ett mer ”utsläppsvänligt” byggande. Ändringen av EU-direktivet ställer nya krav på hur Trafikverket framöver behöver behandla denna miljöaspekt. Syftet med examensarbetet var därför att förtydliga klimatperspektivet i MKB:er och målet att ge rekommendationer till hur Trafikverket bör hantera klimataspekten i MKB:er för svenska väg- och järnvägsplaner för att tillmötesgå nya EU-direktiv. Tre olika fallstudier genomfördes för att undersöka dels: om och hur Trafikverket behandlar klimataspekten i sina MKB:er i dagsläget; för att undersöka hur andra aktörer implementerar klimataspekten; för att undersöka hur olika vägledningar föreslår att implementeringen bör gå till. Även en litteraturstudie genomfördes för att sammanställa forskningsområdet om bland annat vad MKB-processen för svagheter, om E-LCA bör användas vid transportplanering och vilka utmaningarna är med att lyckas integrera klimataspekten. I EU-direktivet framkommer det att MKB:er framöver bör behandla:  Lindring av klimateffekter: alltså utredning av förväntade utsläpp av växthusgaser till följd av projektet och hur dessa kan reduceras (så kallade miljöåtgärder). Klimanpassning av projektet: utredning gällande hur projektet kan komma att påverkas av framtida klimatförändringar och huruvida projektet kan anpassas efter dessa. Resultatet visar att endast 20 % av Trafikverkets slumpmässigt utvalda MKB:er behandlar klimataspekten på ett tydligt sätt medan 45 % behandlar klimataspekten ”ytterst lite”. Av Trafikverkets 20 MKB:er nämner 45 % nyckelordet ”koldioxid/CO2” och 40 % nämner nyckelordet ”växthusgas”. Rekommendationerna som resultatet mynnat ut i förslår att: Om klimataspekten inte redovisas bör en motivering finnas till detta. Redovisa utfall kvantitativt. Rimligtvis i form av CO2-ekvivalenter (både positiva och negativa). Tydligare bedömningsgrunder. Förslagsvis: Koppla ihop projektet till globala, nationella och regionala mål; använd funktionella enheter, exempelvis CO2-ekv/Km järnväg. Tydligare definitioner och uttryck. Använd ett E-LCA-perspektiv i MKB:en och redovisa systemgränser och livsfaser. (Lyft fram sådant som framkommer i en eventuell EPD tydligare) Belys osäkerheter med känslighetsanalyser och scenarioanalyser. Förtydliga kopplingen mellan klimatanpassning och klimatförändringar Inför klimataspekten i ett ”eget” avsnitt eller under ett avsnitt kallat ”kumulativa effekter” För att stödja processen med införandet av klimataspekten kan en lathund likt tabell 20 (se Fallstudie 3) utformas. / Sweden has prescribed national environmental targets which states that Sweden should not cause any greenhouse emissions by 2045. To achieve these goals, efforts are required from a variety of sectors. The environmental impact of the transport system is high, but therefore are the opportunities to reduce the total greenhouse gas emissions also great. A challenge to succeeding in this is to find completely new solutions while already god existing solutions needs to be streamlined and expanded. Sustainable social development can only be achieved through a holistic perspective. To reduce the anthropogenic impact on the climate and the environment, but also to adapt the urban environment to climate change, it is therefore important to integrate climate change into planned plans, programs and projects. Environmental impact Assessments (EIA) are statutory and methodological tools, suitable for this end goal. Thus, there is an opportunity to systematically integrate climate change into a variety of public and private projects, in the work towards a more sustainable society. However, until recently (2018) this has not been statutory, but the amendment of Directive (2011/92 / EU) to (2014/52 / EU) of the European Parliament and of the Council to on environmental assessments alters this. Now climate change is also required to be treated more clearly in environmental assessments. The Swedish Transport Administration oversees government infrastructure and therefore an important actor to direct the construction and infrastructure industry towards a more "emission-friendly" construction. The amendment to the EU directive places new demands on how the Swedish Transport Administration will need to address this environmental aspect in the future. The purpose of the thesis work was therefore to clarify the climate perspective in EIAs and the goal to give recommendations for how the Swedish Transport Administration should handle the climate aspect in EIAs for road and rail plans in order to comply with new EU directives. Three different case studies were conducted to partly investigate: If and how the Swedish Transport Administration deals with the climate aspect in their present EIAs; to investigate how other actors implement the climate aspect; to investigate how different guides suggest that the implementation should take place. I addition to the Case Studies a literature study was conducted to compile the research area on the weaknesses in the EIA-process, if E-LCA is a good tool to use in transport planning and what the challenges are to successfully integrate the climate aspect into EIAs. The new EU directive states that EIAs should address: Mitigation of climate effects: i.e., investigation of expected greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the projects and how these can be reduced (so called environmental measures). Climate adaption of the project: an assessment of how the project may be affected by future climate change and whether the project can be adapted accordingly. The result shows that only 20 % of the Swedish Transport Administrations randomly selected EIAs is addressing the climate aspect in a clear way, while 45 % addresses the climate aspect very little. Only 45 % of the Swedish Transport Administrations 20 randomly selected EIAs mention "Carbon dioxide/CO2" and only 40 % mention the keyword “greenhouse gas”. The recommendations that resulted from the results include:  If the climate aspect is not recognized, a motivation should be given to this. Report outcomes quantitatively. Reasonably in terms of CO2 equivalents (both positive and negative). Clearer grounds for assessment. Proposed: Link the project to global, national and regional goals; Use functional units, such as CO2 Equal / Km Rail. Clearer definitions and expressions. Use an E-LCA perspective in the EIA and report system boundaries and life scenarios. (Highlight the content of a possible EPD more clearly). Illustrate uncertainties with sensitivity analyzes and scenario analyzes. Clarifying the link between climate change and climate adaption. Introduce the climate aspect into an "own" section or under a section called "cumulative effects" To support the process of introducing the climate aspect, a reference guide, like table 20 (see Case Study 3) can be designed.

Achieving the balance between the three sustainability aspects i.e., environmental, social, and economic has been a problem for many companies, where many of them still prioritize the economic aspect over the environmental and social aspects. Currently, many companies and energy utilities are going through major changes in their energy systems, and to be able to stay in the market and be competitive, they need to have clear and effective policies and a clear purpose. To examine the challenges that energy utilities are going through and are restraining them from balancing between the three pillars, a qualitative method has been used. Additionally, the solutions to these challenges and which organizations can help were also examined by interviewing two Swedish companies. The findings revealed that the challenges energy utilities were going through were related to knowledge (e.g., customer acceptance, cost, waste reduction, and consuming energy without exhausting the earth's resources). On the other hand, the solutions were knowledge, educating customers, citizens, and companies, getting help from the governments and politicians, such as encouraging the implementation of CSR, laws, and financial incentives. Knowledge has been perceived as the biggest challenge and solution for almost all companies, where increasing awareness and education campaigns would play a big role in solving the problems that companies are going through.

The Swedish National Rail Administration, Banverket, has the overarching sector responsibility for Swedish railways, including a responsibility for implementing and managing the government decision for an ecologically sustainable development. In support of achieving ecologically sustainable development and fulfilment of the national environmental objectives and environmental legislation, Banverket initiated the implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS) in 1998. The overall aim of this thesis is to examine the EMS applied at Banverket with regard to the identification and monitoring of environmental aspects at the administrative Railway Regions of Banverket. The analysis is based on a qualitative approach comprising questionnaires, interviews, document analysis and participating observations. Areas for potential improvements are identified. A more stringent use of the EMS is needed in the organisation. Furthermore, a link between activity, aspect and impact when identifying environmental aspects would improve the procedure. Like in other public organisations, the monitoring of environmental aspects at Banverket is insufficient. Introducing indicators and integrating different Government requirements for environmental monitoring into one system, using EMS as a tool would make the system more effective. In the thsesis a framework is proposed for the identification of environmental aspects pertaining to operation and maintenance at Banverket. This framework has an input–output perspective and provides a clear connection between activity, aspect and impact. Furthermore, by establishing the framework on a system used mainly for environmental performance evaluation, a better connection between the identification and monitoring of aspects is created, possibly improving both processes. The framework for the identifica-tion of environmental aspects, as proposed in the thesis, could also be modified and applied in other organisations. A major conclusion of the study is that the EMS applied at Banverket, in its present form, is not an effective environmental management tool for achieving ecologically sustainable development within the rail sector. Adapted methods for identification and monitoring of environmental aspects for public organisations such as Banverket would facilitate the application of EMS and increase its effectiveness as an environmental tool. / <p>QC 20101213</p>

SammanfattningTitel: Miljöaspektens prioritering vid logistikplaneringFörfattare: Viveca Freij och Olivia Idström EkestolpeHandledare: Björn CarlssonNivå: Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi, 15 hp, VT 2013Nyckelord: Stora företag i Sverige, miljöaspekten, logistikplanering, greenwash, grön marknadsföring, CSR och logistik.Problemformulering:Hur prioriteras miljöaspekten hos stora företag i Sverige vid logistikplanering?Syfte:Syftet med denna studie är att utforska om och hur stora företag i Sverige tar hänsyn till miljön vid logistikplanering.Metod:En kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med ett induktivt angreppssätt. Studien börjar med en intervju med ett transportbolag och följs av en tvärsnittsstudie som genomförs via telefonintervjuer med 33 av Sveriges största arbetsgivare. Teoretisk referensram: Studien hanterar teorier inom grön marknadsföring, CSR, logistik och grön logistik. Teorier inom grön marknadsföring bidrar till att skapa förståelse om vilka fördelar som grön marknadsföring kan ge. Inom CSR beskrivs vilka beståndsdelar som hör till ämnet och vad som definierar begreppet samt vilka fördelar ett uttalat CSR-arbete kan ge. Genom teorier inom logistik och grön logistik skapas en förståelse om hur det kan bedrivas och anpassas, samt vilka motiv som ligger till grund för arbetssätten.Empirisk insamling:Empirin har samlats in genom en ansikte mot ansikte intervju samt genom 33 stycken telefonintervjuer. Slutsats: Studien visar att majoriteten av Sveriges största arbetsgivare inte prioriterar miljöaspekten över pris, ledtid och leveransservice vid val av transportleverantör. Trots detta ger företagen i sin marknadsföring intryck av att de ser miljön som viktig och arbetar för att bidra till en hållbar utveckling. Företagen kan arbeta med miljöfrågor men lever inte upp till vad de kommunicerar ut i marknadsföringen, omedvetet eller ej är detta en försköning som kan leda till fördelar för företagen. / AbstractTitle: The environmental aspects priority during logistics planning. Authors: Viveca Freij och Olivia Idström EkestolpeAdvisor: Björn CarlssonLevel: Bachelor thesis in Business administration, 15 credits, Spring 2013Keywords:Large companies in Sweden, environmental aspect, logistics planning, greenwash, green marketing, CSR and logistics.Question: How do large companies in Sweden prioritize the environmental aspect during logistics planning?Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore if and how large companies in Sweden take the environmental aspect into account during logistics planning.Method: A qualitative research with an inductive approach. The study begins with an interview with a transport company and is followed by a cross-sectional study conducted via telephone interviews with 33 of Sweden’s largest employers.Theoretical framework: The study handles theories in green marketing, CSR, logistics and green logistics. Theories in green marketing helps to create an understanding of the benefits that green marketing can provide. Theories within CSR describe the elements that belong to the topic and what defines the concepts and the benefits that an explicit CSR can provide. The theories in logistics and green logistics provide a deeper understanding of how it can be managed and customized and its underlying motives. Empirical framework:The data has been gathered through one face to face and 33 interviews by telephone. Conclusion: The study shows that the majority of the largest employers in Sweden do not prioritize the environmental aspect over price, lead time and delivery service during the choice of a transport provider. Despite this the companies market themselves as very considerate of the environment and works to contribute to a sustainable development. Companies can consider the environment in some aspects but do not always live up to what they communicate through their marketing. Unconsciously or not, this is an embellishment that can lead to benefits.

Världens länder har ingått avtal för att förhindra att den globala medeltemperaturenöverstiger 2°C. För att förmå statliga myndigheter att föregå med gott exempel i detsvenska miljöarbetet har de krav på sig att införa miljöledningssystem. En avuniversitetens/högskolornas miljöaspekter är studenternas resor. Denna rapportpresenterar resultaten från en enkätstudie för studenters resvanor där koldioxidutsläppetper år för studenters resor till hemort, andra studieplatser och universitetet harberäknats. Syftet är att ge underlag för att bedöma om studenternas resande är enbetydande miljöaspekt. Inflyttade campusstudenters koldioxidutsläpp kom till störstadelen från resorna till hemorten som var relativt långa och gjordes ofta. Icke inflyttadecampusstudenters och en distansstudenters koldioxidutsläpp kom till största delen frånresorna till universitetet där den icke inflyttade studenten reste ofta och kort ochdistansstudenten reste sällan men långt. Vid inflyttade studenters resor till annanstudieplats, inflyttade campusstudenters resor till universitetet och distansstudentersresor till annan studieplats var koldioxidutsläppet högre under vintern än för de andraårstiderna vilket innebär att färre gick/cyklade under vintern. Slutsatsen är attstudenternas resor bör ses som en betydande miljöaspekter i universitetets ellerhögskolans miljöledningsarbete. Mål och åtgärder bör sättas upp för vad som är aktuelltoch möjligt på studieorten. / The countries in the world have concluded agreements to prevent the global averagetemperature to exceed 2°C. To engage authorities to set an example they're required tohave an environmental management system. One of the universities environmentalaspects is student travel. This report presents the result from a survey of students' travelhabits where the carbon dioxide emission per year from students' travel to hometown,other study places and university have been calculated. The aim is to give theuniversities material to assess if the students' travel is a significant environmentalaspect. The carbon dioxide emission from a student that moved to the area to study wasmost caused by the travel to the hometown wich had a far distance and was frequentlydone. The carbon dioxide emission from a student that already lived in the area and adistance student was most caused by trips to the university wich for the student thatlived in the area was done frequently and had a short distance and for the distancestudent was done rarely with a far distance. When students that moved to the areatraveled to other study places and the university and when distance students traveled toother study places the carbon dioxide emission in the winter differed from the otherseasons wich shows that fewer students walked/biked in the winter. The students travelshould be seen as a significant environmental aspect in the universities environmentalwork. Environmental objectives and actions should be based on relevance andpossibility for the university.

A construção sustentável é uma condição essencial para o alcance do desenvolvimento sustentável da sociedade. Para isso, é necessário preocupar-se com a sustentabilidade de todas as etapas do ciclo de vida de um empreendimento, desde sua concepção, passando pelo projeto, construção, manutenção, até sua demolição, considerando sempre as três dimensões da sustentabilidade: econômica, social e ambiental. Portanto, destaca-se o estudo da redução dos impactos negativos da etapa de construção de empreendimentos na medida em que a indústria da construção civil, além de grande consumidora de recursos naturais, é fonte de diversos impactos negativos causados ao meio ambiente. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor práticas a serem adotadas por empreendedores e empresas construtoras e seus subcontratados em seus canteiros de obras, visando a um processo de produção de edifícios mais sustentável em áreas urbanas. Essas práticas envolvem diretrizes tecnológicas e gerenciais, além de um guia, que propõe uma estratégia para implantação de canteiros de obras mais sustentáveis. A pesquisa, de propósito exploratório e caráter qualitativo, foi desenvolvida por meio de estudos teóricos, envolvendo revisão bibliográfica nacional e internacional, assim como observações em campo. Como principais resultados, apresentam-se: a evolução da matriz de correlação de aspectos e impactos ambientais de canteiros de obras de edifícios; a formulação de conjunto de diretrizes tecnológicas e gerenciais que visem a um processo de produção mais sustentável em canteiros de obras; e a elaboração de um guia para implantação de um canteiro de obras mais sustentável. / Sustainable construction is an essential condition for society sustainable development achievement. So, concerning about sustainability is indispensable for all stages of the building life cycle, since its conception, through design, construction, maintenance, until its demolition, considering the three dimensions of sustainability: economical, social and environmental. Hence, the building construction negative impacts reduction study stands out, as the construction industry, besides being a great consumer of natural resources, causes unwanted environmental impacts. Thus, the purpose of the research is to provide recommendable practices to be adopted by the constructors in their site works, aiming at a more sustainable production process in urban areas. These practices involve technological and managerial guidelines, besides a guide, which proposes a more sustainable site works establishment strategy. The research has exploratory object and qualitative nature, and was developed through theoretical studies, involving national and international literature review, and field observations. As main results there are: the evolution of the site works environmental aspects and impacts correlation matrix, the formulation of technological and managerial guidelines aiming at a more sustainable site works production process, and the preparation of a guide for a more sustainable site works establishment.

A construção sustentável é uma condição essencial para o alcance do desenvolvimento sustentável da sociedade. Para isso, é necessário preocupar-se com a sustentabilidade de todas as etapas do ciclo de vida de um empreendimento, desde sua concepção, passando pelo projeto, construção, manutenção, até sua demolição, considerando sempre as três dimensões da sustentabilidade: econômica, social e ambiental. Portanto, destaca-se o estudo da redução dos impactos negativos da etapa de construção de empreendimentos na medida em que a indústria da construção civil, além de grande consumidora de recursos naturais, é fonte de diversos impactos negativos causados ao meio ambiente. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor práticas a serem adotadas por empreendedores e empresas construtoras e seus subcontratados em seus canteiros de obras, visando a um processo de produção de edifícios mais sustentável em áreas urbanas. Essas práticas envolvem diretrizes tecnológicas e gerenciais, além de um guia, que propõe uma estratégia para implantação de canteiros de obras mais sustentáveis. A pesquisa, de propósito exploratório e caráter qualitativo, foi desenvolvida por meio de estudos teóricos, envolvendo revisão bibliográfica nacional e internacional, assim como observações em campo. Como principais resultados, apresentam-se: a evolução da matriz de correlação de aspectos e impactos ambientais de canteiros de obras de edifícios; a formulação de conjunto de diretrizes tecnológicas e gerenciais que visem a um processo de produção mais sustentável em canteiros de obras; e a elaboração de um guia para implantação de um canteiro de obras mais sustentável. / Sustainable construction is an essential condition for society sustainable development achievement. So, concerning about sustainability is indispensable for all stages of the building life cycle, since its conception, through design, construction, maintenance, until its demolition, considering the three dimensions of sustainability: economical, social and environmental. Hence, the building construction negative impacts reduction study stands out, as the construction industry, besides being a great consumer of natural resources, causes unwanted environmental impacts. Thus, the purpose of the research is to provide recommendable practices to be adopted by the constructors in their site works, aiming at a more sustainable production process in urban areas. These practices involve technological and managerial guidelines, besides a guide, which proposes a more sustainable site works establishment strategy. The research has exploratory object and qualitative nature, and was developed through theoretical studies, involving national and international literature review, and field observations. As main results there are: the evolution of the site works environmental aspects and impacts correlation matrix, the formulation of technological and managerial guidelines aiming at a more sustainable site works production process, and the preparation of a guide for a more sustainable site works establishment.

The environmental work in Sweden has developed a lot over the past fifty years. Today, most companies have some kind of environmental work. Environmental activities are regulated by the Environmental Code, which applies in parallel with other laws. This report is an environmental review for Bräcke Diakoni. The report aims to find out how much environmental impact Bräcke Diakoni has. The report will also be used as a basis for an environmental diploma. Bräcke Diakoni is a foundation that has existed in Gothenburg since 1923 and has its operations in health, care, rehabilitation, psychiatry, children, youth, elder care and hospice. They have an environmental diploma since 2005 and are actively working to reduce their environmental impact. Data were collected through interviews, surveys, and Intranet. The environmental review includes eight of Bräcke Diakoni units are located in Bräcke, Gothenburg. The report is general, covering the environmental impact of energy, water, travel, chemicals, waste, recycling and accidents. No indentations are made. The investigation shows that business trips, electricity, district heating, service vehicles and households waste have the highest environmental impact.  Bräcke Diakoni generally has no impact on the environment that needs urgent help. At the end of the report there are suggestions for further environmental work, such as switching energy contracts, reward soft mobility among staff and reduce the missions through the purchase of video conference. Bräcke Diakoni has already taken steps to reduce their environmental impact. Among other things, they help to meet environmental quality objective "A non-toxic environment" by taking care of their hazardous waste. The fact that they use district heating contributes to the "Good Built Environment" and "Fresh air". / Miljöarbetet i Sverige har utvecklats mycket de senaste femtio åren. Idag arbetar de flesta företag med miljö på något sätt. Miljöarbetet regleras av miljöbalken som gäller parallellt med andra lagar. Den här rapporten är en miljöutredning för Bräcke Diakoni. Syftet med rapporten är att ta reda på hur stor miljöpåverkan Bräcke Diakonis verksamheter har. Rapporten ska även användas som underlag till miljödiplomering. Bräcke Diakoni är en stiftelse som funnits i Göteborg sedan år 1923 och har verksamheter inom hälsa, vård, rehab, psykiatri, barn, ungdom, äldreomsorg och hospice. De är miljödiplomerade sedan 2005 och arbetar aktivt för att minska sin miljöpåverkan. Data har samlats in genom intervjuer, inventeringar och Intranätet. Miljöutredningen omfattar åtta av Bräcke Diakonis enheter som är lokaliserade i Bräcke, Göteborg. Utredningen är övergripande och omfattar miljöpåverkan från energiförbrukning, vatten, resor, kemikalier, avfall, återvinning och olyckor. Inga fördjupningar har gjorts. Högst miljöpåverkan fick tjänsteresor, el, fjärrvärme, tjänstefordon och hushållssopor. Bräcke Diakoni har överlag ingen miljöpåverkan som behöver akuta åtgärder. I slutet av rapporten finns förbättringsförslag för fortsatt miljöarbete, exempelvis byta energiavtal, belöna miljövänligt resande bland personalen och minska på tjänsteresor genom införskaffande av videokonferensanläggning. Bräcke Diakoni har redan vidtagit åtgärder för att minska sin miljöpåverkan. Bland annat bidrar de till att uppfylla miljökvalitetsmålet ”Giftfri miljö” genom att ta hand om sitt farliga avfall. Att de använder fjärrvärme bidrar till att uppfylla ”God bebyggd miljö” samt ” Frisk luft”.

The diploma thesis focuses on voluntary tools that the business entities by using them can try to reduce the negative impact on the environment which may arise in connection with their activities. Attention is paid on the Eco Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) on the basis of which environmental review and identification of indirect environmental aspects of the selected company is carried out. The result is proposed measures on indirect environmental aspects and an assessment of the appropriateness of the introduction of EMAS into the practice of the company Technické služby Jeseník.

This master´s thesis is focused on analysis of state of CSR in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part covers the basic concept of CSR associated with its development, benefits, methods of its measurement and reporting including current trends in the field. The practical part is based on author´s own research conducted among national and multinational companies operating on the Czech market using quantitative and qualitative research methods. The research´s results reflect the differences between these companies following up the individual aspects of CSR and other variables. Therefore the thesis portrays the evaluation of the current state of CSR in the Czech Republic, including related causes and recommendations for improvement.