Företag inom byggsektorn strävar efter att minimera byggnaders energianvändning och att minska miljöpåverkan genom hela byggprocessen. Byggherrar ställer ofta krav på att ett byggprojekt ska uppnå vissa miljökrav eller att byggnaden ska miljöcertifieras. När ett byggprojekt ska uppnå flera miljöklassningar tar projekteringen av miljökraven ofta längre tid. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka miljökrav som gäller för projektet Hjorthagshallen och analysera i vilken utsträckning det är möjligt att uppnå kraven. Projektet Hjorthagshallen innefattar nyproduktion av en idrottshall i Norra Djurgårdsstaden. Byggnaden ska: • Certifieras enligt Miljöbyggnad GULD • Uppnå kraven för BBR 22 • Uppnå kraven för Passivhus En litteraturstudie genomfördes för att undersöka vilka miljökrav som gäller för projektet och dessa sammanställdes sedan i en översiktlig tabell. Miljökraven har analyserats och utvärderats med beräkningsverktyg, simuleringsprogram, referensprojekt och med projektspecifika handlingar. De indikatorer som ansågs vara svårast att bedöma i förväg i denna studie var energianvändningen, luftläckningen genom klimatskalet och det termiska klimatet. Studien visar att miljökraven för projektet Hjorthagshallen är möjliga att uppnå. Många krav och indikatorer går att säkerställa under projekteringen medan vissa indikatorer är svårare att säkerställa innan byggnaden är färdigställd. / Construction companies aim to reduce the energy use of buildings and to minimize the environmental impact throughout the entire construction process. Constructors often require the project to meet certain environmental requirements and to certify the building. When a construction project aims to achieve several classifications the projection of the requirements often takes more time. This study aims to identify the environmental requirements that apply to the project Hjorthagshallen and to analyze if it is possible to achieve these requirements. Hjorthagshallen will be a sports center in Norra Djurgårdsstaden. The building will: • Be certified according to Miljöbyggnad GULD • Achieve the requirements for BBR 22 • Achieve the requirements for Passivhus. The environmental requirements for Hjorthagshallen have been collected through a literature study and presented in an overview table. The environmental requirements have been analyzed with calculation tools, simulation programs, a reference project and project documents. The indicators considered to be the most difficult to estimate in advance in this study are the energy use, air leakage and the thermal climate. The conclusion is that the environmental requirements for Hjorthagshallen are likely to be met. Many requirements and indicators can be ensured during the projection while some indicators are more difficult to ensure before the building is completed. Keywords:

A indústria da construção civil é considerada como uma das grandes causadoras de impactos negativos ao meio ambiente, desde a extração de matéria prima, até o fim de vida de seus empreendimentos. Dentre os principais impactos ambientais ocasionados pelo setor, destacase a geração de resíduos de construção civil (RCC), a qual é intensificada em função do desenvolvimento de grandes centros urbanos e a consequente necessidade de implantação de empreendimentos de infraestrutura. Nesse contexto, uma das estratégias mais eficientes para redução de RCC está associada à realização de escolhas adequadas na fase de projeto, com enfoque de prevenção na fonte geradora. No entanto, é complexa a inclusão de fatores de sustentabilidade, tais como os de minimização de RCC, em projetos da construção civil. Logo, torna-se relevante a adoção de métodos e ferramentas de suporte ao processo decisório. Contudo, os métodos existentes são direcionados, em sua maioria, a projetos de edificações, havendo uma importante lacuna associada a projetos de infraestrutura urbana. Assim sendo, esta pesquisa objetiva a proposição de mecanismos de apoio à tomada de decisão, para a minimização de RCC, em projetos de infraestrutura urbana, com dois diferentes enfoques: controle e avaliação; e estrutura de orientação. Para a composição dos mecanismos de controle e avaliação, foram identificadas boas práticas para redução da geração de RCC na fase de projeto, a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental de projetos, e pesquisa quali-quantitativa junto a especialistas. Essas boas práticas deram origem a demandas ambientais a serem atendidas pelos projetos de infraestrutura urbana, motivando a elaboração de um método estruturado para gerenciamento de requisitos ambientais e de trade-offs, como apoio à tomada de decisão projetual. O método teve como base a ferramenta Quality Function Deployment (QFD), no qual foi desdobrada a Matriz da Qualidade, a partir da opinião de especialistas atuantes em diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento de projetos de infraestrutura urbana. Como principais contribuições da pesquisa, focada na minimização de RCC, podem ser consideradas: (i) a obtenção de um checklist, como instrumento de controle e avaliação da qualidade dos projetos a serem desenvolvidos; (ii) a identificação de requisitos e de indicadores ambientais prioritários associados a esses projetos; e (iii) a elaboração de uma sistemática para gerenciamento de trade-offs existentes em projetos de infraestrutura urbana menos impactantes ambientalmente. / The construction industry is considered as one of the great causes of negative impacts to the environment, from the extraction of raw material, until the end-of-life of its projects. Among the main environmental impacts caused by the sector, can be highlighted the generation of construction waste (CW), which is intensified due to the development of large urban centers and the consequent need to implement infrastructure projects. In that context, one of the most efficient strategies to reduce CW is associated with making adequate choices in the design phase, with a focus on prevention at the source. However, it is complex to include sustainability factors, such as CW minimization, in construction designs. Therefore, it is relevant to adopt methods and tools to support the decision-making process. However, the existing methods are mostly directed to building designs, with an important gap associated with urban infrastructure designs. Thus, this research aims at proposing mechanisms to support decision making for the CW minimization in urban infrastructure projects, with two different approaches: control and evaluation; and guidance structure. For the composition of the control and the evaluation mechanisms, best practices were identified to reduce the CW generation in the design phase, based on literature review, documentary analysis of projects, and qualitative and quantitative surveys with specialists. Those best practices have given rise to environmental demands to be met by urban infrastructure projects, motivating the elaboration of a structured method for managing environmental requirements and trade-offs, as a support for the decision making design. The method was based on the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) tool, in which the quality matrix deployment, based on the opinion of specialists working in different stages of the development of urban designs. The main contributions of the research, focused on the CW minimization, can be considered: (i) obtaining a checklist, as an instrument to control and evaluate the quality of the designs to be developed; (ii) identification of requirements and of priority environmental indicators associated with those projects; and (iii) the development of a systematic for managing tradeoffs in urban infrastructure projects that are less environmentally impacting.

A indústria da construção civil é considerada como uma das grandes causadoras de impactos negativos ao meio ambiente, desde a extração de matéria prima, até o fim de vida de seus empreendimentos. Dentre os principais impactos ambientais ocasionados pelo setor, destacase a geração de resíduos de construção civil (RCC), a qual é intensificada em função do desenvolvimento de grandes centros urbanos e a consequente necessidade de implantação de empreendimentos de infraestrutura. Nesse contexto, uma das estratégias mais eficientes para redução de RCC está associada à realização de escolhas adequadas na fase de projeto, com enfoque de prevenção na fonte geradora. No entanto, é complexa a inclusão de fatores de sustentabilidade, tais como os de minimização de RCC, em projetos da construção civil. Logo, torna-se relevante a adoção de métodos e ferramentas de suporte ao processo decisório. Contudo, os métodos existentes são direcionados, em sua maioria, a projetos de edificações, havendo uma importante lacuna associada a projetos de infraestrutura urbana. Assim sendo, esta pesquisa objetiva a proposição de mecanismos de apoio à tomada de decisão, para a minimização de RCC, em projetos de infraestrutura urbana, com dois diferentes enfoques: controle e avaliação; e estrutura de orientação. Para a composição dos mecanismos de controle e avaliação, foram identificadas boas práticas para redução da geração de RCC na fase de projeto, a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental de projetos, e pesquisa quali-quantitativa junto a especialistas. Essas boas práticas deram origem a demandas ambientais a serem atendidas pelos projetos de infraestrutura urbana, motivando a elaboração de um método estruturado para gerenciamento de requisitos ambientais e de trade-offs, como apoio à tomada de decisão projetual. O método teve como base a ferramenta Quality Function Deployment (QFD), no qual foi desdobrada a Matriz da Qualidade, a partir da opinião de especialistas atuantes em diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento de projetos de infraestrutura urbana. Como principais contribuições da pesquisa, focada na minimização de RCC, podem ser consideradas: (i) a obtenção de um checklist, como instrumento de controle e avaliação da qualidade dos projetos a serem desenvolvidos; (ii) a identificação de requisitos e de indicadores ambientais prioritários associados a esses projetos; e (iii) a elaboração de uma sistemática para gerenciamento de trade-offs existentes em projetos de infraestrutura urbana menos impactantes ambientalmente. / The construction industry is considered as one of the great causes of negative impacts to the environment, from the extraction of raw material, until the end-of-life of its projects. Among the main environmental impacts caused by the sector, can be highlighted the generation of construction waste (CW), which is intensified due to the development of large urban centers and the consequent need to implement infrastructure projects. In that context, one of the most efficient strategies to reduce CW is associated with making adequate choices in the design phase, with a focus on prevention at the source. However, it is complex to include sustainability factors, such as CW minimization, in construction designs. Therefore, it is relevant to adopt methods and tools to support the decision-making process. However, the existing methods are mostly directed to building designs, with an important gap associated with urban infrastructure designs. Thus, this research aims at proposing mechanisms to support decision making for the CW minimization in urban infrastructure projects, with two different approaches: control and evaluation; and guidance structure. For the composition of the control and the evaluation mechanisms, best practices were identified to reduce the CW generation in the design phase, based on literature review, documentary analysis of projects, and qualitative and quantitative surveys with specialists. Those best practices have given rise to environmental demands to be met by urban infrastructure projects, motivating the elaboration of a structured method for managing environmental requirements and trade-offs, as a support for the decision making design. The method was based on the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) tool, in which the quality matrix deployment, based on the opinion of specialists working in different stages of the development of urban designs. The main contributions of the research, focused on the CW minimization, can be considered: (i) obtaining a checklist, as an instrument to control and evaluate the quality of the designs to be developed; (ii) identification of requirements and of priority environmental indicators associated with those projects; and (iii) the development of a systematic for managing tradeoffs in urban infrastructure projects that are less environmentally impacting.

A indústria da construção civil é considerada como uma das grandes causadoras de impactos negativos ao meio ambiente, desde a extração de matéria prima, até o fim de vida de seus empreendimentos. Dentre os principais impactos ambientais ocasionados pelo setor, destacase a geração de resíduos de construção civil (RCC), a qual é intensificada em função do desenvolvimento de grandes centros urbanos e a consequente necessidade de implantação de empreendimentos de infraestrutura. Nesse contexto, uma das estratégias mais eficientes para redução de RCC está associada à realização de escolhas adequadas na fase de projeto, com enfoque de prevenção na fonte geradora. No entanto, é complexa a inclusão de fatores de sustentabilidade, tais como os de minimização de RCC, em projetos da construção civil. Logo, torna-se relevante a adoção de métodos e ferramentas de suporte ao processo decisório. Contudo, os métodos existentes são direcionados, em sua maioria, a projetos de edificações, havendo uma importante lacuna associada a projetos de infraestrutura urbana. Assim sendo, esta pesquisa objetiva a proposição de mecanismos de apoio à tomada de decisão, para a minimização de RCC, em projetos de infraestrutura urbana, com dois diferentes enfoques: controle e avaliação; e estrutura de orientação. Para a composição dos mecanismos de controle e avaliação, foram identificadas boas práticas para redução da geração de RCC na fase de projeto, a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental de projetos, e pesquisa quali-quantitativa junto a especialistas. Essas boas práticas deram origem a demandas ambientais a serem atendidas pelos projetos de infraestrutura urbana, motivando a elaboração de um método estruturado para gerenciamento de requisitos ambientais e de trade-offs, como apoio à tomada de decisão projetual. O método teve como base a ferramenta Quality Function Deployment (QFD), no qual foi desdobrada a Matriz da Qualidade, a partir da opinião de especialistas atuantes em diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento de projetos de infraestrutura urbana. Como principais contribuições da pesquisa, focada na minimização de RCC, podem ser consideradas: (i) a obtenção de um checklist, como instrumento de controle e avaliação da qualidade dos projetos a serem desenvolvidos; (ii) a identificação de requisitos e de indicadores ambientais prioritários associados a esses projetos; e (iii) a elaboração de uma sistemática para gerenciamento de trade-offs existentes em projetos de infraestrutura urbana menos impactantes ambientalmente. / The construction industry is considered as one of the great causes of negative impacts to the environment, from the extraction of raw material, until the end-of-life of its projects. Among the main environmental impacts caused by the sector, can be highlighted the generation of construction waste (CW), which is intensified due to the development of large urban centers and the consequent need to implement infrastructure projects. In that context, one of the most efficient strategies to reduce CW is associated with making adequate choices in the design phase, with a focus on prevention at the source. However, it is complex to include sustainability factors, such as CW minimization, in construction designs. Therefore, it is relevant to adopt methods and tools to support the decision-making process. However, the existing methods are mostly directed to building designs, with an important gap associated with urban infrastructure designs. Thus, this research aims at proposing mechanisms to support decision making for the CW minimization in urban infrastructure projects, with two different approaches: control and evaluation; and guidance structure. For the composition of the control and the evaluation mechanisms, best practices were identified to reduce the CW generation in the design phase, based on literature review, documentary analysis of projects, and qualitative and quantitative surveys with specialists. Those best practices have given rise to environmental demands to be met by urban infrastructure projects, motivating the elaboration of a structured method for managing environmental requirements and trade-offs, as a support for the decision making design. The method was based on the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) tool, in which the quality matrix deployment, based on the opinion of specialists working in different stages of the development of urban designs. The main contributions of the research, focused on the CW minimization, can be considered: (i) obtaining a checklist, as an instrument to control and evaluate the quality of the designs to be developed; (ii) identification of requirements and of priority environmental indicators associated with those projects; and (iii) the development of a systematic for managing tradeoffs in urban infrastructure projects that are less environmentally impacting.

The study has been conducted at Projektavdelningen, a department within Region Gotland. Projektavdelningen is in a transition to conduct projects in accordance with new environmental requirements. The purpose of the study is to support Projektavdelningen in their transition to initiate monitoring of the new environmental requirements. The data for the study was collected using methods consisting of interviews and document collection. The collected data was analyzed using organizational theory and analysis based on total quality management. The authors used data analysis tools such as GAP-analysis, Tree Diagram, and SWOT-analysis to categorize patterns and relationships in the empirical report. Employees at Projektavdelningen experience issues in today's monitoring work, partly due to a lack of resources in the operation. It is essential that the project managers have the time for monitoring work for the operation to continue in the transition with initiating monitoring of the new environmental requirements. The study reports two prioritized improvement proposals. The first proposal concerns a structured approach, and the second involves a model that allows time for further monitoring work. Finally, the study presents the IUM, Integrated Monitoring Model, which can support Projektavdelningen with initiating monitoring of the new environmental requirements. IUM is a model inspired by the PDSA theory, showing how Projektavdelningen can integrate monitoring work into their priorities. / Studien har genomförts på Projektavdelningen, en verksamhet inom Region Gotland. Projektavdelningen befinner sig i en omställning för hur de ska bedriva bedriva projekt i enlighet med nya miljökrav. Syftet med studien är att stödja Projektavdelningen i deras omställning för att inleda ett uppföljningsarbete av de nya miljökraven. Datainsamlingsmetoderna utgjordes av intervjuer och dokumentinsamling. Den insamlade data analyserades med organisatorisk analys, samt analys utifrån offensiv kvalitetsutveckling. Författarna använde dataanalysverktygen GAP-analys, Träddiagram och SWOT-analys för att kategorisera mönster och samband i den empiriska redovisningen. Medarbetarna på Projektavdelningen upplever en problematik i dagens uppföljningsarbete delvis till följd av verksamhetens resursbrist. Det är essentiellt att projektledarna får utrymme i form av tid för uppföljningsarbete för att verksamheten ska fortgå i omställningen med att inleda uppföljning av de nya miljökraven. Studien redovisar två prioriterade förbättringsförslag, det första förslaget avser ett strukturerat arbetssätt och det andra berör en modell som frigör tid för ytterligare uppföljningsarbete. Slutligen redovisar studien IUM, Integrerad Uppföljningsmodell, som kan stödja Projektavdelningen med att inleda ett uppföljningsarbete av de nya miljökraven. IUM är en modell inspirerad av teorin PDSA som visar hur Projektavdelningen kan integrera uppföljningsarbetet i deras prioriteringar.

The Phase change materials (PCM) have the ability to absorb and release heat as the temperature changes from high to low temperature and vice versa. The use of phase change materials has increased in the construction sector due to the established environmental requirements and the various application benefits, especially in the thermal comfort of building applications and construction of sustainable infrastructure around the world (Berardi and Gallardo, 2019). Over the past decade, many studies have been conducted on the thermal properties of PCM (phase change material), however, few studies have focused on the study effect of PCM on mechanical and physical properties, although of great importance. In this work, three different microencapsulated types of phase change material (PCM) have been studied, while its effect on the mechanical and hydration properties of the cement paste with regard to constant ratio of water to cement ratio has been taken into account. The PCMs that have been studied are the following: Microencapsulated PCM, which is Nextek 24 D, Nextek 57D (Microtek Laboratories) and Croda Therm ME29P (Croda). In this study, various tests were performed on cementitious paste mixed with different doses of PCM to test the effect that PCM has on the cement hydration (under semi-adiabatic and isothermal conditions), the physical properties (setting time, slump flow, density) and the mechanical properties ( compressive strength). The results of this study indicated that both the melting point of the PCM and its amount have a decisive effect on the properties of the cement paste. Finally, the following conclusions have been drawn: • Additions of different dosage levels of the 24D and Croda PCM types showed that an increase in the dosage resulted in impaired mechanical and physical properties such as compressive strength of the cement paste (mechanical) decreased, and the density and random flow decreased (physical). While Nextek 57D did not show a great effect on cement paste according to density and random flow, which gives reduced negative impact on cement paste workability (physical). According to the mechanical properties, Nextek57D PCM with different levels of levels showed immediate positive effect on cement paste compressive strength compared to reference paste (no addition of PCM), and other cement pastes with other PCM types used in this study. • Mikrotek 57D PCM also gives a positive effect at different dose levels compared to two other types of Nextek 24D and Croda PCM regarding the effect of heat flow, which gives rise to hydration heat during the cement hydration process. However, other types of Nextek 24D and Croda in all quantities showed negligible effect on the heat flow during the cement hydration process.

Diploma thesis deals with the possibility of using solidification technology to transform the hazardous waste with the aim to achieve the material utilization of solidification products. The aim of the thesis is to determine a suitable solidification formula for solidification product made of hazardous waste that will ensure properties of the solidification product, those will allow its placing on the market.

The diploma thesis deals with construction technological project of Scientific - Research Complex Palacky University in Olomouc. The thesis contains time and financial plan, itemized budget of main object, technical report, site equipment, safety and healt care policy, enviromental plan and machine assembly. The thesis focuses on building foundation and roofing construction. Thesis includes technological prescription and control and test plan for mentioned constructional phases.

The purpose of the final thesis is to elaborate selected parts of a technology building project of the Pension for the elderly. The complex includes eleven building objects and the main one is developed in detail. The final thesis includes a technical report about the technology building project, a building schedule, suggestion for realization of the main stages of its construction, a design of mechanical assembly. The final thesis also includes the project of site equipment, technological regulations , an inspection and test plan, an occupational safety and health plan.