The U.S. Environmental Movement is facing a paradox: increased mobilization over the last 100 years has not been entirely effective in halting environmental degradation. This research suggests that discourse divisions among environmental movement organizations constitute a fundamental obstacle to progressive change. The discourse divisions are evident in movement organizing patterns during periods of increased environmental crisis over the history of the modern environmental movement. In addition, evidence suggests that federal environmental policy is an outcome of increased organizing among movement organizations with more transformative visions of change. However, policy outcomes from increased pressure among transformative organizations are significantly correlated with Republican presidential administrations lending evidence to the idea that policy reform is a moderating strategy employed to silence radical change-makers. The results from this research contribute to the Marxist model of historical change under-discussed in the social movement literature. It also contributes to the ongoing debate in the environmental movement literature addressing the continued effectiveness of the environmental movement as a program for change.

p. 1-114 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-03-13T20:05:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Valter Jose Cruz texto.pdf02.pdf: 1328270 bytes, checksum: 56a81db0054afe08f0b3dd95d7c866f6 (MD5) Valter Jose Cruz CAPA.pdf01.pdf: 71430 bytes, checksum: f656da63f8bbdd12300b28845d8dce60 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima(tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2013-03-13T20:44:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Valter Jose Cruz texto.pdf02.pdf: 1328270 bytes, checksum: 56a81db0054afe08f0b3dd95d7c866f6 (MD5) Valter Jose Cruz CAPA.pdf01.pdf: 71430 bytes, checksum: f656da63f8bbdd12300b28845d8dce60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-13T20:44:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Valter Jose Cruz texto.pdf02.pdf: 1328270 bytes, checksum: 56a81db0054afe08f0b3dd95d7c866f6 (MD5) Valter Jose Cruz CAPA.pdf01.pdf: 71430 bytes, checksum: f656da63f8bbdd12300b28845d8dce60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Este trabalho pretende analisar a sustentabilidade no desenvolvimento de uma pequena comunidade pesqueira do interior da Bahia, inserida num contexto de abundância de recursos naturais porém carente de atenção dos poderes públicos e vítima de jogos políticos que perpetuam a dominação e a pobreza. Em termos específicos, objetiva-se mostrar que o crescimento econômico por si só não traduz-se em desenvolvimento comunitário e que a falta de participação dos membros da comunidade nas decisões que os impactam, conduz a um ciclo vicioso de pobreza, assistencialismo e clientelismo. O objeto de estudo foi a comunidade de Ilha d´Ajuda, no município de Jaguaripe, distante 240 km de Salvador, capital da Bahia. Para atingir os objetivos dessa pesquisa, optou-se pelo estudo da crise ambiental, amplamente discutida na atualidade, e dos conceitos de comunidade, participação e sustentabilidade. A partir desses conceitos, adotou-se o método do estudo de caso com o emprego de observação não participante e entrevistas não-estruturadas com os moradores da comunidade de Ilha d´Ajuda. Esse estudo permitiu constatar os efeitos da ideologia neo-liberal de grandes empreendedores, a prática de assitencialismo e clientelismo por representantes da comunidade e os efeitos ambientais e sociais sobre a vida cotidiana das pessoas que moram em Ilha d´Ajuda. De modo conclusivo, verificou-se que nas condições atuais a comunidade em questão não apresenta um modo de vida sustentável, do ponto de vista ambiental e econômico e que as práticas atuais apontam para uma concentração de rendas e degradação socioambiental. / Salvador

This work explores the religious, political, and economic origins of the environmental crisis and offers tangible solutions by applying various religious and philosophical teachings from Yoga.

This thesis examines the role of Melodi Ya Tshwane Christian Youth Ministry (MyT CYM) in the context of what is increasingly observable environmental crisis with a view of developing a contextual approach to ecological mission. The research does not focus primarily on the environmental crisis itself except to note that its scope incorporates not only environmental issues, but has some important implications for social justice as well. The research recognises the role that MyT CYM must play as part of their contribution towards addressing the environmental crisis. Such a role is based not on a pragmatic response to the situation, but flows from the missional nature and theology of the church. Therefore, the missional church has an obligation to address this issue, through Christian mission that takes seriously the biblical call to care and preserve the integrity of creation. Finally, this research aims to assist MyT CYM to understand the theological basis for contextual action towards developing an appropriate ecological mission. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th.(with Specialisation in Urban Ministry)

O trabalho aqui realizado teve como principal objetivo estudar o processo de consolidação da noção de capital natural no debate ambiental internacional e suas possíveis consequências. A noção de capital natural demonstrou, em nossa pesquisa, ser um grande mecanismo de simplificação e tecnificação do debate ambiental. Por meio dela, as pautas ambientais são transformadas em pautas de mercado e traduz-se os processos ecológicos na linguagem do valor, de forma que o debate ambiental passe a ser feito dentro do universo linguístico e simbólico do modo de produção capitalista. Para explorar essa problemática e pensar as consequências desse processo, escolhemos como principal objeto de estudo deste trabalho a noção de capital natural da forma como é definida e promovida pela Natural Capital Coalition (Coalizão do Capital Natural). Esta é uma grande coalizão internacional formada com o objetivo de promover uma possibilidade específica de entendimento do que viria a ser capital natural. Existem diversos tipos de definições de capital natural, porém analisaremos somente a promovida por essa coalizão, de forma que a noção de capital natural propagada pela Natural Capital Coalition (NCC) constitui-se no eixo central deste trabalho. Para realizar essa proposta, seguimos o seguinte percurso de análise: primeiro, produzimos um estudo acerca da história material e da história das ideias que possibilitaram o surgimento da NCC e da noção de capital natural que ela promove; em seguida, analisamos o discurso da NCC e relacionamos as principais ideias nele contidas com a visão de mundo moderna e capitalista. Por fim, argumentamos que a consolidação da noção de capital natural em âmbito global é um grave empecilho à superação da crise ambiental, a qual pode inviabilizar a existência humana no planeta. / The main objective of this work was to study the process which consolidated the notion of natural capital in the international environmental debate and the possible consequences associated to it. The notion of natural capital has shown, in our research, to be a great mechanism for simplifying and technifying the environmental debate. Through it, the environmental agenda is transformed into a market agenda and the ecological processes are translated into the language of value, so that the environmental debate occurs within the linguistic and symbolic universe of the capitalist mode of production. In order to explore this problem and think about the consequences of this process, we have chosen as the main object of this study the notion of natural capital as defined and promoted by the Natural Capital Coalition. This is a big international coalition formed with the aim of promoting a specific understanding of what is natural capital. There are several types of definitions of natural capital, however we are going to analyze only those promoted by this coalition, so the notion of natural capital propagated by the Natural Capital Coalition (NCC) is the central axis of this work. To carry out this proposal, we proceeded along the following course of analysis: first, we produced a study about the material history and the history of the ideas that allowed the emergence of the NCC and the notion of natural capital that it promotes; then, we analyzed the discourse of the NCC and related the main ideas contained in it with the modern and capitalist worldview. Finally, we argued that the consolidation of the notion of natural capital at the global level is a serious obstacle to overcoming the environmental crisis, which may threaten human existence in the planet.

Visste du att en tredjedel av all den mat som produceras slängs? (Globalamalen, u.å). Du kan lika väl kasta den tredje matkassen du inhandlat direkt, för det är ändå det du kommer att göra i slutändan. Detta fenomen kallas matsvinn, och är enkelt förklarat den maten som slängs i onödan. I Sverige står hushållen för majoriteten av landets totala matsvinn. Enligt Naturvårdsverket (2018) uppstod 1,3 miljoner ton matavfall i Sverige år 2016, vilket motsvarar 129 kilo per person, varav en tredjedel är klassat som rent matsvinn.  Världen står inför den stora utmaningen att tackla den växande miljökrisen. Om alla levde som vi i Sverige, skulle man behöva fyra jordklot för att kunna försörja hela världen med naturresurser (WWF, 2018). Vi behöver ändra vårt konsumtionsbeteende eftersom materiell konsumtion går hand i hand med vårt ekologiska fotavtryck. Enligt Naturvårdsverket (2018) står matsvinnet i Sverige för 20-25 procent av landets totala klimatpåverkan. I samma stund uppskattas cirka 870 miljoner människor vara undernärda (Naturvårdsverket, 2018).  En bidragande orsak är konsumenternas attityd till mat; vi uppskattar inte maten som vi gjorde förr och vi har glömt var den kommer ifrån. En central roll i det här fenomenet står media och designers för som marknadsför och uppmuntrar oss att konsumera mer och mer. Enligt en studie från Popia (2012) tas 76 procent av alla köpbeslut i butiken; därför har vi som designers en viktig roll i utformningen av förpackningar, reklam och skyltar. Matsvinn är en stor bidragande faktor till miljökrisen, och därför har vi valt att belysa detta område. I vårt arbete har vi valt att utforska området matsvinn och se hur vi genom grafisk design kan påverka, belysa och förändra beteenden och attityder hos konsumenter.  Vi anser att vi som designers har ett samhälleligt ansvar eftersom det är vi som är med och formar utvecklingen framåt. I det här arbetet kommer vi att undersöka dessa två frågeställningar: Går det att uppmuntra konsumenter på ett positivt sätt att långsiktigt förändra sitt beteende kopplat till matsvinn? Hur kan man genom designmetoder bryta konsumentbeteenden och attityder för att uppnå minskat matsvinn? Arbetet har resulterat i förpackningskonceptet SMASK!, där vi applicerat metoden beteendedesign på grafisk form. Utmaningarna är att genom grafisk design få konsumenten att ändra på invanda beteenden och skapa nya. Ett svinn-bra initiativ för en hållbar framtid. Vårt hem, vårt land, vårt uppdrag. / Did you know that one third of all the produced food gets thrown away? (Globalamalen, u.å). You might as well throw away the third grocery bag you purchased right away, because that is what you will do in the end. This phenomenon is called food waste, meaning the food that is thrown away unnecessarily. In Sweden, households account for the majority of the country's total food waste. According to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (2018), 1.3 million tonnes of food waste arose in Sweden in 2016, which corresponds to 129 kilos per person, of which one third is classified as pure food waste. The world faces a major challenge of dealing with the growing environmental crisis. If everyone lived like us in Sweden, we would need four planets to be able to supply the whole world with natural resources (WWF, 2018). We need to change our consumption behavior, because material consumption goes hand in hand with our ecological footprint. According to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (2018), food waste in Sweden accounts for 20-25 percent of the country's total climate impact. At the same time, approximately 870 million people in the world are estimated to be malnourished (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2018). One contributing factor is the consumer's attitude towards food; we do not appreciate the food like we used to and we have forgotten where it comes from. Media and designers has a huge part in this phenomenon, who promote and encourage us to consume more and more. According to a study from Popia (2012), 76 percent of all purchasing decisions are made in the store; Therefore, as designers, we have an important role in the design of packaging, advertising and signs. Food waste is a major contributing factor to the environmental crisis, and we have therefore chosen to highlight this area. In our work we have chosen to explore the area of ​​food waste and see how we through graphic design can influence, illuminate and change behaviors and attitudes of consumers. We believe that as designers, we have a social responsibility in shaping the future. In this work, we will examine two issues: Is it possible to encourage consumers in a positive way to change their behavior towards food waste in the long term? How can design methods break consumer behavior and attitudes to achieve reduced food waste? Our work has resulted in a packaging concept called SMASK!, where we have applied behavioral design methods on graphic form. Our challenge is to change consumers behavior and create new ones through graphic design. A great initiative for a sustainable future. Our home, our country, our mission.

Neste início de século, a questão socioambiental assume papel de destaque nos debates intergovernamentais e nas governanças nacionais, sendo a participação da sociedade importante coadjuvante nesse processo. Especialmente considerando a questão da biodiversidade, no caso dos países megadiversos, o papel das comunidades tradicionais e indígenas revela amplas possibilidades nesse sentido. Nessa perspectiva, esta dissertação de mestrado objetiva descrever os mecanismos, as estruturas e os poderes, assim como analisar a participação social institucionalizada na política federal brasileira para biodiversidade, sob a responsabilidade da Comissão Nacional de Biodiversidade (CONABIO), considerando o período compreendido entre os anos de sua criação (2003) e aquele definido pela ONU, 2010, como Ano Internacional da Biodiversidade. Para tal, analisamos documentos (moções, resoluções e deliberações) e os conteúdos das atas transcritas na íntegra das reuniões ordinárias e extraordinárias produzidos pela comissão nesse período. Com o intuito de compreender como se dá a participação social particularmente após a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, ampliamos nossa pesquisa também para a observação de outras arenas federais relacionadas com a questão da biodiversidade. Com esta investigação, pretendemos, portanto, contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a gestão compartilhada entre governo e sociedade brasileira, na produção de políticas públicas socioambientais, sobretudo relacionadas ao tema da biodiversidade, questão sobre a qual o Brasil, por sua condição, detém enorme responsabilidade / In the beginning of this century, the environmental issue has a prominent role in intergovernmental debates and national governances, and civil society participation in this process is an important coadjuvant. Especially considering the issue of biodiversity, in the case of the megadiverse countries, the role of traditional and indigenous communities reveals wide possibilities in this direction. In this perspective, this dissertation aims to describe the mechanisms, structures and powers, as well as analyze the institutionalized social participation in the Brazilian federal policy for biodiversity, under the responsibility of the National Biodiversity Commission (CONABIO), considering the period between the year of its creation (2003) and the year defined by the ONU as the International Year of Biodiversity, 2010. To this end, we analyzed documents (motions, resolutions etc.) and the contents of the minutes of regular and special meetings, which were fully transcribed, produced by the committee during this period. In order to understand how is social participation, particularly after the enactment of the Constitution of 1988, we expanded our research also for the observation of other federal arenas related to the issue of biodiversity. With this research, we intend, therefore, to contribute to knowledge about the shared management between government and Brazilian society, in the production of environmental public policies, especially related to the theme of biodiversity, an issue on which Brazil, for his condition, holds enormous responsibility

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de realizar um estudo diagnóstico do modo como a Educação Ambiental vem sendo trabalhada nas escolas de ensino fundamental (5a a 8a séries) da cidade de Piracicaba/SP. A pesquisa levantou os professores que trabalham com Educação Ambiental nas escolas, as principais atividades desenvolvidas, os objetivos, as experiências vivenciadas, os materiais utilizados, as metodologias empregadas, os projetos desenvolvidos e parceiros nessas atividades. Além disso, procurou identificar as concepções de Educação Ambiental dos professores, bem como as principais carências e dificuldades na realização das atividades. O estudo do modo como vem se dando as práticas de Educação Ambiental nas escolas é pertinente por se tratar de um parâmetro curricular recente, desenvolvido muitas vezes de forma improvisada e adaptada, outras vezes por pessoas e instituições externas às escolas. A presente pesquisa, utilizandose de elementos da pesquisa qualitativa, realizou entrevistas junto aos coordenadores e professores das escolas estaduais e particulares do ensino fundamental e reuniu informações das estruturas escolares. A cidade de Piracicaba conta com um pouco mais do dobro de escolas de ensino fundamental da rede estadual (cinqüenta e quatro) em relação às escolas da rede privada (vinte). Para garantir que a amostra fosse representativa e proporcional, o município foi dividido em quatro regiões geográficas, sendo que em cada uma delas foram sorteadas as escolas para a realização da pesquisa, de modo que se selecionou um sexto das escolas estaduais e um terço das escolas particulares da cidade. Na dissertação demonstramos que as dificuldades, tanto das escolas estaduais quanto das particulares, são referentes às diferentes formas de interpretar e compreender a Educação Ambiental, aspectos esses relacionados ao fato de se tratar de um campo ainda novo e não devidamente incorporado nos processos de formação de professores. Além disso, observamos como agravantes a falta de tempo e espaço adequado para reuniões de planejamento, estudo e pesquisa, recursos materiais e metodológicos escassos e até inexistentes, currículos programados de modo rígido e fechado, organizados por uma estrutura fortemente disciplinar. Observamos que a Educação Ambiental vem sendo trabalhada nas escolas em disciplinas consideradas "ambientais", como Ciências e Geografia, com o desenvolvimento de projetos temáticos ou em atividades extracurriculares e pontuais. Pôde-se constatar que a Educação Ambiental vem sendo incorporada pelas escolas de maneira fragmentada, superficial, isolada e descontínua, portanto, contribuindo pouco para uma educação escolar que almeje ser crítica, transformadora e emancipatória. / The present work has had the goal to do a diagnosis study about the way the Environmental Education has been working in the elementary schools (5th to 8th grades) of the city of Piracicaba/SP. The research mapped the teachers who work with environmental education at schools, their main activities that were developed, goals, experiences, used materials, and applied methodologies, developed projects and partners in these activities. Moreover, this research tried to identify the concepts of environmental education of these teachers as well as their main needs and difficulties in performing their activities. The study of the environmental education in the schools is important since it has recently become part of the curriculum, many times developed as an improvising and adapted way, and other times for people or institutions out of the schools. This research, using elements from the qualitative research, promoted interviews with state and private elementary schools coordinators and teachers, and collected information regarding schools structures. The city of Piracicaba has more than twice the number of state elementary schools (it has fifty four) than private schools (twenty). In order to guarantee a representative and proportional sample, the city was divided in four geographic regions, being schools randomly selected in each region for the purpose of the research, with the result of one sixth of the state schools being selected versus one third of private schools. In the dissertation we demonstrate that the difficulties, in both state and private schools, were due to the multiple ways to interpret and comprehend environmental education. These aspects related to the different concepts and goals of environmental education. Other difficulties refer to the fact that environmental education is a new subject and so far not well incorporated in the process of training teachers. Besides, we observed as an additional contribution the lack of time and adequate space to plan meetings, study and research, few or none material and methodological resources, firm and defined school programs, organized by a very rigid and disciplined structure. We also observed that the environmental education has been working at schools in disciplines considered in connection with environment, as science and geography, with the development of theme projects or in extra school program and specific activities. It has been found out that environment education has been incorporated by schools in isolated, superficial, discontinued and piecemealed way, and therefore, with a low contribution to a school education which aims to develop thinking, transformation and emancipation.

Partindo da percepção de uma proliferação do uso da palavra sustentabilidade e uma série de variações que direcionam para a noção de Desenvolvimento Sustentável estabelecida pelo ONU em 1987, este trabalho procura analisar os documentos provenientes dessa institução, especificamente a Conferência de Estocolmo de 1972; o Relatório de Brundtland - Nosso Futuro Comum; a Eco92 de 1992; a Rio+10 de 2002; a Rio+20 de 2012; os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM) de 2000; e os Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) de 2015. Dentro de abordagem metodológica psicanaliticamente orientada em que participam os momentos transferência-construção-ensaio, a tese toma o relatório Nosso Futuro Comum como ponto de partida para pensar o mal-estar na sociedade de risco, cujos pressupostos teóricos iniciais são o mal-estar da psicanálise e as definições da teoria social de risco de Ulrich Beck. O caminho metológico permitiu a construção do contexto que remete às Guerras Mundiais como importantes eventos que tornariam possível a institucionalização do conceito de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Além das condições para seu nascimento, a tese se debruça também para uma análise dos efeitos de sua aplicação. Esse percurso permitiu compreender a influência de um mundo assombrado por um catastrofismo que começa a ser transformado nas décadas de 1970 e 1980, vindo a se consolidar em uma perspectiva gerencial em 1990, movimento que pode ser depreendido dos documentos analisados. O trabalho evidencia o conflito colocado entre a finitude e o ilimitado presentes na crise ambiental e como o discurso econômico, prevalente em nossa sociedade, mostra-se incapaz de lidar com os problemas atuais e do tempo por vir. A análise sugere a necessidade de pensar não somente em uma sociedade de riscos, mas também em uma sociedade de refúgios. / Starting from the perception of a proliferation of the use of the word sustainability and a series of variations that lead to the concept of Sustainable Development established by the UN in 1987, this work examines the documents coming from that institution, specifically the Stockholm Conference of 1972; the Brundtland Report - Our Common Future; Eco92 of 1992; Rio + 10 of 2002; Rio + 20 of 2012; the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of 2000; and the Sustainable Development Objectives (SDO) of 2015. Within the psychoanalytically oriented methodological approach in which transfer-construction-essay moments take part, the thesis takes the report Our Common Future as a starting point for thinking of malaise in the society of risk, whose initial theoretical assumptions are the malaise of psychoanalysis and the definitions of the social theory of risk of Ulrich Beck. The metological path allowed the construction of the context that refers to the World Wars as important events that would make possible the institutionalization of the concept of Sustainable Development. In addition to the conditions for its birth, the thesis also examines the effects of its application. This path allowed us to understand the influence of a world haunted by a catastrophism that began to be transformed in the 1970s and 1980s, becoming consolidated in a managerial perspective in 1990, a movement that can be seen from the documents analyzed. The work shows the conflict between the finitude and the limitless present in the environmental crisis and how the economic discourse prevalent in our society proves incapable of dealing with the current problems and the time to come. The analysis suggests the need to think not only of a society of risks, but also of a society of refuges.

The "throwaway society" and the resulting effect on the environment combined with the exploitation of natural resources have resulted in a global environmental crisis. As a response to this crisis a concept developed that is known as sustainable development (SD). The concept of SD that is accepted world-wide is guided by a set of principles (Agenda 21) that had been officially launched at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. After the 1994 political transition in South Africa the government implemented widespread environmental policy and law reforms as a response to the global environmental crisis and the global trend towards SD. This study was undertaken to assess the existing environmental management (EM) principles within environmental policy and law in South Africa. EM in South Africa operates within the framework of Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) but it was discovered during the study that there are not only one set of EM principles but a few within South African environmental policy and law. This study attempted to identify and sort these different sets of principles and then to measure it against the international standard of Agenda 21. It was concluded that EM in South Africa within the framework of IEM is an adequate response to the world-wide trend towards SD. Unfortunately the outcome that was hoped for in South Africa was slower than anticipated. It didn't seem as if the environmental law and policy reforms had an impact at grassroots level. Two possible scenarios were presented (1) it's failure to be effectively implemented at grassroots level or (2) that the principles of SD in itself are unsound and therefore ineffective. It was concluded that some of the normative assumptions of SD are unsound and contribute to the environmental crisis. The approach of Christian stewardship was presented as a possible alternative. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.