This study examines spousal sexual assault laws in Nigeria and Canada through the lens of substantive equality. The aim is to show that only when a substantive-equality approach is used for legislation and adjudication of spousal sexual assault can victims fairly seek and realize justice. This is because substantive equality considers broader socio-economic and cultural contexts that support this crime, including exposing stereotypes that underpin its legislation and adjudication. The study shows that in Nigeria and Canada spousal sexual assault is endemic and that women are disproportionately represented as victims and men as perpetrators. Failures to apply the principles of substantive equality in adjudicating spousal sexual assault lead to the flaws in evidentiary procedures involving this crime. The study concludes that it is important to revise criminal laws and evidentiary procedures in Nigeria and Canada using substantive equality principles. / October 2016

This thesis examines abolitionist support for interracial marriage. It demonstrates that far from being a marginal viewpoint within the movement, support for interracial marriage was widespread among both black and white abolitionists. Many abolitionists stated they personally did not recommend interracial marriage at present due to the backlash couples would face, while also denying that it was unnatural or immoral. A few abolitionists eschewed such a disclaimer. A few also married people of different races themselves. To a considerable extent, defense of interracial marriage was part of a larger push for racial integration and equality. This thesis also looks at British abolitionists who criticized the American stigma against interracial marriage, and children and grandchildren of abolitionists who defended interracial marriage, the most prominent being the famous, controversial lawyer, Clarence Darrow.

The aim of this thesis is to find out how the role of the teacher can affect positively or negatively the issue of gender equality in classroom and more specifically how this question can be applied to the Greek educational system which, for years, has been following a program that suggests ways for the elimination of gender stereotyping. The reason that this thesis focuses mainly on the role of the teacher, besides the fact that teaching is my occupation, lies in the fact that the implementation of every policy presupposes the willingness of the teacher to carry out those implementations. The implementation of policies on gender issues requires a constant education and training on gender issues and rights, expanding the attitude and beliefs on the issue. So far the policies tend to aim to equality and elimination of discrimination. We will see at which level we currently are and which are the visions regarding this matter.

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Resume v Aj The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the issue of gender discrimination in labor relations and its prohibition, enumerate the ways of legislation and compare legislation with the actual situation in the society. The thesis is composed of two parts divided into nine chapters, each of them dealing with diferent aspects of the issue in question. The first part is a sort of general parts, including introduction, historical development and sources of law. The second part, which could also be called special parts, then contains individual aspects of the right to equal treatment, demonstrated in specific cases, particularly judgments of the European Court of Justice. The first and second chapter deal with the history and development of anti- discrimination issues and define the basic concepts. The third and fourth chapter lists and describes the regulation of sex discrimination in international legal documents and documents of the European Union. The first part ends with the fifth chapter describing how legal constitution of the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of sex in the Czech Republic and then comparing it with the real situation in society. The second part consists of six to nine chapters, the first of which contains a short introduction defining the judicial authorities of...

Race and Equality from the Perspective of Law In this thesis, the author deals with the phenomenon of racial discrimination from the perspective of law. In order to understand the issue, it is necessary to set discrimination in a broader socio-scientific context. Therefore, the author draws not only from legal sources, but also from other social sciences. Other important sources of information were the reports and recommendations of non-governmental organisations, which play an important and irreplaceable role in the area of anti-discrimination policy and its implementation. The main focus of this thesis, therefore, is comprehensive treatment of the issue, taking into account its interdisciplinary context. The content of the thesis is divided into four parts. The purpose of the first part is to introduce the reader to the issue of discrimination and explain the basic concepts of the theory of race, equality and discrimination. The second part details the international mechanisms of protection against racial discrimination - in the framework of the United Nations organization, International Labour Organization, Council of Europe and the European Union. The third part describes the national system of protection against racial discrimination according to the hierarchy of national sources of law, i.e....

This report investigates the implementation of the Further Education and Training (FET) College Act of 2006 whether it achieved the founding purpose of promoting quality education and expansion of equal opportunities for South Africa. The study followed a qualitative comparative case study in which two campuses of one college were examined. Data was collected through interviews, observation and documentary analysis. The study was based on the views expressed by the college management, lecturers, and students who are the role players in the Public Further Education and Training (FET) Colleges in South Africa. Interviews were conducted to college management, lecturers and students of Centurion and Odi Campuses of Tshwane South College with the intention of determining if the students at this college were exposed to equal and quality opportunities for teaching and learning. Data from documents such as students results, staff establishment, budget, were analysed with the purpose of profiling the students and staff at Tshwane South College. Participant observation of physical facilities and usage of these facilities was done with the aim to verify the developments aimed at improving both campuses. The fundamental principles shaping the FET College Act of 2006 are quality education and equalisation of teaching and learning opportunities. The study shows that the implementation of the FET College Act of 2006 has been to a lesser degree a success in so far as number of factors is concerned. A case in point is that there is increasing evidence that the gap that existed when it comes to job opportunities has diminished leaving more blacks, particularly women in senior positions when it comes to management and administration of the FET Colleges in South Africa. Notwithstanding the elementary changes brought by the FET College Act, the fundamental principle that is central to education and training being the quality education and equalisation of learning and teaching opportunities is still a challenge 15 years later into the democratic rule in South Africa. There is evidence of poor infrastructure, shortage of basic learning materials and poor results due to poor quality of education and training. The overall findings of this study suggest that the FET College Act of 2006 has significantly contributed to delivery of inferior quality education and it has further widened a gap between the ‘have and the have not’s’. The study therefore recommends the government to review the current policy and it calls for students of public policy to persuade a study on the impact that the FET College Act of 2006 had on the education of the ‘African child’.

Thesis advisor: David Hollenbach, S.J. / This dissertation represents a contribution to the field of Christian social ethics and, in particular, to recent ethical analysis concerning rising inequalities within the global political economy. It draws upon the moral thought of César Chávez, the late Catholic farmworker leader, along with philosopher-economist Amartya Sen, to encourage a further development and foregrounding of emergent egalitarian arguments within recent Catholic social teaching (CST). In short, this project contributes to the formulation of egalitarian ethics that attend to the needs of the world's most exploited and excluded populations, those who are "fenced in" by political and racial statuses that engender deprivation within both dominant and marginal states. Equality among persons receives greater priority than equality between states, though the author does not view equality among persons and equality between groups as impulses that are necessarily mutually exclusive. This project finds broad agreement with Amartya Sen's approach to development. The author argues that human capabilities (not income or some other measure of human well-being) are the proper object of social justice, and that it is equal capability that those with egalitarian concern ought to pursue. However, the author argues that equality in the distribution of capabilities ought to be prioritized over the aggregate production of capabilities within groups, a question that Sen leaves for others to debate. Additionally, the author argues that a global human society is the proper scope of ethical concern when evaluating disparities in human capability. This project represents a person-centered and transnational approach to equality whereby a global community is the proper scope of ethical concern. Thus, the author contends that a transnational equality of human capability is the proper end of advocacy for social justice. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

This paper examines to what extent gender equality correlates with electoral violence, through a quantitative study of 220 elections that have taken place in sub-Saharan African countries between 1990 and 2008. As such, it has a two-folded purpose. First, to contribute empirically to research about the causes of electoral violence by introducing a new variable. Second, to put to test previous research that argues in favour of a correlation between gender equality and peace. Accordingly, this paper hypothesises that higher levels of gender equality correlate with lower levels of electoral violence. In support of previous research, an initial bivariate regression demonstrates a strong negative relationship between the two variables of interest. The association is only slightly weakened in the sequencing multivariate regression, when controlling for democracy, ethnic fractionalisation, majoritarian electoral systems, GDP per capita, whether an incumbent is running for office, ongoing civil war, and whether the election is the first to take place after a war. The main finding of this thesis is that there is a robust negative correlation between gender equality and electoral violence, which is affected by other variables but not dependent on them.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jonatas Monteiro Dourado.pdf: 748701 bytes, checksum: 79e8b4030f10c6cbe73c559ac1096443 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-16 / As scientific scope, we will address a topic addressed by the doctrine and constantly debated by journalistic channels, a topic of great importance and social relevance. At all times of life, whether in the family bosom, in the workplace or even in public spaces, the proposed theme will always be there for both social relations as for actions, decisions and feelings, that is, at any time we face the equality. This work aims not only to demonstrate equality as a separate institute, but also as social and legal premise, it means, a need and social satisfaction that demonstrate real impact on society, being a subject covered directly by the Constitution. The great problematic is guided in the lack of appreciation of the fundamentals of equality, not enough to create methods to achieve it, as these can only be created when known indeed, the needs. These bases are available not only in the Federal Constitution, which guides the conduct and policies that should pursue these goals, but also in the facts of the world both in what happened as what happens today and what is to come, and thus we see that are not yet ready. We will mention some aspects related to equality, mainly dealing with inequality limits to allow the isonomic composition of a relationship, it means, what legal aspects and at what time we admit a difference to allow the equality. We can say on this complex point, that we are facing an egalitarian paradox and what we intend to address in this research is the paradoxical form of legal and social equality which becomes a fully strengthened institute under the Constitutional umbrella that makes up the social system that regulates autopoetically , covering with key players to resolve certain conflicts, maintain social equilibrium, safeguarding the democratic state into a federal republic that is Brazil, which is governed by a Constitution / Como escopo científico, iremos abordar um tema muito tratado pela doutrina e constantemente debatido pelos canais jornalísticos, um tema de grande importância e relevância social. Em todos os momentos da vida, seja no ceio familiar, no ambiente de trabalho ou até mesmo em espaços públicos, o objeto proposto sempre estará presente, tanto para as relações sociais como para ações, decisões e sensações, isto é, a qualquer momento nos deparamos com a igualdade. Este trabalho visa não apenas demonstrar a igualdade como um instituto separado, mas também como premissa social e jurídica, ou seja, uma necessidade e satisfação social que demonstrará seu real impacto na sociedade, sendo um tema tratado diretamente pela Constituição Federal. A grande problemática pauta-se na falta de apreciação dos fundamentos da igualdade, não basta apenas criar métodos para alcançá-la, pois estes só podem ser criados quando conhecidos de fato, as necessidades. Estas bases estão disponíveis não só na Constituição Federal, que norteia as condutas e políticas que devem buscar estes objetivos, mas também nos fatos do mundo tanto no que ocorreu, como o que ocorre em nossos dias, bem como o que está por vir, e assim, vemos que ainda não estão preparados. Faremos menção de alguns aspectos referente a igualdade, principalmente tratando dos limites da desigualdade para que haja a composição isonômica de uma relação, ou seja, quais aspectos jurídicos e em que momento podemos admitir uma desigualdade para que haja a igualdade. Podemos dizer neste ponto complexo, que estamos diante de um paradoxo igualitário e o que pretendemos tratar nesta pesquisa é a forma legal e social paradoxal da igualdade o qual se torna um instituto totalmente fortalecido sob a égide Constitucional, mantendo o equilíbrio social, resguardando o Estado Democrático de Direito em uma República Federativa de nossa nação, que é regida por uma Constituição Federal